Science Publishing Group: Advances in Biochemistry: Table of Contents
<i> Advances in Biochemistry (AB) </i> publishes papers in English in all fields of biochemistry and cellular and molecular biology, provided that they make a sufficient contribution to knowledge in these fields. Papers may include new results obtained experimentally, descriptions of new experimental methods of biochemical importance, or new interpretations of existing results. Novel theoretical contributions will be considered, although these papers should also contain some experimental testing of the theory. All work presented should have as its aim the development of biochemical concepts rather than the mere recording of facts.
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Advances in Biochemistry
Advances in Biochemistry
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Tissue Lipid Profile of Rats Administered Saponin Extract From The Root of Bitter kola
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20130101.11
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of saponin extract from the root of Bitter kola (Garcinia kola) on the lipid profile of albino rats tissues (Liver, Kidney and Heart). Twenty albino rats were divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each. They were given rats mash and water ad libitum for 2 weeks to acclimatize them; they were then subjected to different doses of saponin extract from the root of Garcinia kola. Group I (control) received an equivalent volume of water, group II received 100mg/Kg body weight of extract, and group III was given 200mg/Kg body weight, while group IV received 400mg/Kg body weight of saponin extract orally everyday for 21days. The serum, heart, liver and kidney were then analysed for Total cholesterol(TC), High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and Triglycerides(TG). Administration of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses of saponin extract from the root of Garcinia kola led to a significant reduction (P <05) in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and Triglyceride levels in the serum, Liver, kidney and heart when compared with the control and a significant increase (P <05) in HDL cholesterol concentration when compared with control. Hyperlipidemia, being an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is a serious public health problem in the world. This result suggests a dose dependent hypolipidemic potential of saponin extract from the root of Garcinia kola and could play a cardio protective role.
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of saponin extract from the root of Bitter kola (Garcinia kola) on the lipid profile of albino rats tissues (Liver, Kidney and Heart). Twenty albino rats were divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each. They were given rats mash and water ad libitum for 2 weeks to acclimatize them; they were then subjected to different doses of saponin extract from the root of Garcinia kola. Group I (control) received an equivalent volume of water, group II received 100mg/Kg body weight of extract, and group III was given 200mg/Kg body weight, while group IV received 400mg/Kg body weight of saponin extract orally everyday for 21days. The serum, heart, liver and kidney were then analysed for Total cholesterol(TC), High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and Triglycerides(TG). Administration of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses of saponin extract from the root of Garcinia kola led to a significant reduction (P <05) in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and Triglyceride levels in the serum, Liver, kidney and heart when compared with the control and a significant increase (P <05) in HDL cholesterol concentration when compared with control. Hyperlipidemia, being an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is a serious public health problem in the world. This result suggests a dose dependent hypolipidemic potential of saponin extract from the root of Garcinia kola and could play a cardio protective role.
Tissue Lipid Profile of Rats Administered Saponin Extract From The Root of Bitter kola
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20130101.11
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Alli Smith Y. R.
Adanlawo I. G.
Tissue Lipid Profile of Rats Administered Saponin Extract From The Root of Bitter kola
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© Science Publishing Group
Peroxisomal Heat Generation and Possible Relationship With Peroxisomal Disorders
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20130101.12
Peroxisomal disorders encompass a variety of pathologies with different clinical manifestations. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, an inherited neurodegenerative pathology, is characterized by mutation of a peroxisomal transport protein involved in the catabolism of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). These particular fatty acids abnormally accu-mulate in plasma and in all tissues due to the enhancement of fatty acid elongation and the impairment of fatty acid catabolism which takes place initially in the peroxisomes and afterward in the mitochondria. VLCFA accumulation cannot explain the molecular mechanisms underlying clinical manifestations in patients. Peroxisomal pathways include a product that is considered lost, but that could have a role in peroxisomal disorders: the heat produced during VLCFA catabolism. VLCFA accumulation is due to peroxisomal beta-oxidation impairment and to the enhancement of fatty acid elongation. The heat produced during peroxisomal metabolism could be a crucial factor related to the molecular mechanisms altered in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. VLCFA accumulation could be strongly related to the impairment of heat production, which is lost in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, a sort of energy necessary for the cell metabolism, which could contribute to the secondary clinical manifestations of peroxisomal disorders. Heat is not only produced during peroxisomal catabolism but also in countless metabolic pathways. It is a form of energy that could influence several parameters and could be involved in peroxisomal and metabolic disorders in general.
Peroxisomal disorders encompass a variety of pathologies with different clinical manifestations. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, an inherited neurodegenerative pathology, is characterized by mutation of a peroxisomal transport protein involved in the catabolism of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). These particular fatty acids abnormally accu-mulate in plasma and in all tissues due to the enhancement of fatty acid elongation and the impairment of fatty acid catabolism which takes place initially in the peroxisomes and afterward in the mitochondria. VLCFA accumulation cannot explain the molecular mechanisms underlying clinical manifestations in patients. Peroxisomal pathways include a product that is considered lost, but that could have a role in peroxisomal disorders: the heat produced during VLCFA catabolism. VLCFA accumulation is due to peroxisomal beta-oxidation impairment and to the enhancement of fatty acid elongation. The heat produced during peroxisomal metabolism could be a crucial factor related to the molecular mechanisms altered in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. VLCFA accumulation could be strongly related to the impairment of heat production, which is lost in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, a sort of energy necessary for the cell metabolism, which could contribute to the secondary clinical manifestations of peroxisomal disorders. Heat is not only produced during peroxisomal catabolism but also in countless metabolic pathways. It is a form of energy that could influence several parameters and could be involved in peroxisomal and metabolic disorders in general.
Peroxisomal Heat Generation and Possible Relationship With Peroxisomal Disorders
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20130101.12
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Anna Petroni
Peroxisomal Heat Generation and Possible Relationship With Peroxisomal Disorders
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© Science Publishing Group
Optimization, Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Fungal Exopolysaccharides as Prebiotic
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20130102.12
Optimization of exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by three strains of entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana BCC 2692, Ophiocordyceps dipterigena BCC 2073, and Paecilomyces tenuipes BCC 2656) was carried out together with analyses of their prebiotic properties. B. bassiana BCC 2692 produced 6.27±0.22 g/L EPS on optimal medium using two-level fractional factorial design and 4.7 g/L EPS in bioreactor. EPS productions of O. dipterigena BCC 2073 were 13.2 g/L and 41.2 g/L in shake flask and bioreactor, respectively. For P. tenuipes BCC 2656, 1.47±0.21 g/L EPS in shake flask and 28.1 g/L EPS in bioreactor were obtained. These EPS were previously characterized as -glucan with differences in molecular weights and degree of branching. They were resistant to hydrolysis by both hydrochloric acid and porcine pancreatic α-amylase. Furthermore, when used as the sole carbon source, all three types of EPS supported growth in vitro of two different probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidoplilus BCC 13839 and Bifidobacterium animalis ATCC 25527). A constant viability of L. acidophilus BCC 13839 was maintained throughout the cultivation period (48 hours) on all three entomopatogenic fungal EPS. All EPS also supported better growth and maintained longer growth period of B. animalis ATCC 25527 than glucose or inulin. Thus these entomopathogenic fungi EPS are promising candidates in prebiotic industry, expanding the pool of current commercial prebiotics.
Optimization of exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by three strains of entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana BCC 2692, Ophiocordyceps dipterigena BCC 2073, and Paecilomyces tenuipes BCC 2656) was carried out together with analyses of their prebiotic properties. B. bassiana BCC 2692 produced 6.27±0.22 g/L EPS on optimal medium using two-level fractional factorial design and 4.7 g/L EPS in bioreactor. EPS productions of O. dipterigena BCC 2073 were 13.2 g/L and 41.2 g/L in shake flask and bioreactor, respectively. For P. tenuipes BCC 2656, 1.47±0.21 g/L EPS in shake flask and 28.1 g/L EPS in bioreactor were obtained. These EPS were previously characterized as -glucan with differences in molecular weights and degree of branching. They were resistant to hydrolysis by both hydrochloric acid and porcine pancreatic α-amylase. Furthermore, when used as the sole carbon source, all three types of EPS supported growth in vitro of two different probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidoplilus BCC 13839 and Bifidobacterium animalis ATCC 25527). A constant viability of L. acidophilus BCC 13839 was maintained throughout the cultivation period (48 hours) on all three entomopatogenic fungal EPS. All EPS also supported better growth and maintained longer growth period of B. animalis ATCC 25527 than glucose or inulin. Thus these entomopathogenic fungi EPS are promising candidates in prebiotic industry, expanding the pool of current commercial prebiotics.
Optimization, Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Fungal Exopolysaccharides as Prebiotic
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20130102.12
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Wai Prathumpai
Pranee Rachathewee
Sutamat Khajeeram
Jean-Jacques Sanglier
Pariyada Tanjak
Pawadee Methacanon
Optimization, Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Fungal Exopolysaccharides as Prebiotic
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© Science Publishing Group
Comparison of the Effects of Cold on Cytochromes Р450 1А in the Rat Lungs Versus Liver
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20130102.11
During hypothermia, most cellular processes are inhibited, including expression of numerous genes. A small number of special genes are activated, which code for proteins participating in cold acclimation of the cell. We previously uncovered a paradoxical phenomenon: cytochrome P450 subfamily enzymes (CYP1A) in rat liver are not inhibited but activated by systemic cooling. In the present study, we have investigated the influence of cold exposure on the activity and expression level of the CYP1A proteins in a different organ, rat lungs, and did not find any changes either in the activity or quantity of these enzymes. We hypothesize that this phenomenon is due to the absence of an endogenous intermediary of CYP1A induction in the rat lung, in contrast to the liver.
During hypothermia, most cellular processes are inhibited, including expression of numerous genes. A small number of special genes are activated, which code for proteins participating in cold acclimation of the cell. We previously uncovered a paradoxical phenomenon: cytochrome P450 subfamily enzymes (CYP1A) in rat liver are not inhibited but activated by systemic cooling. In the present study, we have investigated the influence of cold exposure on the activity and expression level of the CYP1A proteins in a different organ, rat lungs, and did not find any changes either in the activity or quantity of these enzymes. We hypothesize that this phenomenon is due to the absence of an endogenous intermediary of CYP1A induction in the rat lung, in contrast to the liver.
Comparison of the Effects of Cold on Cytochromes Р450 1А in the Rat Lungs Versus Liver
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20130102.11
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Maria L. Perepechaeva
Alevtina Yu. Grishanova
Comparison of the Effects of Cold on Cytochromes Р450 1А in the Rat Lungs Versus Liver
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© Science Publishing Group
The Possible Role of GPI-Ceruloplasmin in Hypoxia De Novo Creation and Maintenance
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20130102.13
Ceruloplasmin is a member of the multicopper oxidases family (MCOs), multidomain proteins capable of oxidizing many structurally unrelated compounds reducing oxygen to water. While MCOs show great oxidative versatility, they can only transfer electrons to molecular oxygen, which is the obligate electron acceptor. Therefore, MCOs should also be considered as ‘‘O2 consuming enzymes’’. The glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored ceruloplasmin (GPI-Cp) isoform present on the surface of the plasma membrane, does not seem to be involved in copper and iron metabolism. Since hypoxia is also a common feature of many rapidly growing solid tumors, we postulate that the regulation of GPI-Cp could be the molecular event in the creation and the maintenance of hypoxia in tumor cells. By inhibiting the GPI-Cp expression, it would appear possible to attempt to overcome tumor hypoxia, thus improving the efficiency of radiotherapy.
Ceruloplasmin is a member of the multicopper oxidases family (MCOs), multidomain proteins capable of oxidizing many structurally unrelated compounds reducing oxygen to water. While MCOs show great oxidative versatility, they can only transfer electrons to molecular oxygen, which is the obligate electron acceptor. Therefore, MCOs should also be considered as ‘‘O2 consuming enzymes’’. The glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored ceruloplasmin (GPI-Cp) isoform present on the surface of the plasma membrane, does not seem to be involved in copper and iron metabolism. Since hypoxia is also a common feature of many rapidly growing solid tumors, we postulate that the regulation of GPI-Cp could be the molecular event in the creation and the maintenance of hypoxia in tumor cells. By inhibiting the GPI-Cp expression, it would appear possible to attempt to overcome tumor hypoxia, thus improving the efficiency of radiotherapy.
The Possible Role of GPI-Ceruloplasmin in Hypoxia De Novo Creation and Maintenance
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20130102.13
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Roberto Arrigoni
The Possible Role of GPI-Ceruloplasmin in Hypoxia De Novo Creation and Maintenance
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© Science Publishing Group
Seri-Bioinformatics: Emerging Trends and Challenges in Silkworm Research
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20130102.15
With the advent of genomic and proteomic research from bacteria to man an unprecedented data generated are pertinently analyzed and managed by the evolving science - bioinformatics. In scientific research, Bombyx mori L. is considered as a model insect for molecular studies along with the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and a central model species for genome studies in moths and butterflies (the insect order Lepidoptera). As a consequence, new findings in the fields of proteome, genome and bioinformatics have resulted in the exponential generation of data that are stored in assorted array of databases. These databases not only reducing the gap and time while allowing information’s to be accessed also emerged as a highly valuable platform through which scientific community can use, exchange and analyze molecular data across the world on mouse click. The computational approaches in various biological disciplines including agriculture/sericulture is not merely a reflection of a general extended usage of computers and the internet, but due to the creation of useful databases coupled with appropriate software’s and methods for access by the rest of the scientific community with ease. Application of bioinformatics tools and techniques not only facilitated detection of proteomic and genomic diversity among the species/strains but that resulted in finding a gap in the silkworm genome sequence of a strain that diverged during the course of domestication. In addition, bioinformatics approaches give an insight, uncovering the lineage with gene and protein count while B. mori and Drosophila encompass ~18,000 and ~16,000 (Genes) and ~9,000 and ~22,000 (Proteins) respectively, to discover their diversity and functional properties. In view of this, we have documented the innovations made in the emerging field “Seri-bioinformatics” as valuable resources aiming at feasible comparative studies among allied species and application in the field of biotechnology and biomedical sciences.
With the advent of genomic and proteomic research from bacteria to man an unprecedented data generated are pertinently analyzed and managed by the evolving science - bioinformatics. In scientific research, Bombyx mori L. is considered as a model insect for molecular studies along with the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and a central model species for genome studies in moths and butterflies (the insect order Lepidoptera). As a consequence, new findings in the fields of proteome, genome and bioinformatics have resulted in the exponential generation of data that are stored in assorted array of databases. These databases not only reducing the gap and time while allowing information’s to be accessed also emerged as a highly valuable platform through which scientific community can use, exchange and analyze molecular data across the world on mouse click. The computational approaches in various biological disciplines including agriculture/sericulture is not merely a reflection of a general extended usage of computers and the internet, but due to the creation of useful databases coupled with appropriate software’s and methods for access by the rest of the scientific community with ease. Application of bioinformatics tools and techniques not only facilitated detection of proteomic and genomic diversity among the species/strains but that resulted in finding a gap in the silkworm genome sequence of a strain that diverged during the course of domestication. In addition, bioinformatics approaches give an insight, uncovering the lineage with gene and protein count while B. mori and Drosophila encompass ~18,000 and ~16,000 (Genes) and ~9,000 and ~22,000 (Proteins) respectively, to discover their diversity and functional properties. In view of this, we have documented the innovations made in the emerging field “Seri-bioinformatics” as valuable resources aiming at feasible comparative studies among allied species and application in the field of biotechnology and biomedical sciences.
Seri-Bioinformatics: Emerging Trends and Challenges in Silkworm Research
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20130102.15
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Punyavathi
Hosaholalu Boregowda Manjunatha
Seri-Bioinformatics: Emerging Trends and Challenges in Silkworm Research
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© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Solanum Macrocarpon Fruit on Haematology, Hepatic and Renal Function
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20130102.14
The effect of Solanum macrocarpon fruit on haematology, hepatic and renal function was studied. Twenty-five wistar albino rats were divided into five groups of five rats each. Aside the control group, the test groups were given compounded feed of ground Solanum macrocarpon fruit and normal (pelletized) rats feed. Results obtained for haematology, hepatic and renal function revealed significance effect (p<0.05) on some of the parameters investigated in test rats against those of the control. This study has shown the effect of Solanum macrocarpon fruit on haematology, hepatic and renal function.
The effect of Solanum macrocarpon fruit on haematology, hepatic and renal function was studied. Twenty-five wistar albino rats were divided into five groups of five rats each. Aside the control group, the test groups were given compounded feed of ground Solanum macrocarpon fruit and normal (pelletized) rats feed. Results obtained for haematology, hepatic and renal function revealed significance effect (p<0.05) on some of the parameters investigated in test rats against those of the control. This study has shown the effect of Solanum macrocarpon fruit on haematology, hepatic and renal function.
Effect of Solanum Macrocarpon Fruit on Haematology, Hepatic and Renal Function
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20130102.14
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Duru Majesty
Ugbogu Amadike
Amadi Benjamin
Effect of Solanum Macrocarpon Fruit on Haematology, Hepatic and Renal Function
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© Science Publishing Group
Biochemistry and Physiological Functions of ADAMTS7 Metalloprotease
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20130103.11
Here, we provide a comprehensive review of current findings concerning the biochemistry and physiological functions of ADAMTS7, a metalloprotease that is known to interact with cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, progranulin, and alpha2-macroglobulin. Such broad substrate specificity and potentially diverse physiological functions make ADAMTS7 an interesting enzyme to study. ADAMTS7 has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of arthritis and disc disorders. More recently, the ADAMTS7 locus is identified to have a strong association with coronary atherosclerotic disease. However, the role of ADAMTS7 in the development of atherosclerosis is yet to be determined. The development of an easy and high throughput assay for ADAMTS7 activity and appropriate animal models will allow us to uncover the novel mechanisms of coronary arterial disease.
Here, we provide a comprehensive review of current findings concerning the biochemistry and physiological functions of ADAMTS7, a metalloprotease that is known to interact with cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, progranulin, and alpha2-macroglobulin. Such broad substrate specificity and potentially diverse physiological functions make ADAMTS7 an interesting enzyme to study. ADAMTS7 has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of arthritis and disc disorders. More recently, the ADAMTS7 locus is identified to have a strong association with coronary atherosclerotic disease. However, the role of ADAMTS7 in the development of atherosclerosis is yet to be determined. The development of an easy and high throughput assay for ADAMTS7 activity and appropriate animal models will allow us to uncover the novel mechanisms of coronary arterial disease.
Biochemistry and Physiological Functions of ADAMTS7 Metalloprotease
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20130103.11
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Hayley A. Hanby
X. Long Zheng
Biochemistry and Physiological Functions of ADAMTS7 Metalloprotease
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© Science Publishing Group
Immobilization of Cauliflower Myrosinase on Agar Agar Matrix and its Application with Various Effectors
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20130103.12
The purified and thermo stable myrosinase from cauliflower seedlings was immobilized by 3.5% agar agar matrix and immobilized myrosinase chips were stored in extraction buffer. After 48 hours 30% enzyme activity was exuded into extraction media from immobilized enzyme chips. Effect of some metal ions and organic solvents on the activity of immobilized cauliflower myrosinase was studied. Amongst selective metal ions (Sr2+, Sn2+ and Ba2+), Sr2+ at 4 mM concentration exhibited marked activating effect on the activity up to 3 fold. However, Sn2+ and Ba2+ increased the activity to a certain extent and then suppressed. Activation kinetics of myrosinase in presence of Sn2+ and Sr2+ were studied between 0-20min.The rate of reaction was almost constant till 15 min and then slight deactivation was recorded at various concentrations used. On the other hand, few heavy metal ions [Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+] strongly inhibited the activity even at lower concentrations. Several nonpolar organic solvents even at comparatively higher concentrations had detectable activation effects. Further, their activity was seen with respect totime (27 min). However, some protic polar organic solvents exhibited inhibitory effect with immobilized myrosinase except to butanol.
The purified and thermo stable myrosinase from cauliflower seedlings was immobilized by 3.5% agar agar matrix and immobilized myrosinase chips were stored in extraction buffer. After 48 hours 30% enzyme activity was exuded into extraction media from immobilized enzyme chips. Effect of some metal ions and organic solvents on the activity of immobilized cauliflower myrosinase was studied. Amongst selective metal ions (Sr2+, Sn2+ and Ba2+), Sr2+ at 4 mM concentration exhibited marked activating effect on the activity up to 3 fold. However, Sn2+ and Ba2+ increased the activity to a certain extent and then suppressed. Activation kinetics of myrosinase in presence of Sn2+ and Sr2+ were studied between 0-20min.The rate of reaction was almost constant till 15 min and then slight deactivation was recorded at various concentrations used. On the other hand, few heavy metal ions [Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+] strongly inhibited the activity even at lower concentrations. Several nonpolar organic solvents even at comparatively higher concentrations had detectable activation effects. Further, their activity was seen with respect totime (27 min). However, some protic polar organic solvents exhibited inhibitory effect with immobilized myrosinase except to butanol.
Immobilization of Cauliflower Myrosinase on Agar Agar Matrix and its Application with Various Effectors
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20130103.12
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ajeet Kumar Rai
Om Prakash
Jagdish Singh
Prabhakar Mohan Singh
Immobilization of Cauliflower Myrosinase on Agar Agar Matrix and its Application with Various Effectors
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© Science Publishing Group
Einstein’s Revisions and New Dimension Caused Big Bang and Soul
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20130104.11
The cosmos was created to expand extraordinarily high heat by the big bang. Elementary particles of those essence cause space and temperature as an acceptor of heat. Forming and demolition of molecules by them show life and death, giving the essence of life called soul too. Molar heat (Cp )and temperature (K) connect with 1% ,which means a concrete entropy .Existence of elementary particles gives -653K . α of thermal expansion has the best factor for new dimension ,giving entropy ,time , temperature ,space and additional properties .Einstein’s equation on Brownian movement shows a movement of water molecule. New viewpoint changes that cause those thermal expansion or shrinkage. A little different temperature at local places of water happen Brownian movement .New dimension by α targets to change size of three axis in 3D. Molecule groups above 0K are formed 3D, which separate 8 groups in one level, giving unit temperature 39K. Up to-653K. from 0K , modified value consists of 17 levels obtained from 39K. This is correspondent to numbers of elementary particles 17. This would be to make a confirmation of the theory. 1L of molecules is this world and over 2L is separated soul world. Soul could take any time and size of space an instant and travel in the past and future .Soul of higher level is able to have more long time than lower one. Although from lower level can’t move up the upper rank, the opposite is possible because high level has all α of lower level. Final level of 18L, the highest spirit, can transfer to all level, all souls encounter with 1L .Elementary particles in everywhere prove dark matter. A circular movement of gas molecule gives the reason of the dark without flowing away as light. The flow of elementary particles which circulates through the surface of earth generates the gravitation. A material falls to flow down riding on them. A light of composite rays, with each different velocity, cause to make the order in a close time by a circular course .This understanding gives a possibility a existence of over the velocity of light in the light. Relation the starting point and time is uncertainly by new understanding of Heisenberg’s principle. Over the velocity of light belongs a theoretical field.
The cosmos was created to expand extraordinarily high heat by the big bang. Elementary particles of those essence cause space and temperature as an acceptor of heat. Forming and demolition of molecules by them show life and death, giving the essence of life called soul too. Molar heat (Cp )and temperature (K) connect with 1% ,which means a concrete entropy .Existence of elementary particles gives -653K . α of thermal expansion has the best factor for new dimension ,giving entropy ,time , temperature ,space and additional properties .Einstein’s equation on Brownian movement shows a movement of water molecule. New viewpoint changes that cause those thermal expansion or shrinkage. A little different temperature at local places of water happen Brownian movement .New dimension by α targets to change size of three axis in 3D. Molecule groups above 0K are formed 3D, which separate 8 groups in one level, giving unit temperature 39K. Up to-653K. from 0K , modified value consists of 17 levels obtained from 39K. This is correspondent to numbers of elementary particles 17. This would be to make a confirmation of the theory. 1L of molecules is this world and over 2L is separated soul world. Soul could take any time and size of space an instant and travel in the past and future .Soul of higher level is able to have more long time than lower one. Although from lower level can’t move up the upper rank, the opposite is possible because high level has all α of lower level. Final level of 18L, the highest spirit, can transfer to all level, all souls encounter with 1L .Elementary particles in everywhere prove dark matter. A circular movement of gas molecule gives the reason of the dark without flowing away as light. The flow of elementary particles which circulates through the surface of earth generates the gravitation. A material falls to flow down riding on them. A light of composite rays, with each different velocity, cause to make the order in a close time by a circular course .This understanding gives a possibility a existence of over the velocity of light in the light. Relation the starting point and time is uncertainly by new understanding of Heisenberg’s principle. Over the velocity of light belongs a theoretical field.
Einstein’s Revisions and New Dimension Caused Big Bang and Soul
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20130104.11
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Yahachiro Matsushita
Einstein’s Revisions and New Dimension Caused Big Bang and Soul
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20130104.11
© Science Publishing Group
An Overview of Natural Plant Antioxidants: Analysis and Evaluation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20130104.12
Antioxidative compounds play a vital role to inhibit the oxidation of oxidizable products and influences the body defense system against Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are harmful byproducts engendered during normal aerobic cellular respiration. ROS are specialized class of highly reactive molecules that originates during oxygen metabolism, whereas extensive evidences indicate the involvement of ROS in the development of degenerative diseases in humans. Despite the fact that synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are threat to human’s health; they are widely employed as chemical preservatives to avert potential deterioration of food products. Several toxicological findings reveal that natural antioxidants are capable of providing protection against free radical-related diseases, cancer and other cardiovascular infections. In cognizance with these facts, natural antioxidant attracts a great deal of research interest; therefore, this review provides a comprehensive and an up-to-date overview of the three most essential natural plant antioxidants; their antioxidative properties, methods of analysis and evaluation. These Polyphenols comprise: Phenolic acid, an essential polyphenol that are broadly dispersed in plants to exert positive influence on oxidative stress; Flavonoid, an ubiquitous antioxidant that functions in free radical scavenging, metal ion chelation and enzymes inhibition to suppress the synthesis of free radicals; and Tannic acid, a water soluble anti-nutrient that acts to precipitate alkaloids & proteins, reduce mineral & vitamin utilization and restrict the activities of digestive enzymes. In conclusion, a variety of plant species were characterized to indicate in vitro antioxidative properties.
Antioxidative compounds play a vital role to inhibit the oxidation of oxidizable products and influences the body defense system against Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are harmful byproducts engendered during normal aerobic cellular respiration. ROS are specialized class of highly reactive molecules that originates during oxygen metabolism, whereas extensive evidences indicate the involvement of ROS in the development of degenerative diseases in humans. Despite the fact that synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are threat to human’s health; they are widely employed as chemical preservatives to avert potential deterioration of food products. Several toxicological findings reveal that natural antioxidants are capable of providing protection against free radical-related diseases, cancer and other cardiovascular infections. In cognizance with these facts, natural antioxidant attracts a great deal of research interest; therefore, this review provides a comprehensive and an up-to-date overview of the three most essential natural plant antioxidants; their antioxidative properties, methods of analysis and evaluation. These Polyphenols comprise: Phenolic acid, an essential polyphenol that are broadly dispersed in plants to exert positive influence on oxidative stress; Flavonoid, an ubiquitous antioxidant that functions in free radical scavenging, metal ion chelation and enzymes inhibition to suppress the synthesis of free radicals; and Tannic acid, a water soluble anti-nutrient that acts to precipitate alkaloids & proteins, reduce mineral & vitamin utilization and restrict the activities of digestive enzymes. In conclusion, a variety of plant species were characterized to indicate in vitro antioxidative properties.
An Overview of Natural Plant Antioxidants: Analysis and Evaluation
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20130104.12
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammed Sulaiman
Hamzat Ibiyeye Tijani
Bashir Mohammed Abubakar
Saidu Haruna
Yusuf Hindatu
Jibrin Ndejiko Mohammed
Abdulrahman Idris
An Overview of Natural Plant Antioxidants: Analysis and Evaluation
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20130104.12
© Science Publishing Group
Endo-N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidases and Peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminyl) Asparagine Amidases: More Than Just Tools
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20130105.12
Since the discovery of endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidases (ENGase) and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidases (PNGase) most of the published work described their use for structural studies. Less attention was given to the potential roles of those enzymes in the physiology of the cells/organisms they produced them. The scope of this review is firstly to analyse the data on the occurrence and characteristics of murein-, chitin-, and N-glycan-ENGases acting on GlcNAc-containing polymers in three structural families, namely murein, chitin, and N-glycosylproteins, and of PNGases, only acting on N-glycosylproteins, and secondly to discuss the biological roles of the enzymes in the producing cells. The analysis demonstrates the remarkable diversity of the enzymes, and simultaneously the interest of studying their substrate specificity and their structural features. Many examples illustrate the importance of the structure/function relationships studies. Diverse biological roles were anticipated, e.g. they are useful for feeding purposes, are implicated in pathogenesis processes, modulate the activity of macromolecules, and help in the destruction of misfolded proteins. Their effect can be direct or indirect, through the reaction products. Current knowledge only partially explains the biological roles of ENGases and PNGases, thus further studies are expected for determining novel possibilities and elucidating other cell pathways.
Since the discovery of endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidases (ENGase) and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidases (PNGase) most of the published work described their use for structural studies. Less attention was given to the potential roles of those enzymes in the physiology of the cells/organisms they produced them. The scope of this review is firstly to analyse the data on the occurrence and characteristics of murein-, chitin-, and N-glycan-ENGases acting on GlcNAc-containing polymers in three structural families, namely murein, chitin, and N-glycosylproteins, and of PNGases, only acting on N-glycosylproteins, and secondly to discuss the biological roles of the enzymes in the producing cells. The analysis demonstrates the remarkable diversity of the enzymes, and simultaneously the interest of studying their substrate specificity and their structural features. Many examples illustrate the importance of the structure/function relationships studies. Diverse biological roles were anticipated, e.g. they are useful for feeding purposes, are implicated in pathogenesis processes, modulate the activity of macromolecules, and help in the destruction of misfolded proteins. Their effect can be direct or indirect, through the reaction products. Current knowledge only partially explains the biological roles of ENGases and PNGases, thus further studies are expected for determining novel possibilities and elucidating other cell pathways.
Endo-N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidases and Peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminyl) Asparagine Amidases: More Than Just Tools
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20130105.12
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Yannis Karamanos
Endo-N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidases and Peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminyl) Asparagine Amidases: More Than Just Tools
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20130105.12
© Science Publishing Group
In Vitro Processing of Glutamyl Endopeptidase Proenzymes from Enterococcus faecalis and Importance of N-terminal Residue in Enzyme Catalysis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20130105.11
Glutamyl endopeptidase from Enterococcus faecalis, designated SprE, is one of the important virulence factors secreted as zymogen. In the present study we expressed recombinant SprE proenzyme (pro-SprE) in Escherichia coli and investigated the in vitro processing to mature SprE. It was found that trypsin could efficiently produce the active form of SprE with the N-terminus Ser1 through cleavage between Arg-1 and Ser1 bond, which was subsequently auto-degraded into inactive species through the cleavage at the Glu6-Asp7 and Glu11-Val12 bonds. Although thermolysin could produce SprE with the N-terminus Leu2, but possessed no proteolytic activity. In contrast to the absolute requirement of the N-terminal Val1 in staphylococcal glutamyl endopeptidases, the N-terminal Ser1 of mature SprE could be substituted by other amino acids despite that Ser showed the maximal activity. Substitution of penultimate Leu2 of SprE to Val2 also reduced the activity to 40% of the wild type. Taken together, we conclude that pro-SprE was converted to mature form with the N-terminus Ser1 by a protease with specificity of trypsin and the length of the N-terminal region rather than specific residue is absolutely required for enzyme activity.
Glutamyl endopeptidase from Enterococcus faecalis, designated SprE, is one of the important virulence factors secreted as zymogen. In the present study we expressed recombinant SprE proenzyme (pro-SprE) in Escherichia coli and investigated the in vitro processing to mature SprE. It was found that trypsin could efficiently produce the active form of SprE with the N-terminus Ser1 through cleavage between Arg-1 and Ser1 bond, which was subsequently auto-degraded into inactive species through the cleavage at the Glu6-Asp7 and Glu11-Val12 bonds. Although thermolysin could produce SprE with the N-terminus Leu2, but possessed no proteolytic activity. In contrast to the absolute requirement of the N-terminal Val1 in staphylococcal glutamyl endopeptidases, the N-terminal Ser1 of mature SprE could be substituted by other amino acids despite that Ser showed the maximal activity. Substitution of penultimate Leu2 of SprE to Val2 also reduced the activity to 40% of the wild type. Taken together, we conclude that pro-SprE was converted to mature form with the N-terminus Ser1 by a protease with specificity of trypsin and the length of the N-terminal region rather than specific residue is absolutely required for enzyme activity.
In Vitro Processing of Glutamyl Endopeptidase Proenzymes from Enterococcus faecalis and Importance of N-terminal Residue in Enzyme Catalysis
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20130105.11
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Shakh M. A. Rouf
Y. Ohara-Nemoto
T. Ono
Y. Shimoyama
S. Kimura
T. K. Nemoto
In Vitro Processing of Glutamyl Endopeptidase Proenzymes from Enterococcus faecalis and Importance of N-terminal Residue in Enzyme Catalysis
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10.11648/j.ab.20130105.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20130105.11
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation of Antioxidant Status and Serum Lipoprotein(a) in Coronary Heart Diseases
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140201.11
Coronary heart disease (CHD) has become the most important cause of premature morbidity and mortality. The chief risk factors for CHD includes Smoking, Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Hypercholesterolemia, Low high density lipoprotein, Obesity, Mental stress, Type A personality and Genetic factors. Lipoprotein (a) has been established as a strong independent risk factor for premature CHD, which is highly thrombogenic and antifibrinolytic which begins to block the arteries much earlier than other risk factors. This study is planned to determine the antioxidant status and to estimate Serum lipoprotein (a) levels in patients of CHD and in patients with risk factors for CHD. Among all the patients, majority of patients belongs to upper and middle class. In routine investigations an increase in serum cholesterol, serum LDL, TC/HDL and LDL/HDL ratio were seen in all five groups including MI, HT, DM, Smokers and obesity cases, which were statistically significant. Serum Triglycerides were increased in MI, DM, Smokers and obesity cases, which were statistically significant, where as significant increase was not seen in HT cases. Serum VLDL showed a statistically significant increase in MI, Smokers and obesity cases, where as significant increases was not seen in HT and DM cases. Blood glucose showed a significant increase in DM cases, where as no significant increase were seen in MI, HT, smokers and obesity cases. A statistically significant decrease in serum HDL were seen in all five groups including MI, HT, DM, Smokers and obesity cases. In special investigations, there is significant increase in MDA, Lipoprotein (a) levels and significant decrease of antioxidants such as blood glutathione, Serum vitamin E, vitamin C and vitamin A in cases of coronary heart diseases and also in cases with risk factors for Coronary heart diseases including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and obesity. Hence, it is therefore concluded that MDA, Lipoprotein (a) and antioxidants like glutathione, vitamin E, Vitamin C and Vitamin A, be evaluated as biochemical parameters for preclinical assessment of “at risk group” for Coronary heart diseases and for assessing and monitoring cases of Coronary heart diseases.
Coronary heart disease (CHD) has become the most important cause of premature morbidity and mortality. The chief risk factors for CHD includes Smoking, Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Hypercholesterolemia, Low high density lipoprotein, Obesity, Mental stress, Type A personality and Genetic factors. Lipoprotein (a) has been established as a strong independent risk factor for premature CHD, which is highly thrombogenic and antifibrinolytic which begins to block the arteries much earlier than other risk factors. This study is planned to determine the antioxidant status and to estimate Serum lipoprotein (a) levels in patients of CHD and in patients with risk factors for CHD. Among all the patients, majority of patients belongs to upper and middle class. In routine investigations an increase in serum cholesterol, serum LDL, TC/HDL and LDL/HDL ratio were seen in all five groups including MI, HT, DM, Smokers and obesity cases, which were statistically significant. Serum Triglycerides were increased in MI, DM, Smokers and obesity cases, which were statistically significant, where as significant increase was not seen in HT cases. Serum VLDL showed a statistically significant increase in MI, Smokers and obesity cases, where as significant increases was not seen in HT and DM cases. Blood glucose showed a significant increase in DM cases, where as no significant increase were seen in MI, HT, smokers and obesity cases. A statistically significant decrease in serum HDL were seen in all five groups including MI, HT, DM, Smokers and obesity cases. In special investigations, there is significant increase in MDA, Lipoprotein (a) levels and significant decrease of antioxidants such as blood glutathione, Serum vitamin E, vitamin C and vitamin A in cases of coronary heart diseases and also in cases with risk factors for Coronary heart diseases including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and obesity. Hence, it is therefore concluded that MDA, Lipoprotein (a) and antioxidants like glutathione, vitamin E, Vitamin C and Vitamin A, be evaluated as biochemical parameters for preclinical assessment of “at risk group” for Coronary heart diseases and for assessing and monitoring cases of Coronary heart diseases.
Evaluation of Antioxidant Status and Serum Lipoprotein(a) in Coronary Heart Diseases
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140201.11
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Sudeep. R. Lokapure
Jano Zore
Kavitha. Y. Ullikashi
Chitra Dhume
Evaluation of Antioxidant Status and Serum Lipoprotein(a) in Coronary Heart Diseases
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8
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ab.20140201.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140201.11
© Science Publishing Group
Determination of Erucic Acid Content in Traditional and Commercial Mustard Oils of Bangladesh by Gas- Liquid Chromatography
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140201.12
The modern trend of consuming mustard oil in raw, fried and cooked forms is increasing day by day in the general people irrespective of economic status in Bangladesh. But unfortunately they are not aware of the adverse effects of this oil. Because, mustard oils have been evidenced to have high level of erucic acid and erucic acid has been evidenced to be a causative agent for cardiovascular diseases. It is therefore very important to know the erucic acid level both in traditional and commercially available mustard oils in Bangladesh. The aim of the study was to investigate the fatty acid profile of the commercial mustard oil (Industrially manufactured) and ghani (traditional method of oil processing) mustard oil. After preparation of the purified fatty acid methyl esters of the above oils, Gas-Liquid Chromatographic (GLC) analysis was carried out. Results showed that the percentage of erucic acid (22:1) in the commercial and ghani mustard oils were 41.80% and 51.98% respectively. In context to percentage of erucic acid, the commercial mustard oil seemed better compared to ghani. The reasons behind this discrepancy still remains unclear but the possibility of mixed oil effects in the commercial mustard oil could be investigated in the near future. The author also established a method to partially eliminate erucic acid from mustard oil. After partially eliminate erucic acid from commercial mustard oil erucic acid reduces from 41.80% to 20.14%.
The modern trend of consuming mustard oil in raw, fried and cooked forms is increasing day by day in the general people irrespective of economic status in Bangladesh. But unfortunately they are not aware of the adverse effects of this oil. Because, mustard oils have been evidenced to have high level of erucic acid and erucic acid has been evidenced to be a causative agent for cardiovascular diseases. It is therefore very important to know the erucic acid level both in traditional and commercially available mustard oils in Bangladesh. The aim of the study was to investigate the fatty acid profile of the commercial mustard oil (Industrially manufactured) and ghani (traditional method of oil processing) mustard oil. After preparation of the purified fatty acid methyl esters of the above oils, Gas-Liquid Chromatographic (GLC) analysis was carried out. Results showed that the percentage of erucic acid (22:1) in the commercial and ghani mustard oils were 41.80% and 51.98% respectively. In context to percentage of erucic acid, the commercial mustard oil seemed better compared to ghani. The reasons behind this discrepancy still remains unclear but the possibility of mixed oil effects in the commercial mustard oil could be investigated in the near future. The author also established a method to partially eliminate erucic acid from mustard oil. After partially eliminate erucic acid from commercial mustard oil erucic acid reduces from 41.80% to 20.14%.
Determination of Erucic Acid Content in Traditional and Commercial Mustard Oils of Bangladesh by Gas- Liquid Chromatography
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140201.12
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Md. Tanvir Sarwar
Md. Hafizur Rahman
Md. Salim Raza
Shakh M. A. Rouf
Md. Nazibur Rahman
Determination of Erucic Acid Content in Traditional and Commercial Mustard Oils of Bangladesh by Gas- Liquid Chromatography
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ab.20140201.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140201.12
© Science Publishing Group
Purification and Characterisation of Lactate Dehydrogenase: An Undergraduate Biochemistry Laboratory Experiment
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140201.13
The practical work described here was designed in the aim of combining several periods that were previously carried-out independently during the academic year and to more appropriately mimic a "research" environment. It illustrates several fundamental biochemical principles as well as experimental aspects and important techniques including spectrophotometry, chromatography, centrifugation, and electrophoresis. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme of choice for a student laboratory experiment. This enzyme has many advantages, namely its relative high abundance, high specific activity and high stability. In the first part, the purification scheme starting from pig heart includes ammonium sulphate fractionation, desalting by size exclusion chromatography, anion exchange chromatography and pseudo-affinity chromatography. In the second part of the work the obtained fractions are accessed for protein and activity content in order to evaluate the efficiency of the different purification steps, and are also characterised by electrophoresis using non-denaturing and denaturing conditions. Finally, in the third part, the purified enzyme is subjected to comprehensive analysis of its kinetic properties and compared to those of a commercial skeletal muscle LDH preparation. The results presented thereafter are representative of the data-sets obtained by the student-pairs and are comparable to those obtained by the instructors and the reference publications. This multistep purification of an enzyme from its source material, where students perform different purification techniques over successive laboratory days, the characterisation of the purified enzyme, and the extensive approach of enzyme kinetics, naturally fits into a project-based biochemistry learning process.
The practical work described here was designed in the aim of combining several periods that were previously carried-out independently during the academic year and to more appropriately mimic a "research" environment. It illustrates several fundamental biochemical principles as well as experimental aspects and important techniques including spectrophotometry, chromatography, centrifugation, and electrophoresis. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme of choice for a student laboratory experiment. This enzyme has many advantages, namely its relative high abundance, high specific activity and high stability. In the first part, the purification scheme starting from pig heart includes ammonium sulphate fractionation, desalting by size exclusion chromatography, anion exchange chromatography and pseudo-affinity chromatography. In the second part of the work the obtained fractions are accessed for protein and activity content in order to evaluate the efficiency of the different purification steps, and are also characterised by electrophoresis using non-denaturing and denaturing conditions. Finally, in the third part, the purified enzyme is subjected to comprehensive analysis of its kinetic properties and compared to those of a commercial skeletal muscle LDH preparation. The results presented thereafter are representative of the data-sets obtained by the student-pairs and are comparable to those obtained by the instructors and the reference publications. This multistep purification of an enzyme from its source material, where students perform different purification techniques over successive laboratory days, the characterisation of the purified enzyme, and the extensive approach of enzyme kinetics, naturally fits into a project-based biochemistry learning process.
Purification and Characterisation of Lactate Dehydrogenase: An Undergraduate Biochemistry Laboratory Experiment
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140201.13
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Yannis Karamanos
Purification and Characterisation of Lactate Dehydrogenase: An Undergraduate Biochemistry Laboratory Experiment
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ab.20140201.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140201.13
© Science Publishing Group
Cholesterol-Induced Impact on Murine Macrophage Responsiveness Involves down-Regulation of Mevalonate Pathway
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140201.14
Free cholesterol (Ch) and its oxidative derivatives, oxysterols, are often accumulated in macrophages during chronic inflammation and atherogenesis. The effects of Ch and oxysterols on the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in inflammatory response and the role of mevalonate pathway in the effects of these sterols are studied poorly. We studied the effects of cholesterol, oxysterols, atorvastatin, and mevalonic acid on the LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-10, and TGF-β1 production in macrophage cell culture. The study was carried out in murine peritoneal macrophages preincubated for 4 h with Ch (5 µg/mL), 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH-Ch) (5 µg/mL), 7-keto-Ch (5 µg/mL), farnesol (10 µM), or atorvastatin (5 µmol/mL) in the presence or absence of 1 mM of mevalonate. The cells were further incubated in the presence or absence of E. coli 0111:B4 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h, and cytokine concentrations in incubation media were determined. Macrophages preincubation with Ch, 25-OH-Ch, or atorvastatin decreased LPS-induced TNF-α production in cell cultures, while supplementation of preincubation medium with mevalonic acid abrogated the effects of atorvastatin and Ch. The Ch, 25-OH-Ch, 7-keto-Ch and atorvastatin significantly reduced IL-10 production by LPS–stimulated macrophages, while farnesol had no effect. Supplementation of Ch or atorvastatin-containing preincubation medium with mevalonate restored IL-10 production. The TGF-β1 production was significantly enhanced by the presence of Ch or atorvastatin in preincubation medium as compared to the control level in non-treated macrophages, while 25-OH-Ch or farnesol decreased profoundly TGF-β1 production. Mevalonate abrogated the effect of Ch or atorvastatin but not of 25-OH-Ch or farnesol. These results allow to conclude, that Ch is able to promote anti-inflammatory and fibrogenic macrophage response, which is connected, at least in part, with the deficiency of mevalonate pathway intermediates, particularly to the deficiency of farnesol, whereas hydroxysterols produce tolerogenic, but not fibrogenic effect, independently of mevalonate pathway.
Free cholesterol (Ch) and its oxidative derivatives, oxysterols, are often accumulated in macrophages during chronic inflammation and atherogenesis. The effects of Ch and oxysterols on the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in inflammatory response and the role of mevalonate pathway in the effects of these sterols are studied poorly. We studied the effects of cholesterol, oxysterols, atorvastatin, and mevalonic acid on the LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-10, and TGF-β1 production in macrophage cell culture. The study was carried out in murine peritoneal macrophages preincubated for 4 h with Ch (5 µg/mL), 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH-Ch) (5 µg/mL), 7-keto-Ch (5 µg/mL), farnesol (10 µM), or atorvastatin (5 µmol/mL) in the presence or absence of 1 mM of mevalonate. The cells were further incubated in the presence or absence of E. coli 0111:B4 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h, and cytokine concentrations in incubation media were determined. Macrophages preincubation with Ch, 25-OH-Ch, or atorvastatin decreased LPS-induced TNF-α production in cell cultures, while supplementation of preincubation medium with mevalonic acid abrogated the effects of atorvastatin and Ch. The Ch, 25-OH-Ch, 7-keto-Ch and atorvastatin significantly reduced IL-10 production by LPS–stimulated macrophages, while farnesol had no effect. Supplementation of Ch or atorvastatin-containing preincubation medium with mevalonate restored IL-10 production. The TGF-β1 production was significantly enhanced by the presence of Ch or atorvastatin in preincubation medium as compared to the control level in non-treated macrophages, while 25-OH-Ch or farnesol decreased profoundly TGF-β1 production. Mevalonate abrogated the effect of Ch or atorvastatin but not of 25-OH-Ch or farnesol. These results allow to conclude, that Ch is able to promote anti-inflammatory and fibrogenic macrophage response, which is connected, at least in part, with the deficiency of mevalonate pathway intermediates, particularly to the deficiency of farnesol, whereas hydroxysterols produce tolerogenic, but not fibrogenic effect, independently of mevalonate pathway.
Cholesterol-Induced Impact on Murine Macrophage Responsiveness Involves down-Regulation of Mevalonate Pathway
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140201.14
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Yakov Sh. Schwartz
Olga M. Dolganova
Sergey V. Cheresiz
Cholesterol-Induced Impact on Murine Macrophage Responsiveness Involves down-Regulation of Mevalonate Pathway
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140201.14
© Science Publishing Group
Elevated Level of Interleukin-29: A Proinflammatory Role in Synovial Inflammation of Rheumatoid Arthritis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140202.11
Background: The multiple pro-inflammatory cascades described in RA lead to persistent synovitis, resulting in articular cartilage and bone damages. The up-regulation of interferon-inducible genes has been found in the synovial lining regions and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA. Objective: The aim of the current study is to examine the expression of IL-29 and its receptors IL-28Rα in blood and synovial fluid (SF) in RA patients and investigate the correlation of IL-29 with disease activity and other laboratory characters of RA. Methods: The study was carried out on 108 RA patients, 70 OA patients and 80 healthy control subjects. Clinical assessment of disease activity in RA patients and disease activity score with DAS28 had been done. IL29 was detected in the serum and synovial fluid of all samples by ELISA. Real time PCR was used for human IL-29 and IL-28Rα expression from PBMC. Results: expression of IL-29 mRNA was significantly higher in RA PBMCs when compared to OA and HC (132±13.8, 49± 11.2, 33.3± 10.5; respectively P <0.05). Similarly, IL-28Rα mRNA expression was significantly higher in RA PBMCs when compared to OA and HC (30.5±9.7, 13.3±4.5, 8.5± 3.3; respectively P <0.05). The mean level of IL-29 in SF was increased in RA and found also much higher in RA (17.29 ± 10.19pg/ml) than OA (8.33 ±3.89 pg/ml) (P = 0.01). There is a significant correlation between serum levels of circulating IL- 29 and DAS28, CRP, ESR, RF, and anti-CCP. Conclusion: our data have presented new evidence that IL-29 may contribute to RA pathogenesis
Background: The multiple pro-inflammatory cascades described in RA lead to persistent synovitis, resulting in articular cartilage and bone damages. The up-regulation of interferon-inducible genes has been found in the synovial lining regions and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA. Objective: The aim of the current study is to examine the expression of IL-29 and its receptors IL-28Rα in blood and synovial fluid (SF) in RA patients and investigate the correlation of IL-29 with disease activity and other laboratory characters of RA. Methods: The study was carried out on 108 RA patients, 70 OA patients and 80 healthy control subjects. Clinical assessment of disease activity in RA patients and disease activity score with DAS28 had been done. IL29 was detected in the serum and synovial fluid of all samples by ELISA. Real time PCR was used for human IL-29 and IL-28Rα expression from PBMC. Results: expression of IL-29 mRNA was significantly higher in RA PBMCs when compared to OA and HC (132±13.8, 49± 11.2, 33.3± 10.5; respectively P <0.05). Similarly, IL-28Rα mRNA expression was significantly higher in RA PBMCs when compared to OA and HC (30.5±9.7, 13.3±4.5, 8.5± 3.3; respectively P <0.05). The mean level of IL-29 in SF was increased in RA and found also much higher in RA (17.29 ± 10.19pg/ml) than OA (8.33 ±3.89 pg/ml) (P = 0.01). There is a significant correlation between serum levels of circulating IL- 29 and DAS28, CRP, ESR, RF, and anti-CCP. Conclusion: our data have presented new evidence that IL-29 may contribute to RA pathogenesis
Elevated Level of Interleukin-29: A Proinflammatory Role in Synovial Inflammation of Rheumatoid Arthritis
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140202.11
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-04-15
© Science Publishing Group
Dalia A. Shaheen
Hisham M. Habib
Elevated Level of Interleukin-29: A Proinflammatory Role in Synovial Inflammation of Rheumatoid Arthritis
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2014-04-15
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140202.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Effect of Serum Free Testosterone Level on Glycemic Control and Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetic Men
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140202.12
Background: Atherosclerosis is a complex disease of the arteries characterized by endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and the build-up of lipids within the intima of the vessel wall. Testosterone has a central or permissive role in pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance is associated with several CVD risk factors such as obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and the proinflammatory state. We aim to disclose the relationship between serum testosterone concentration and carotid atherosclerosis and its risk factors in men with type 2 diabetes. Patients and methods: The study population comprised 123 consecutive men of Type 2 diabetes. Retinopathy and nephropathy were ranked and graded respectively. Cardiovascular disease was defined as the presence of previous myocardial infarction or cerebral infarction. Total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were determined and hemoglobin Alc was measured. Assessment for the presence of carotid atherosclerosis was done, using ultrasonographic measurement of carotid intima media thickness (IMT). The relationship between serum testosterone concentration and carotid intima-media thickness IMT was investigated in all patients. Results: The mean of IMT for all patients was 0.96 ± 0.28 mm. Mean IMT was significantly greater in patients with lower concentrations of F-tes than in patients with higher concentrations of F-tes. (P= 0.038). Relationship between serum free testosterone concentration and other variables showed a negative correlation with patients’ age, patients’ age at onset, duration of diabetes, BMI, HbA1c, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol concentrations and mean IMT in men with type 2 diabetes. No significant correlation was found between F-tes with triglyceride and negative correlation with mean IMT. Conclusion: Serum free testosterone concentration was found to be low in type 2 diabetic men. It has a negative correlation with patients’ age, patients’ age at onset of the disease, duration of diabetes, BMI and HbA1c, total cholesterol concentrations systolic and diastolic blood pressure and mean IMT. This may disclose the different mechanisms played by testosterone in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular risk in men with type 2 diabetes.
Background: Atherosclerosis is a complex disease of the arteries characterized by endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and the build-up of lipids within the intima of the vessel wall. Testosterone has a central or permissive role in pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance is associated with several CVD risk factors such as obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and the proinflammatory state. We aim to disclose the relationship between serum testosterone concentration and carotid atherosclerosis and its risk factors in men with type 2 diabetes. Patients and methods: The study population comprised 123 consecutive men of Type 2 diabetes. Retinopathy and nephropathy were ranked and graded respectively. Cardiovascular disease was defined as the presence of previous myocardial infarction or cerebral infarction. Total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were determined and hemoglobin Alc was measured. Assessment for the presence of carotid atherosclerosis was done, using ultrasonographic measurement of carotid intima media thickness (IMT). The relationship between serum testosterone concentration and carotid intima-media thickness IMT was investigated in all patients. Results: The mean of IMT for all patients was 0.96 ± 0.28 mm. Mean IMT was significantly greater in patients with lower concentrations of F-tes than in patients with higher concentrations of F-tes. (P= 0.038). Relationship between serum free testosterone concentration and other variables showed a negative correlation with patients’ age, patients’ age at onset, duration of diabetes, BMI, HbA1c, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol concentrations and mean IMT in men with type 2 diabetes. No significant correlation was found between F-tes with triglyceride and negative correlation with mean IMT. Conclusion: Serum free testosterone concentration was found to be low in type 2 diabetic men. It has a negative correlation with patients’ age, patients’ age at onset of the disease, duration of diabetes, BMI and HbA1c, total cholesterol concentrations systolic and diastolic blood pressure and mean IMT. This may disclose the different mechanisms played by testosterone in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular risk in men with type 2 diabetes.
The Effect of Serum Free Testosterone Level on Glycemic Control and Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetic Men
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140202.12
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-06-05
© Science Publishing Group
Dalia A. Shaheen
Doaa A. Shahin
Alaa Aldeen Habib
Amani M. El Amin Ali
The Effect of Serum Free Testosterone Level on Glycemic Control and Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetic Men
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39
39
2014-06-05
2014-06-05
10.11648/j.ab.20140202.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140202.12
© Science Publishing Group
Interrelationship between Testosterone Level and Aldo-Keto Reductase Activity in the Blood of Different Ages Rats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140203.11
Aldo-keto reductases play an important role in cell protection against oxidative stress and in the modulation of resistance to the effect of stress damaging factors during ontogenesis. However, there are no clear concepts about changing of their catalytic properties in the process of individual development to date. The reason may be age-dependent changes in hormonal regulation. Still there is no information about the hormonal regulation of aldo-keto reductases. Taking this into account, the present study investigated the effect of testosterone on aldo-keto reductase activity of the blood of the rats of different ages. It has been found that an increased level of testosterone in the blood of rats from 1.5 to 26 months of age was accompanied by an increased aldo-keto reductase activity and the modulation in the structure of isozymes spectrum of aldo-keto reductases. Intramuscular injections of testosterone to pubertal and adult rats increased aldo-keto reductase activity of the blood, which did not occur in immature and aged animals. The obtained data suggest that testosterone is involved in the regulation of the synthesis of individual aldo-keto reductase isozymes.
Aldo-keto reductases play an important role in cell protection against oxidative stress and in the modulation of resistance to the effect of stress damaging factors during ontogenesis. However, there are no clear concepts about changing of their catalytic properties in the process of individual development to date. The reason may be age-dependent changes in hormonal regulation. Still there is no information about the hormonal regulation of aldo-keto reductases. Taking this into account, the present study investigated the effect of testosterone on aldo-keto reductase activity of the blood of the rats of different ages. It has been found that an increased level of testosterone in the blood of rats from 1.5 to 26 months of age was accompanied by an increased aldo-keto reductase activity and the modulation in the structure of isozymes spectrum of aldo-keto reductases. Intramuscular injections of testosterone to pubertal and adult rats increased aldo-keto reductase activity of the blood, which did not occur in immature and aged animals. The obtained data suggest that testosterone is involved in the regulation of the synthesis of individual aldo-keto reductase isozymes.
Interrelationship between Testosterone Level and Aldo-Keto Reductase Activity in the Blood of Different Ages Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140203.11
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-06-30
© Science Publishing Group
Vadim Vyacheslavovich Davydov
Evgeniya Romanovna Grabovetskaya
Interrelationship between Testosterone Level and Aldo-Keto Reductase Activity in the Blood of Different Ages Rats
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44
2014-06-30
2014-06-30
10.11648/j.ab.20140203.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140203.11
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Dry Garlic Powder on Plasma Lipid Profile and Enzyme Activities in Some Tissues of Hypercholesterolemic Rats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140203.12
The effect of garlic powder at 5% and 10% level on plasma lipid profile was investigated in hypercholesterolemic rats. Male albino rats were fed a diet containing 20% fat and 1% cholesterol for two weeks to provoke hypercholesterolemia. The hypercholesterolemic rats were divided into three groups B, C and D. Group A rats were fed with normal diet, Group B were maintained on the hyper diet, Group C were fed hyper diet +5% garlic powder, Group D were fed hyper diet with +10% garlic powder. They were maintained on this diet for four weeks. Results showed that the plasma total cholesterol and LDL-C was significantly reduced in the treated groups (C and D) compared to the hypercholesterolemic control (Group B), while the HDL-C was significantly increased (P<0.05). Also plasma enzyme activities of Aspartate and Alanine Aminotransferases (AST. ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) showed a slight decrease in the treated rats. It is concluded that consumption of dry garlic powder at the level used in this study could be beneficial on the plasma lipid profile in hypercholesterolemia.
The effect of garlic powder at 5% and 10% level on plasma lipid profile was investigated in hypercholesterolemic rats. Male albino rats were fed a diet containing 20% fat and 1% cholesterol for two weeks to provoke hypercholesterolemia. The hypercholesterolemic rats were divided into three groups B, C and D. Group A rats were fed with normal diet, Group B were maintained on the hyper diet, Group C were fed hyper diet +5% garlic powder, Group D were fed hyper diet with +10% garlic powder. They were maintained on this diet for four weeks. Results showed that the plasma total cholesterol and LDL-C was significantly reduced in the treated groups (C and D) compared to the hypercholesterolemic control (Group B), while the HDL-C was significantly increased (P<0.05). Also plasma enzyme activities of Aspartate and Alanine Aminotransferases (AST. ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) showed a slight decrease in the treated rats. It is concluded that consumption of dry garlic powder at the level used in this study could be beneficial on the plasma lipid profile in hypercholesterolemia.
Effect of Dry Garlic Powder on Plasma Lipid Profile and Enzyme Activities in Some Tissues of Hypercholesterolemic Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140203.12
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-07-14
© Science Publishing Group
Ajayi O. B.
Ajayi D. D.
Effect of Dry Garlic Powder on Plasma Lipid Profile and Enzyme Activities in Some Tissues of Hypercholesterolemic Rats
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49
49
2014-07-14
2014-07-14
10.11648/j.ab.20140203.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140203.12
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation of Nitric Oxide and Some Biochemical Changes in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Hilla City
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140204.11
The study was conducted on fifty seven of type 2 diabetic patients and thirty one apparently healthy control subject. Blood samples obtained from all subjects from Marjan Medical City and AL-Hilla Teaching Hospital in Babylon Province. The aim of this study to evaluate the differences of oxidant (nitric oxide and malonyldialdehyde), antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase), trace elements (copper and zinc) and lipid profile in sera of type 2 diabetic patients and the control group. The results of present study reveal a significant increase in nitric oxide, malonyldialdehyde, copper, glucose, total cholesterol, TG, VLDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentration in sera of type 2 diabetic patients when compared to those of the control group. Also this study show significant decrease in superoxide dismutase and zinc concentration in sera of type 2 diabetic patients when compared to those of the control group. The study concluded that type 2 diabetic patients is associated with increase oxidative stress. The increase of nitric oxide, malonyldialdehyde and copper concentration and decrease of super oxide dismutase and zinc concentration may contribute in the development of complications in diabetic patients.
The study was conducted on fifty seven of type 2 diabetic patients and thirty one apparently healthy control subject. Blood samples obtained from all subjects from Marjan Medical City and AL-Hilla Teaching Hospital in Babylon Province. The aim of this study to evaluate the differences of oxidant (nitric oxide and malonyldialdehyde), antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase), trace elements (copper and zinc) and lipid profile in sera of type 2 diabetic patients and the control group. The results of present study reveal a significant increase in nitric oxide, malonyldialdehyde, copper, glucose, total cholesterol, TG, VLDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentration in sera of type 2 diabetic patients when compared to those of the control group. Also this study show significant decrease in superoxide dismutase and zinc concentration in sera of type 2 diabetic patients when compared to those of the control group. The study concluded that type 2 diabetic patients is associated with increase oxidative stress. The increase of nitric oxide, malonyldialdehyde and copper concentration and decrease of super oxide dismutase and zinc concentration may contribute in the development of complications in diabetic patients.
Evaluation of Nitric Oxide and Some Biochemical Changes in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Hilla City
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140204.11
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-08-05
© Science Publishing Group
Mufeed Jalil Ewadh
Nibras Yahya Al-Khafaji
Evaluation of Nitric Oxide and Some Biochemical Changes in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Hilla City
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54
54
2014-08-05
2014-08-05
10.11648/j.ab.20140204.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140204.11
© Science Publishing Group
Herbal Treatment of Scorpion Envenomation: Plant Extracts Inhibited Opisthacanthus Capensis Venom Phospholipase A2 Activity
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140204.12
The inhibitory effects of Momordica charantia linn, Isoberlinia doka, Terminalia avicennioides, Tamarindus indica and Crotalaria retusa L aqueous leaves extracts on Opisthacanthus capensis (Black creeping scorpion) venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ) activity was investigated. The enzyme from O. capensis venom had a pH and temperature optima of 5 and 60˚C respectively with an activation energy of 5.20 Kcal/mol. Different concentrations (4mg, 6mg and 8mg/ml) of Isoberlinia doka and Momordica charantia Linn inhibited the activity of O capensis venom PLA2 in vitro displaying an uncompetitive inhibition pattern with a decrease in the computed index of efficiency (Kcat). Different concentrations (4mg, 6mg and 8mg/ml) of Terminalia avicennioides, Tamarindus indica and Crotalaria retusa L also inhibited O. capensis venom PLA2 activity in vitro but the inhibition pattern was competitive inhibition with Kcat remaining unchanged. This study reveals that the use of these plants by herbalists in northern Nigeria in the treatment of scorpion bites could be justifiable.
The inhibitory effects of Momordica charantia linn, Isoberlinia doka, Terminalia avicennioides, Tamarindus indica and Crotalaria retusa L aqueous leaves extracts on Opisthacanthus capensis (Black creeping scorpion) venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ) activity was investigated. The enzyme from O. capensis venom had a pH and temperature optima of 5 and 60˚C respectively with an activation energy of 5.20 Kcal/mol. Different concentrations (4mg, 6mg and 8mg/ml) of Isoberlinia doka and Momordica charantia Linn inhibited the activity of O capensis venom PLA2 in vitro displaying an uncompetitive inhibition pattern with a decrease in the computed index of efficiency (Kcat). Different concentrations (4mg, 6mg and 8mg/ml) of Terminalia avicennioides, Tamarindus indica and Crotalaria retusa L also inhibited O. capensis venom PLA2 activity in vitro but the inhibition pattern was competitive inhibition with Kcat remaining unchanged. This study reveals that the use of these plants by herbalists in northern Nigeria in the treatment of scorpion bites could be justifiable.
Herbal Treatment of Scorpion Envenomation: Plant Extracts Inhibited Opisthacanthus Capensis Venom Phospholipase A2 Activity
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140204.12
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-08-19
© Science Publishing Group
Hassan Zanna
Sa’idu Ahmad
Babagana Abdulmalik
Magaji Tasi’u
Grace Okonkwo Abel
Hauwa Mustapha Musa
Herbal Treatment of Scorpion Envenomation: Plant Extracts Inhibited Opisthacanthus Capensis Venom Phospholipase A2 Activity
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4
59
59
2014-08-19
2014-08-19
10.11648/j.ab.20140204.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140204.12
© Science Publishing Group
Hypno-Sedative Activity of Gymnema sylvestre Extract in Sodium Barbiturate - Induced Hypnosis in Rattus novergicus
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140205.11
Gymnema sylvestre is a rare herb with significant medical attributes and ethno-botanical uses. Insomnia is one of the most common sleep disorders around the world. In this study, the effect of the aqueous extracts of this plant was investigated for its hypno-sedative effect in rats as well as acute toxicity. Leaf, stem and flowers of G.sylvestre have several therapeutic applications in folk medicine in curing or managing of a wide range of diseases including insomnia. Sleep was induced using sodium barbiturate in albino rats. Rats of either sex weighing between 100-115g were grouped into five groups A,B,C,D and E of four animals each. Group A was the negative control and received only water, groups B the positive control received 10mg/kg b.w of diazepam .Groups C,D and E were administered 150,700 and 1500mg/kg b.w of extracts respectively, each of the rat was placed in individual cage and observed over a period of 24 hours at 6 hours interval .The aqueous extracts produced significant sedative effect at the dose of 150mg/kg b.w and was more effective than diazepam. The extracts at the doses of 150 and 700mg/kg b.w exhibited hypno-sedative activity comparable to the reference drug. The stem extract at 1500mg/kg produced no sedative effect. No toxicity signs were observed following acute toxicity evaluation. The extracts showed hypno-sedative activity at lower doses of 150mg/kg b.w in this increasing order, stem→leaf →flower. In conclusion, these results suggest that the aqueous extract of G. sylvestre is relatively non-toxic and possess potent sedative and hypnotic effects which could support its therapeutic use for insomnia in folk medicine.
Gymnema sylvestre is a rare herb with significant medical attributes and ethno-botanical uses. Insomnia is one of the most common sleep disorders around the world. In this study, the effect of the aqueous extracts of this plant was investigated for its hypno-sedative effect in rats as well as acute toxicity. Leaf, stem and flowers of G.sylvestre have several therapeutic applications in folk medicine in curing or managing of a wide range of diseases including insomnia. Sleep was induced using sodium barbiturate in albino rats. Rats of either sex weighing between 100-115g were grouped into five groups A,B,C,D and E of four animals each. Group A was the negative control and received only water, groups B the positive control received 10mg/kg b.w of diazepam .Groups C,D and E were administered 150,700 and 1500mg/kg b.w of extracts respectively, each of the rat was placed in individual cage and observed over a period of 24 hours at 6 hours interval .The aqueous extracts produced significant sedative effect at the dose of 150mg/kg b.w and was more effective than diazepam. The extracts at the doses of 150 and 700mg/kg b.w exhibited hypno-sedative activity comparable to the reference drug. The stem extract at 1500mg/kg produced no sedative effect. No toxicity signs were observed following acute toxicity evaluation. The extracts showed hypno-sedative activity at lower doses of 150mg/kg b.w in this increasing order, stem→leaf →flower. In conclusion, these results suggest that the aqueous extract of G. sylvestre is relatively non-toxic and possess potent sedative and hypnotic effects which could support its therapeutic use for insomnia in folk medicine.
Hypno-Sedative Activity of Gymnema sylvestre Extract in Sodium Barbiturate - Induced Hypnosis in Rattus novergicus
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140205.11
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-09-27
© Science Publishing Group
Omale James
Menegbe Nasara Awam
Ojogbane Eleojo
Hypno-Sedative Activity of Gymnema sylvestre Extract in Sodium Barbiturate - Induced Hypnosis in Rattus novergicus
2
5
64
64
2014-09-27
2014-09-27
10.11648/j.ab.20140205.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140205.11
© Science Publishing Group
Proximate and Organoleptic Assessment of Indigenous Dishes Based on Pumpkin Leaves, Pulp and Seeds (Cucurbita pepo)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140205.12
Introduction: The study evaluated the proximate composition of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) based on leaves pulps and seeds and organoleptic attributes of dishes prepared using pumpkin pulps seeds and leaves were also determined. Methodology: The samples used in the study include raw seeds, uncooked pulp, leaves, roasted seeds and cooked pulp were prepared for proximate analysis and also different native meals were prepared using leaves for soup, pulp for pottage yam and seeds for snacks for sensory evaluation involving 25 panelists using nine point heldonic scale, the result of sensory evaluation was subjected to analysis using ANOVA and DUNCAN test to compare the means. The proximate analysis were determined following standard methods and means and standard deviation of triplicate samples were determine. Result: The results of proximate analysis showed that protein composition ranged from 2.23% in cooked pulp to 29.65% in raw seeds, the carbohydrate from 4.86% in uncooked pulp to 14.08% in roasted seeds, the fat from 0.92% in uncooked pulp to 43.28% in roasted seeds and the ash from 1.18% in cooked pulp to 14.86% in roasted seeds. The result of sensory evaluation revealed that samples pumpkin pulp pottage (PPP), pumpkin leaves soup (PLS) and roasted pumpkin seeds (RPS) are significantly different (P<0.05) for colour, PPP were preferred more and RPS were the least preferred. PPP were preferred more and RPS were the least preferred in flavor. Samples PPP and PLS were statistically similar but significantly different (P<0.05) from RPS. Samples PLS are significantly different (P<0.05) from PPP and RPS for texture, PLS were preferred more and RPS were the least preferred in texture. Samples PPP and PLS are statistically similar but significantly different (P<0.05) from RPS in generally acceptability. Conclusion: The result of this study showed that pumpkin has high nutrient profile concentrated in the different edible parts; the seed, pulp and leaves and it is also generally acceptable. Therefore we recommend that the vegetable be incorporated into our daily meals and all the different edible parts be consumed for variety and for its nutrient content. We also recommend that more research be done to consider the other nutritional value like minerals, vitamins and phytochemical composition of the vegetables.
Introduction: The study evaluated the proximate composition of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) based on leaves pulps and seeds and organoleptic attributes of dishes prepared using pumpkin pulps seeds and leaves were also determined. Methodology: The samples used in the study include raw seeds, uncooked pulp, leaves, roasted seeds and cooked pulp were prepared for proximate analysis and also different native meals were prepared using leaves for soup, pulp for pottage yam and seeds for snacks for sensory evaluation involving 25 panelists using nine point heldonic scale, the result of sensory evaluation was subjected to analysis using ANOVA and DUNCAN test to compare the means. The proximate analysis were determined following standard methods and means and standard deviation of triplicate samples were determine. Result: The results of proximate analysis showed that protein composition ranged from 2.23% in cooked pulp to 29.65% in raw seeds, the carbohydrate from 4.86% in uncooked pulp to 14.08% in roasted seeds, the fat from 0.92% in uncooked pulp to 43.28% in roasted seeds and the ash from 1.18% in cooked pulp to 14.86% in roasted seeds. The result of sensory evaluation revealed that samples pumpkin pulp pottage (PPP), pumpkin leaves soup (PLS) and roasted pumpkin seeds (RPS) are significantly different (P<0.05) for colour, PPP were preferred more and RPS were the least preferred. PPP were preferred more and RPS were the least preferred in flavor. Samples PPP and PLS were statistically similar but significantly different (P<0.05) from RPS. Samples PLS are significantly different (P<0.05) from PPP and RPS for texture, PLS were preferred more and RPS were the least preferred in texture. Samples PPP and PLS are statistically similar but significantly different (P<0.05) from RPS in generally acceptability. Conclusion: The result of this study showed that pumpkin has high nutrient profile concentrated in the different edible parts; the seed, pulp and leaves and it is also generally acceptable. Therefore we recommend that the vegetable be incorporated into our daily meals and all the different edible parts be consumed for variety and for its nutrient content. We also recommend that more research be done to consider the other nutritional value like minerals, vitamins and phytochemical composition of the vegetables.
Proximate and Organoleptic Assessment of Indigenous Dishes Based on Pumpkin Leaves, Pulp and Seeds (Cucurbita pepo)
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140205.12
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-09-29
© Science Publishing Group
Obiakor-Okeke Philomena Ngozi
Ogbonna Ikenna Chukwuemeka
Amadi Joy
Proximate and Organoleptic Assessment of Indigenous Dishes Based on Pumpkin Leaves, Pulp and Seeds (Cucurbita pepo)
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70
70
2014-09-29
2014-09-29
10.11648/j.ab.20140205.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140205.12
© Science Publishing Group
In-Vitro Inhibition of Camel Hepatic Glutathione Transferase by Quercetin
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140205.13
Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are a group of multifunctional ubiquitous enzymes widely present in animals and plants, which catalysis the conjugation of glutathione to different exogenous and endogenous electrophilic compounds. This study was carried out to characterize the purified GST enzyme from camel liver tissues and to investigate the in-vitro inhibitory effect of the flavonoid quercetin by measuring S-2,4-dinitrophenyl glutathione (DNP-GSH) formation from 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and reduced glutathione(GSH) as substrates. The Km values for reduced GSH and CDNB were found to be 0.08438 and 0.6827 mM while Vmax values were 6.935 and 15.599 mM/min respectively. The IC50 was determined to be 1.8 mM. The inhibition constant (Ki) was estimated to be 1.91 mM at 0.5 mM and 1.76 mM at 2 mM. The mean inhibition constant (Ki) was estimated to be 1.835±0.075mM which revealed an uncompetitive profile and indicated quercetin as a weak inhibitor with the varied concentration of CDNB and fixed concentration of reduced GSH as a substrate.
Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are a group of multifunctional ubiquitous enzymes widely present in animals and plants, which catalysis the conjugation of glutathione to different exogenous and endogenous electrophilic compounds. This study was carried out to characterize the purified GST enzyme from camel liver tissues and to investigate the in-vitro inhibitory effect of the flavonoid quercetin by measuring S-2,4-dinitrophenyl glutathione (DNP-GSH) formation from 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and reduced glutathione(GSH) as substrates. The Km values for reduced GSH and CDNB were found to be 0.08438 and 0.6827 mM while Vmax values were 6.935 and 15.599 mM/min respectively. The IC50 was determined to be 1.8 mM. The inhibition constant (Ki) was estimated to be 1.91 mM at 0.5 mM and 1.76 mM at 2 mM. The mean inhibition constant (Ki) was estimated to be 1.835±0.075mM which revealed an uncompetitive profile and indicated quercetin as a weak inhibitor with the varied concentration of CDNB and fixed concentration of reduced GSH as a substrate.
In-Vitro Inhibition of Camel Hepatic Glutathione Transferase by Quercetin
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140205.13
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-10-22
© Science Publishing Group
Ghada Al-Amro
Mohammad Ali Qorban
Samina Hyder Haq
In-Vitro Inhibition of Camel Hepatic Glutathione Transferase by Quercetin
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75
75
2014-10-22
2014-10-22
10.11648/j.ab.20140205.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140205.13
© Science Publishing Group
Hydrolytic Enzyme Levels in Malted Cereals
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140205.14
Six grain samples namely barley, maize, millet, rice, sorghum and wheat were tested for enzyme levels (amylase, protease and lipase) in order to assess their malting characteristics, using barley as a standard. The levels of the enzymes were estimated in the whole dry grains, 24h steeped, 24h sprouted and 48h sprouted grains. A combined statistical analysis of linear regression and analysis of variance were used to test for enzyme interaction, similarities and interspecific relationship between the cereals. The estimated interspecific relationship between sorghum and barley was 84% based on the three enzymes, while millet had 75%. All the sprouted cereals with the exception of the standard barley had high lipase levels. This possibly suggests certain limitations as regards to production of off-flavours. Malt prepared from maize, sorghum, rice and millet had comparable protease levels with barley (P>0.05). The malts prepared from maize, millet, rice, sorghum and wheat had comparatively low alpha-amylase levels when compared with the standard barley. Multiple linear regressions showed amylase was dependent on lipase and protease. The relationship was not affected by either soaking (steeping) or sprouting of the grains. The implications of these findings suggest that a combination of these cereals might give good malt for food applications.
Six grain samples namely barley, maize, millet, rice, sorghum and wheat were tested for enzyme levels (amylase, protease and lipase) in order to assess their malting characteristics, using barley as a standard. The levels of the enzymes were estimated in the whole dry grains, 24h steeped, 24h sprouted and 48h sprouted grains. A combined statistical analysis of linear regression and analysis of variance were used to test for enzyme interaction, similarities and interspecific relationship between the cereals. The estimated interspecific relationship between sorghum and barley was 84% based on the three enzymes, while millet had 75%. All the sprouted cereals with the exception of the standard barley had high lipase levels. This possibly suggests certain limitations as regards to production of off-flavours. Malt prepared from maize, sorghum, rice and millet had comparable protease levels with barley (P>0.05). The malts prepared from maize, millet, rice, sorghum and wheat had comparatively low alpha-amylase levels when compared with the standard barley. Multiple linear regressions showed amylase was dependent on lipase and protease. The relationship was not affected by either soaking (steeping) or sprouting of the grains. The implications of these findings suggest that a combination of these cereals might give good malt for food applications.
Hydrolytic Enzyme Levels in Malted Cereals
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140205.14
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-11-06
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammed Adamu Milala
Emmanuel Othumba Addy
Hydrolytic Enzyme Levels in Malted Cereals
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2014-11-06
2014-11-06
10.11648/j.ab.20140205.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140205.14
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of Shea Butter Based Diet on Hepatic and Renal Enzymes and Plasma Lipid Profile in Albino Rats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140205.15
The effect of feeding Shea butter based diet on plasma, liver and kidney enzymes as well as the plasma lipid profile was studied. Twenty one weaned male rats weighing 35g to 45g were divided into three groups: control, test one and test two, each containing seven rats. Control group was given feed containing soya bean oil as lipid source ad libitum. In test groups one and two, Shea butter in 5% and 15% (w/w) respectively, replaced soya bean oil. The feeding lasted for 28 days after which the rats were sacrificed and the plasma as well as tissue samples from liver and kidney were collected. From the plasma, lipid profile; aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and total protein were assayed. From the tissue samples, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and total protein were assayed. Significant decrease (P < 0.05) was observed in the total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and Triglyceride (TG) upon feeding with Shea butter based diet. Feeding with Shea butter did not pose any threat to hepatic and renal tissues.
The effect of feeding Shea butter based diet on plasma, liver and kidney enzymes as well as the plasma lipid profile was studied. Twenty one weaned male rats weighing 35g to 45g were divided into three groups: control, test one and test two, each containing seven rats. Control group was given feed containing soya bean oil as lipid source ad libitum. In test groups one and two, Shea butter in 5% and 15% (w/w) respectively, replaced soya bean oil. The feeding lasted for 28 days after which the rats were sacrificed and the plasma as well as tissue samples from liver and kidney were collected. From the plasma, lipid profile; aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and total protein were assayed. From the tissue samples, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and total protein were assayed. Significant decrease (P < 0.05) was observed in the total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and Triglyceride (TG) upon feeding with Shea butter based diet. Feeding with Shea butter did not pose any threat to hepatic and renal tissues.
Effects of Shea Butter Based Diet on Hepatic and Renal Enzymes and Plasma Lipid Profile in Albino Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140205.15
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-11-14
© Science Publishing Group
Malachi Oluwaseyi Israel
Ajayi Olubunmi Bolanle
Akomolafe Seun Funmiola
Effects of Shea Butter Based Diet on Hepatic and Renal Enzymes and Plasma Lipid Profile in Albino Rats
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2014-11-14
2014-11-14
10.11648/j.ab.20140205.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140205.15
© Science Publishing Group
Estimation Activity and Partial Purification of Ceruloplasmin from Sera of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure and Healthy Subjects
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140206.12
CeruloplasminCP (EC1.16.3.1) activity has been assayed in (32) serum samples of patients with Chronic Renal Failure CRF, and (32) serum samples of healthy individuals without any clinically detectable diseases have been used as control group. The aim of this study is to measure CP activity and partially purifying the enzyme from sera of patients with CRF and healthy individuals. The results of this study revealed that CP activity of patient’s serum shows a highly significant decrease (p < 0.05) compared to that of the healthy individuals. Ceruloplasmin enzyme was partially purified from the serum of patient with CRF and and healthy individual by three steps which operates throughout under mild conditions 4°, acetate buffer (pH 6.8): First step including the use of ammonium sulfate precipitation, second step utilize dialysis with acetate buffer, while the third step consists of gel-filtration on Sephacryl S200(27×1.6cm) . Insufficiently purified ceruloplasmin fractions obtained at various stages are diluted to the appropriate ionic strength and re-utilized. Two proteinous components had been isolated by gel filtration chromatography from the supernatant produced by ammonium sulfate. According to Poly Acryl Amide Electrophoresis PAGE appear two bands by protein staining. Abbreviation: ceruloplasmin, chronic renal failure, ammonium sulfate, dialysis, electrophoresis, gel filtration.
CeruloplasminCP (EC1.16.3.1) activity has been assayed in (32) serum samples of patients with Chronic Renal Failure CRF, and (32) serum samples of healthy individuals without any clinically detectable diseases have been used as control group. The aim of this study is to measure CP activity and partially purifying the enzyme from sera of patients with CRF and healthy individuals. The results of this study revealed that CP activity of patient’s serum shows a highly significant decrease (p < 0.05) compared to that of the healthy individuals. Ceruloplasmin enzyme was partially purified from the serum of patient with CRF and and healthy individual by three steps which operates throughout under mild conditions 4°, acetate buffer (pH 6.8): First step including the use of ammonium sulfate precipitation, second step utilize dialysis with acetate buffer, while the third step consists of gel-filtration on Sephacryl S200(27×1.6cm) . Insufficiently purified ceruloplasmin fractions obtained at various stages are diluted to the appropriate ionic strength and re-utilized. Two proteinous components had been isolated by gel filtration chromatography from the supernatant produced by ammonium sulfate. According to Poly Acryl Amide Electrophoresis PAGE appear two bands by protein staining. Abbreviation: ceruloplasmin, chronic renal failure, ammonium sulfate, dialysis, electrophoresis, gel filtration.
Estimation Activity and Partial Purification of Ceruloplasmin from Sera of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure and Healthy Subjects
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140206.12
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-11-29
© Science Publishing Group
Israa Ghassan Zainal
Estimation Activity and Partial Purification of Ceruloplasmin from Sera of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure and Healthy Subjects
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2014-11-29
2014-11-29
10.11648/j.ab.20140206.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140206.12
© Science Publishing Group
Advances in Bile Acids-Mediated Liver Injury and Liver Regeneration
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140206.11
Bile acids are endogenous molecules that originate from the liver and transport via bile to the intestines. They normally regulate cholesterol homeostasis, stimulate lipid solubilization and mediate metabolic signaling. Early studies implicated that disorders of bile acids compositions and concentrations can cause liver injury. Several hydrophobic bile acids are toxic and ample increases of them in liver may induce cell inflammation, apoptosis and necrosis. While the hydrophilic bile acid, such as ursodeoxycholic acid, has a therapeutic effect on cholestatic liver diseases. Further more, recent researches demonstrate that bile acids have also been implicated in stimulation of liver regeneration. The antagonistic regulation of liver injury and liver regeneration by bile acids may correlate with its composition and concentration. This review will focus on both how different bile acids and different bile acid concentrations play a critical role in liver injury and regeneration.
Bile acids are endogenous molecules that originate from the liver and transport via bile to the intestines. They normally regulate cholesterol homeostasis, stimulate lipid solubilization and mediate metabolic signaling. Early studies implicated that disorders of bile acids compositions and concentrations can cause liver injury. Several hydrophobic bile acids are toxic and ample increases of them in liver may induce cell inflammation, apoptosis and necrosis. While the hydrophilic bile acid, such as ursodeoxycholic acid, has a therapeutic effect on cholestatic liver diseases. Further more, recent researches demonstrate that bile acids have also been implicated in stimulation of liver regeneration. The antagonistic regulation of liver injury and liver regeneration by bile acids may correlate with its composition and concentration. This review will focus on both how different bile acids and different bile acid concentrations play a critical role in liver injury and regeneration.
Advances in Bile Acids-Mediated Liver Injury and Liver Regeneration
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140206.11
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-11-29
© Science Publishing Group
Xiaowen Tang
Lili Ding
Qiaoling Yang
Xiaoyuan Niu
Li Yang
Zhengtao Wang
Advances in Bile Acids-Mediated Liver Injury and Liver Regeneration
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89
2014-11-29
2014-11-29
10.11648/j.ab.20140206.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140206.11
© Science Publishing Group
Biochemical Characteristics of Distal Vessels Endothelium in Patiеnts with Syndroms of Lumbosacral Radiculopathies and others Neurological Syndromes Lumbar Osteochondrosis in Recrudescence Phase
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140206.13
The content of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-1 (IL-1), endothelin -1(E-1), soluble adhesion molecules of vascular endothelium-1 (sVCAM-1) and soluble molecules of intercellular adhesion -1 (sICAM-1 ) in peripheral blood of patients suffering from neurologic syndromes of dorsolumbar osteochondrosis (lumbalgia, lumboishialgia, lumbosacral radiculupathy) in recrudescence phase was investigated. CRP concentration in blood serum was determined by highly sensitive quantitative method (hs-CRP), based on the reaction of immunoprecipitation with reagent sets “Thermoscientific” firm, USA. Endothelin-1, sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 content in blood serum was determined by means of immunoenzymometric analysis method. The research was carried out with standard diagnostic reagent set of the “BioMedica”, “Bender MedSystem»” (BMS201, BMS 232) firm, (Austria), and the apparatus “Multiscan” of the Labsystem firm (Finland). Statistically significant (p < 0,05) concentration increase of C-reactive protein, interleukin-1 (IL-1), endothelin -1, sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 in peripheral blood serum in patients having lumbosacral radiculopathy in comparison with the test-group and with groups of patients suffering from syndromes of lumbalgia and lumboishialgia was found out.
The content of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-1 (IL-1), endothelin -1(E-1), soluble adhesion molecules of vascular endothelium-1 (sVCAM-1) and soluble molecules of intercellular adhesion -1 (sICAM-1 ) in peripheral blood of patients suffering from neurologic syndromes of dorsolumbar osteochondrosis (lumbalgia, lumboishialgia, lumbosacral radiculupathy) in recrudescence phase was investigated. CRP concentration in blood serum was determined by highly sensitive quantitative method (hs-CRP), based on the reaction of immunoprecipitation with reagent sets “Thermoscientific” firm, USA. Endothelin-1, sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 content in blood serum was determined by means of immunoenzymometric analysis method. The research was carried out with standard diagnostic reagent set of the “BioMedica”, “Bender MedSystem»” (BMS201, BMS 232) firm, (Austria), and the apparatus “Multiscan” of the Labsystem firm (Finland). Statistically significant (p < 0,05) concentration increase of C-reactive protein, interleukin-1 (IL-1), endothelin -1, sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 in peripheral blood serum in patients having lumbosacral radiculopathy in comparison with the test-group and with groups of patients suffering from syndromes of lumbalgia and lumboishialgia was found out.
Biochemical Characteristics of Distal Vessels Endothelium in Patiеnts with Syndroms of Lumbosacral Radiculopathies and others Neurological Syndromes Lumbar Osteochondrosis in Recrudescence Phase
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140206.13
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-12-23
© Science Publishing Group
Marina Goryacheva
Grigori Shumakher
Liliya Kostyuchenko
Larisa Tsybirova
Peter Veselovsky
Sergey Fedyanin
Alexey Malikov
Oleg Komarov
Andrey Belousov
Maria Bondareva
Ksenia Goryacheva
Biochemical Characteristics of Distal Vessels Endothelium in Patiеnts with Syndroms of Lumbosacral Radiculopathies and others Neurological Syndromes Lumbar Osteochondrosis in Recrudescence Phase
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102
2014-12-23
2014-12-23
10.11648/j.ab.20140206.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140206.13
© Science Publishing Group
Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel KV1.5 Protects against MPP+ Mediated Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140206.14
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and afflicts almost 1.8% of over 65-year-old group in the world. Epidemiological projections showed that the incidence of PD was increasing continuously each year, with a wider age range as well. A large number of studies indicated that voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv) played significant roles in cellular signaling in both excitable and non-excitable cells. What’s more, Kv was also ubiquitously expressed in neurons and participated in signaling pathway in neurons. Kv1.5 (encoded by KCNA5) is an important voltage-gated K+ channel, which is not only necessary for critical processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis but ubiquitously expressed in neurons. Recent studies reported that PD clinical drugs could inhibit the expression of Kv1.5. To determine the mechanisms by which Kv1.5 protects against MPP+ mediated neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Materials and Methods: Knockdown of Kv1.5 model was established with pSINsi-hU6- Kv1.5 treated by the RNAi method in PC12. MTT, and Western Blot were used to detect the influence of Kv1.5 on PC12 proliferation, and the effect of Kv1.5 on PC12 apoptosis after MPP+ treatment in vitro. Results: 1) Knockdown and overexpression of Kv1.5 participated in PC12 proliferation. Transiently over-expressed Kv1.5 could boost the survival rate of PC12, while transiently knockdown of Kv1.5 inhibited PC12 proliferation. 2) The effect of Kv1.5 on PC12 proliferation was through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Over-expressed Kv1.5 could induce the activation of Akt, and Bcl-2 expression in PC12; Knockdown of Kv1.5 in PC12 inhibited the activation of Akt, Bcl-2 expression, and promoted MAPK phosphorylation. 3) Over-expressed Kv1.5 could significantly prevent PC12 from apoptosis induced by MPP+ via activating Akt pathway and increasing Bcl-2 expression; Knockdown of Kv1.5 was more sensitive than its control counterpart when treated with MPP+ for 24 h. Conclusion: Kv1.5 could hinder MPP+ neurotoxicity to PC12 by PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and afflicts almost 1.8% of over 65-year-old group in the world. Epidemiological projections showed that the incidence of PD was increasing continuously each year, with a wider age range as well. A large number of studies indicated that voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv) played significant roles in cellular signaling in both excitable and non-excitable cells. What’s more, Kv was also ubiquitously expressed in neurons and participated in signaling pathway in neurons. Kv1.5 (encoded by KCNA5) is an important voltage-gated K+ channel, which is not only necessary for critical processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis but ubiquitously expressed in neurons. Recent studies reported that PD clinical drugs could inhibit the expression of Kv1.5. To determine the mechanisms by which Kv1.5 protects against MPP+ mediated neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Materials and Methods: Knockdown of Kv1.5 model was established with pSINsi-hU6- Kv1.5 treated by the RNAi method in PC12. MTT, and Western Blot were used to detect the influence of Kv1.5 on PC12 proliferation, and the effect of Kv1.5 on PC12 apoptosis after MPP+ treatment in vitro. Results: 1) Knockdown and overexpression of Kv1.5 participated in PC12 proliferation. Transiently over-expressed Kv1.5 could boost the survival rate of PC12, while transiently knockdown of Kv1.5 inhibited PC12 proliferation. 2) The effect of Kv1.5 on PC12 proliferation was through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Over-expressed Kv1.5 could induce the activation of Akt, and Bcl-2 expression in PC12; Knockdown of Kv1.5 in PC12 inhibited the activation of Akt, Bcl-2 expression, and promoted MAPK phosphorylation. 3) Over-expressed Kv1.5 could significantly prevent PC12 from apoptosis induced by MPP+ via activating Akt pathway and increasing Bcl-2 expression; Knockdown of Kv1.5 was more sensitive than its control counterpart when treated with MPP+ for 24 h. Conclusion: Kv1.5 could hinder MPP+ neurotoxicity to PC12 by PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel KV1.5 Protects against MPP+ Mediated Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20140206.14
Advances in Biochemistry
2014-12-31
© Science Publishing Group
Chao Qu
Xiao-Zhen Fu
Chao Han
Qian Chen
Yan Liu
Xiao-bo Wang
Rong-Gang Xi
Jing Liu
Wei Zou
Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel KV1.5 Protects against MPP+ Mediated Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells
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2014-12-31
2014-12-31
10.11648/j.ab.20140206.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20140206.14
© Science Publishing Group
Antimicrobial Effects of Crude Bromelain Extracted from Pineapple Fruit (Ananas comosus (Linn.) Merr.).
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20150301.11
The study assessed the antimicrobial activity of crude bromelain extracted from pineapple fruit (Ananas comosus L.) on some microorganisms isolated from fresh and overnight meat at different temperatures and pH. Bromelain was extracted from pineapple fruit by homogenizing in cold phosphate buffer solution. Crude bromelain was estimated by Bradford method and the enzyme was assayed by the casein digestion method. Six bacteria namely, Proteus spp, Corynebacterium spp, B. subtilis, S. pyogenes and two different strains of E. coli., were isolated and identified by the conventional methods. The antimicrobial activity of crude bromelain was determined by the disc diffusion method. One strain of E. coli had the highest zone of inhibition (24.00±1.53mm) at 25°C, but the other strain was resistant. Corynebacterium spp was the least inhibited of all the organisms with 8.33±0.33mm zone of inhibition at 37°C and 45°C. Proteus spp was inhibited, but the effect was not temperature dependent. B. subtilis and S. pyogenes were resistant to the crude extract at all temperatures tested in neutral pH media. B. subtilis, S. pyogenes, and E. coli were totally inhibited at pH 10.0. The crude enzyme exhibited better activity against Proteus spp. at pH 10.0, but failed to inhibit the growth of Corynebacterium spp. Crude bromelain seems to be more effective in inhibiting gram positive bacteria than gram negative. Crude bromelain may be an effective antimicrobial agent against E. coli and Proteus spp.
The study assessed the antimicrobial activity of crude bromelain extracted from pineapple fruit (Ananas comosus L.) on some microorganisms isolated from fresh and overnight meat at different temperatures and pH. Bromelain was extracted from pineapple fruit by homogenizing in cold phosphate buffer solution. Crude bromelain was estimated by Bradford method and the enzyme was assayed by the casein digestion method. Six bacteria namely, Proteus spp, Corynebacterium spp, B. subtilis, S. pyogenes and two different strains of E. coli., were isolated and identified by the conventional methods. The antimicrobial activity of crude bromelain was determined by the disc diffusion method. One strain of E. coli had the highest zone of inhibition (24.00±1.53mm) at 25°C, but the other strain was resistant. Corynebacterium spp was the least inhibited of all the organisms with 8.33±0.33mm zone of inhibition at 37°C and 45°C. Proteus spp was inhibited, but the effect was not temperature dependent. B. subtilis and S. pyogenes were resistant to the crude extract at all temperatures tested in neutral pH media. B. subtilis, S. pyogenes, and E. coli were totally inhibited at pH 10.0. The crude enzyme exhibited better activity against Proteus spp. at pH 10.0, but failed to inhibit the growth of Corynebacterium spp. Crude bromelain seems to be more effective in inhibiting gram positive bacteria than gram negative. Crude bromelain may be an effective antimicrobial agent against E. coli and Proteus spp.
Antimicrobial Effects of Crude Bromelain Extracted from Pineapple Fruit (Ananas comosus (Linn.) Merr.).
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20150301.11
Advances in Biochemistry
2015-01-23
© Science Publishing Group
Ali Abdulrahman Ali
Mohammed Adamu Milala
Isa Adamu Gulani
Antimicrobial Effects of Crude Bromelain Extracted from Pineapple Fruit (Ananas comosus (Linn.) Merr.).
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4
4
2015-01-23
2015-01-23
10.11648/j.ab.20150301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20150301.11
© Science Publishing Group
Cathepsins B, L and H Splenocytes as the Secondary Antioxidant Systems in the Conditions of Carbonyl Stress
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20150301.12
In the conditions of synthesis of nitrogen oxide deficit` modelling there is a growth of carbonyl derived proteins due to basic aldehyde- and keton-dinitrophenylhydrazones. After adding L-NAME into the incubation medium there appears aggravation of the carbonyl stress as the result of growth of oxidative stress secondary markers content and exhausting of reserve-adaptative resource. Activation of cathepsins L and H splenocytes takes place in response to oxidative modified proteins elaboration which is proved by our positive correlative conjunction.
In the conditions of synthesis of nitrogen oxide deficit` modelling there is a growth of carbonyl derived proteins due to basic aldehyde- and keton-dinitrophenylhydrazones. After adding L-NAME into the incubation medium there appears aggravation of the carbonyl stress as the result of growth of oxidative stress secondary markers content and exhausting of reserve-adaptative resource. Activation of cathepsins L and H splenocytes takes place in response to oxidative modified proteins elaboration which is proved by our positive correlative conjunction.
Cathepsins B, L and H Splenocytes as the Secondary Antioxidant Systems in the Conditions of Carbonyl Stress
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20150301.12
Advances in Biochemistry
2015-01-27
© Science Publishing Group
Fomina Maria Alekseevna
Abalenikhina Yulia Vladimirovna
Cathepsins B, L and H Splenocytes as the Secondary Antioxidant Systems in the Conditions of Carbonyl Stress
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8
8
2015-01-27
2015-01-27
10.11648/j.ab.20150301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20150301.12
© Science Publishing Group
Atomic Absorption Analysis of Toxic Heavy Metal Impurities in Various Commercial Aspirin Formulations
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20150301.13
Aspirin is the most extensively used mild analgesic and antipyretic drug. In Libya as well as worldwide, aspirin is purchased without prescription in many forms and is imported into the country without any control. However, conditions for packing, storing and preventing the drug from damage are not properly followed. There are no supervision or quality control procedures on the validity and chemical composition of the drug. In this study, thirteen available aspirin forms imported from different countries and one sample from local factory were collected and analyzed for comparison. The quality of the samples was examined in terms of active ingredient (acetyl salicylic acid- ASA), toxic heavy metal and salicylic acid impurities. ASA contents were analyzed using volumetric titration and HPLC method. The toxic heavy metal impurities were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and salicylic acid impurity was determined by fluorimetric method. The active ASA contents were found in the range from 87 to 104%. Comparison of the determined ASA contents with the actual contents per tablet indicated that only 14% of the samples were in identical values, whereas; 57.1% were exceeded and 28.6% were less than the actual content per tablet. The salicylic acid impurities were under permissible limit. Although, the results for the toxic heavy metals impurities showed significant variations among the samples, but all were under the limit permitted by the world health organization.
Aspirin is the most extensively used mild analgesic and antipyretic drug. In Libya as well as worldwide, aspirin is purchased without prescription in many forms and is imported into the country without any control. However, conditions for packing, storing and preventing the drug from damage are not properly followed. There are no supervision or quality control procedures on the validity and chemical composition of the drug. In this study, thirteen available aspirin forms imported from different countries and one sample from local factory were collected and analyzed for comparison. The quality of the samples was examined in terms of active ingredient (acetyl salicylic acid- ASA), toxic heavy metal and salicylic acid impurities. ASA contents were analyzed using volumetric titration and HPLC method. The toxic heavy metal impurities were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and salicylic acid impurity was determined by fluorimetric method. The active ASA contents were found in the range from 87 to 104%. Comparison of the determined ASA contents with the actual contents per tablet indicated that only 14% of the samples were in identical values, whereas; 57.1% were exceeded and 28.6% were less than the actual content per tablet. The salicylic acid impurities were under permissible limit. Although, the results for the toxic heavy metals impurities showed significant variations among the samples, but all were under the limit permitted by the world health organization.
Atomic Absorption Analysis of Toxic Heavy Metal Impurities in Various Commercial Aspirin Formulations
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20150301.13
Advances in Biochemistry
2015-02-06
© Science Publishing Group
Somaya Al-Sadeq Al-Taeb
Khairi Al-Sadeq Ahmed Al-Tayeb
Abdussalam Salem Al-Aseer
Mohammad Mushahid Khan
Atomic Absorption Analysis of Toxic Heavy Metal Impurities in Various Commercial Aspirin Formulations
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14
14
2015-02-06
2015-02-06
10.11648/j.ab.20150301.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20150301.13
© Science Publishing Group
Biochemical Characterization of Crude α-Amylase of Aspergillus spp. Associated with the Spoilage of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Tubers and Processed Products in Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20150301.14
In this research, crude α-amylases associated with the spoilage of cassava (Manihot esculenta) tubers/ product (‘eba’) were biochemically characterized. They were isolated from five fungi: Aspergillus sp. CSA25, Aspergillus sp. CSA26, Aspergillus sp. CSA27, Aspergillus sp. CSA35 and Aspergillus sp. CSA38. The results of the analyses showed that the activities of α-amylase obtained from both sources (cassava tuber/ eba) were optimal at 45°C and pH 5.0. The maximum specific activity (Vmax) of the enzyme was found to be 10 U/mg protein, while its Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) was between 0.37 -1.25%w/v. The α-amylase is thermally stable for 1 - 2 h at optimum temperature and pH (45°C; pH 5.0). A broad range of substrate specificity was expressed by the enzyme for cassava starch-containing products (tapioca flour, garri flour, cassava flour, 1%, w/v); however, potato (Ipomoea batatas) starch, yam (Dioscorea rotundata) flour and cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) flour were relatively minimally hydrolyzed by the crude α-amylases obtained from Aspergillus spp. that caused spoilage of cassava. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (1 mM EDTA) and Mg2+ treatment had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on the activities of the amylase, but Na+, K+, Ca2+, Fe3+, thiourea and 5′,5′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoate (1 mM DTNB) enhanced its activities. The fungal α-amylases were most activated by K+ and had a salt tolerance of 1 - 2 M NaCl for 24 h. The fungal α-amylases reported in this study would find useful application in industries like food industry, detergent industry, paper industry, textile industry, pharmaceutical industry, etc where microbial α-amylases would be required for efficient and cost-effective hydrolysis of cassava starch, cassava flour and or its products.
In this research, crude α-amylases associated with the spoilage of cassava (Manihot esculenta) tubers/ product (‘eba’) were biochemically characterized. They were isolated from five fungi: Aspergillus sp. CSA25, Aspergillus sp. CSA26, Aspergillus sp. CSA27, Aspergillus sp. CSA35 and Aspergillus sp. CSA38. The results of the analyses showed that the activities of α-amylase obtained from both sources (cassava tuber/ eba) were optimal at 45°C and pH 5.0. The maximum specific activity (Vmax) of the enzyme was found to be 10 U/mg protein, while its Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) was between 0.37 -1.25%w/v. The α-amylase is thermally stable for 1 - 2 h at optimum temperature and pH (45°C; pH 5.0). A broad range of substrate specificity was expressed by the enzyme for cassava starch-containing products (tapioca flour, garri flour, cassava flour, 1%, w/v); however, potato (Ipomoea batatas) starch, yam (Dioscorea rotundata) flour and cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) flour were relatively minimally hydrolyzed by the crude α-amylases obtained from Aspergillus spp. that caused spoilage of cassava. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (1 mM EDTA) and Mg2+ treatment had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on the activities of the amylase, but Na+, K+, Ca2+, Fe3+, thiourea and 5′,5′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoate (1 mM DTNB) enhanced its activities. The fungal α-amylases were most activated by K+ and had a salt tolerance of 1 - 2 M NaCl for 24 h. The fungal α-amylases reported in this study would find useful application in industries like food industry, detergent industry, paper industry, textile industry, pharmaceutical industry, etc where microbial α-amylases would be required for efficient and cost-effective hydrolysis of cassava starch, cassava flour and or its products.
Biochemical Characterization of Crude α-Amylase of Aspergillus spp. Associated with the Spoilage of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Tubers and Processed Products in Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20150301.14
Advances in Biochemistry
2015-02-09
© Science Publishing Group
Oghenetega Jonathan Avwioroko
Nyerhovwo John Tonukari
Samuel Ogheneovo Asagba
Biochemical Characterization of Crude α-Amylase of Aspergillus spp. Associated with the Spoilage of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Tubers and Processed Products in Nigeria
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23
2015-02-09
2015-02-09
10.11648/j.ab.20150301.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20150301.14
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic and Anti-lipidemic Activities of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Millettia aboensis and Its Effect on Pancreatic Histology of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20150302.11
Plants provide a potential source of anti-diabetic drugs and are widely used in several traditional systems of medicine to prevent diabetes. This study evaluated the anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic activities of oral administration of aqueous leaf extract of Milletia aboensis in, and its effect on pancreatic histology of, alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Eighty rats were grouped into eight based on average body weights. Diabetes similar to that of type 1 in human was induced by a single intra-peritoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate a -diabetogenic agent (160 mg kg-1). After 120 hours of alloxan injection, the rats from Groups 2 – 8 were confirmed diabetic having baseline fasting blood sugar levels >8.5mmol/L. Group 1 served as normal control. The extract was administered twice daily for 21 days at doses of 500 mg kg-1 – 2500 mg kg-1 in Groups 4 – 8. Group 2 was treated with a standard diabetic drug, ‘Metformin’, while Group 3 (untreated and negative control) was diabetic with increased Total cholesterol (CHOL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), triacylglycerol (TAG) levels and reduced high density lipoproteins (HDL) level throughout the experiment. Glucose was assayed for on the 7th, 14th and 21st day while CHOL, HDL, LDL, and triglyceride were assayed on the 21st day. A significant reduction (p<0.05) in the fasting blood glucose levels of rats in Groups 4-8 was observed when compared to the normal control. Similarly, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in TAG and LDL and a significant increase (p<0.05) in HDL levels in groups treated with the extract when compared to Group 1 (normal control). A photomicrograph of the pancreatic cells was taken before and after treatment with aqueous leaf extract. The photomicrograph before treatment showed atrophic pancreatic islet with vacuolations which indicates significant damaged Islets of langerhans in the beta cells. After treatment the photomicrograph indicates significant cell regeneration and repair. The present investigation suggests that leaf extract of M. aboensis exhibits anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic activities and positively affected pancreatic functions in alloxan-induced diabetes rats.
Plants provide a potential source of anti-diabetic drugs and are widely used in several traditional systems of medicine to prevent diabetes. This study evaluated the anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic activities of oral administration of aqueous leaf extract of Milletia aboensis in, and its effect on pancreatic histology of, alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Eighty rats were grouped into eight based on average body weights. Diabetes similar to that of type 1 in human was induced by a single intra-peritoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate a -diabetogenic agent (160 mg kg-1). After 120 hours of alloxan injection, the rats from Groups 2 – 8 were confirmed diabetic having baseline fasting blood sugar levels >8.5mmol/L. Group 1 served as normal control. The extract was administered twice daily for 21 days at doses of 500 mg kg-1 – 2500 mg kg-1 in Groups 4 – 8. Group 2 was treated with a standard diabetic drug, ‘Metformin’, while Group 3 (untreated and negative control) was diabetic with increased Total cholesterol (CHOL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), triacylglycerol (TAG) levels and reduced high density lipoproteins (HDL) level throughout the experiment. Glucose was assayed for on the 7th, 14th and 21st day while CHOL, HDL, LDL, and triglyceride were assayed on the 21st day. A significant reduction (p<0.05) in the fasting blood glucose levels of rats in Groups 4-8 was observed when compared to the normal control. Similarly, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in TAG and LDL and a significant increase (p<0.05) in HDL levels in groups treated with the extract when compared to Group 1 (normal control). A photomicrograph of the pancreatic cells was taken before and after treatment with aqueous leaf extract. The photomicrograph before treatment showed atrophic pancreatic islet with vacuolations which indicates significant damaged Islets of langerhans in the beta cells. After treatment the photomicrograph indicates significant cell regeneration and repair. The present investigation suggests that leaf extract of M. aboensis exhibits anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic activities and positively affected pancreatic functions in alloxan-induced diabetes rats.
Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic and Anti-lipidemic Activities of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Millettia aboensis and Its Effect on Pancreatic Histology of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20150302.11
Advances in Biochemistry
2015-07-25
© Science Publishing Group
Onyegeme-Okerenta Blessing Minaopunye
Essien Eka Bassey
Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic and Anti-lipidemic Activities of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Millettia aboensis and Its Effect on Pancreatic Histology of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
3
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29
29
2015-07-25
2015-07-25
10.11648/j.ab.20150302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20150302.11
© Science Publishing Group
Hepatorenal Protective Activities of Plantain Root (Musa paradisiaca) on Arsenic-induced Oxidative Damage in Rat
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20150302.12
The protective role of aqueous root extract of Musa paradisiaca on arsenic chloride-induced oxidative damage in the liver and kidney of albino rats was investigated in this study. Twenty four albino rats were grouped in to four (A, B, C and D). Group A served as the control and received distilled water while B, C and D were administered 10 mg/kg bw of arsenic chloride weekly. Groups C and D were treated with 200 and 500 mg/kg bw of aqueous extract of Musa paradisiaca roots respectively for 28 days while group B was left untreated. Phytochemical screening carried out on the root powder indicated the presence of tannins, terpenoids, steroids, sarponins, cardiac glycosides and flavonoids. Arsenic chloride induced a significant elevation in aminotransferases (ALT and AST), ALP and total bilirubin and reduction in serum protein and albumin indicating derangement of liver function. Significant elevation of serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen and electrolytes levels were also recorded in arsenic intoxicated rats indicating disruption of kidney function. Histological examination of the kidney and liver of arsenic intoxicated rats also indicated significant alteration in tissue architecture and morphology. There was significant increase in the liver and kidney weight index in arsenic treated groups compared to the control indicating tissue inflammation. Treatment of rats with different doses of Musa paradisiaca root extract significantly (P<0.05) normalized liver and kidney functions while it also restored normal tissue histology at the end of the experiment. It can be concluded that Musa paradisiaca contain bioactive constituents capable of protecting the living system against arsenic-induced disruption of liver and kidney functions in rats.
The protective role of aqueous root extract of Musa paradisiaca on arsenic chloride-induced oxidative damage in the liver and kidney of albino rats was investigated in this study. Twenty four albino rats were grouped in to four (A, B, C and D). Group A served as the control and received distilled water while B, C and D were administered 10 mg/kg bw of arsenic chloride weekly. Groups C and D were treated with 200 and 500 mg/kg bw of aqueous extract of Musa paradisiaca roots respectively for 28 days while group B was left untreated. Phytochemical screening carried out on the root powder indicated the presence of tannins, terpenoids, steroids, sarponins, cardiac glycosides and flavonoids. Arsenic chloride induced a significant elevation in aminotransferases (ALT and AST), ALP and total bilirubin and reduction in serum protein and albumin indicating derangement of liver function. Significant elevation of serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen and electrolytes levels were also recorded in arsenic intoxicated rats indicating disruption of kidney function. Histological examination of the kidney and liver of arsenic intoxicated rats also indicated significant alteration in tissue architecture and morphology. There was significant increase in the liver and kidney weight index in arsenic treated groups compared to the control indicating tissue inflammation. Treatment of rats with different doses of Musa paradisiaca root extract significantly (P<0.05) normalized liver and kidney functions while it also restored normal tissue histology at the end of the experiment. It can be concluded that Musa paradisiaca contain bioactive constituents capable of protecting the living system against arsenic-induced disruption of liver and kidney functions in rats.
Hepatorenal Protective Activities of Plantain Root (Musa paradisiaca) on Arsenic-induced Oxidative Damage in Rat
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20150302.12
Advances in Biochemistry
2015-08-05
© Science Publishing Group
Oluwole Israel Oyewole
Tolulope Olufunmilayo Akinbamijo
Oluwabukola Joy Omoboriowo
Naomi Ubongabasi Ukana
Hepatorenal Protective Activities of Plantain Root (Musa paradisiaca) on Arsenic-induced Oxidative Damage in Rat
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34
34
2015-08-05
2015-08-05
10.11648/j.ab.20150302.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20150302.12
© Science Publishing Group
Physicochemical Characterization and Phytochemical Screening of Jatropha CurcasL. Seed Oil Cultivated in Tigray Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20150303.11
To investigate the potential use of Jatropha curcas L. seed oil, dried Jatropha curcas L. seeds were crushed to release the kernels and oil was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus and the physicochemical characteristics of the oil determined using standard methods. The physico-chemical characteristics showed: oil yield 42.19%, specific gravity 0.93, saponification value 122.49mgKOH/g, iodine value 129.66gI2/100g, acid value 1.38mgKOH/g, free fatty acid value 0.74mgKOH/g and peroxide value 1.55meq/Kg. The phytochemical screening of the oil showed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides, while tannins, flavonoids and phenols were absent. From the determined parameters, Jatropha curcas seed oil may be use as cooking oil and in cosmetics. In addition, the revealed phytochemical suggested that the seeds oil has pharmacological potentialities.
To investigate the potential use of Jatropha curcas L. seed oil, dried Jatropha curcas L. seeds were crushed to release the kernels and oil was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus and the physicochemical characteristics of the oil determined using standard methods. The physico-chemical characteristics showed: oil yield 42.19%, specific gravity 0.93, saponification value 122.49mgKOH/g, iodine value 129.66gI2/100g, acid value 1.38mgKOH/g, free fatty acid value 0.74mgKOH/g and peroxide value 1.55meq/Kg. The phytochemical screening of the oil showed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides, while tannins, flavonoids and phenols were absent. From the determined parameters, Jatropha curcas seed oil may be use as cooking oil and in cosmetics. In addition, the revealed phytochemical suggested that the seeds oil has pharmacological potentialities.
Physicochemical Characterization and Phytochemical Screening of Jatropha CurcasL. Seed Oil Cultivated in Tigray Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.ab.20150303.11
Advances in Biochemistry
2015-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Teklit Gebregiorgis Amabye
Afework Mulugeta Bezabh
Physicochemical Characterization and Phytochemical Screening of Jatropha CurcasL. Seed Oil Cultivated in Tigray Ethiopia
3
3
39
39
2015-09-02
2015-09-02
10.11648/j.ab.20150303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=110&doi=10.11648/j.ab.20150303.11
© Science Publishing Group