Science Publishing Group: International Journal of Immunology: Table of Contents
<i> International Journal of Immunology (IJI) </i> is serving the needs of the immunology community worldwide with objective enthusiasm. It plays an essential role in monitoring advances in the various fields of immunology, bringing together the results in a readable and lucid form. Together with the other sections of the journal they give the reader a complete picture of the diverse field of immunology. This broad perspective makes Trends in Immunology an invaluable information source for researchers, lecturers and students alike.
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International Journal of Immunology
International Journal of Immunology
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Elaboration of Immunoenzymatic Test-Kit for Total Human IgE Assay and Investigation of Its Analytical Properties
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test-kit has been developed based on complex immuno-chemical, including epitop mapping, characteristics of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to human IgЕ. “Sandwich” type ELISA based on usage of different epitop directionality MAbs. It has been founded correlation between affinity of different MAb pairs and its sorbtion-detection ability. Optimal configuration of MAbs in “sandwich” ELISA was follow-ing: 164H10 - 165C12 and 164H10 - 166B7. Cooperative usage of horseradish peroxidase conjugates of MAbs directed to different epitops (165C12-HRP + 166B7-HRP) increased analytical sensitivity of assay and constituted 4.5 IU/ml. Analytical characteristics of developed test-kit were following: dynamic range – from 4.5 to 1600 IU/ml, variation coefficient value during one procedure – 4.2±2.1%, and between procedures – 4.8±2.3%. Presences of human IgG, IgA, IgМ, albumin (1 μg/ml) were not effect on the assay specificity (test concentration of IgE – 50 IU/ml).
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test-kit has been developed based on complex immuno-chemical, including epitop mapping, characteristics of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to human IgЕ. “Sandwich” type ELISA based on usage of different epitop directionality MAbs. It has been founded correlation between affinity of different MAb pairs and its sorbtion-detection ability. Optimal configuration of MAbs in “sandwich” ELISA was follow-ing: 164H10 - 165C12 and 164H10 - 166B7. Cooperative usage of horseradish peroxidase conjugates of MAbs directed to different epitops (165C12-HRP + 166B7-HRP) increased analytical sensitivity of assay and constituted 4.5 IU/ml. Analytical characteristics of developed test-kit were following: dynamic range – from 4.5 to 1600 IU/ml, variation coefficient value during one procedure – 4.2±2.1%, and between procedures – 4.8±2.3%. Presences of human IgG, IgA, IgМ, albumin (1 μg/ml) were not effect on the assay specificity (test concentration of IgE – 50 IU/ml).
Elaboration of Immunoenzymatic Test-Kit for Total Human IgE Assay and Investigation of Its Analytical Properties
doi:10.11648/j.iji.20130101.11
International Journal of Immunology
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Galkin A. Yu.
Dugan A. M.
Elaboration of Immunoenzymatic Test-Kit for Total Human IgE Assay and Investigation of Its Analytical Properties
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© Science Publishing Group
Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ) and Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor (sIL-2R): Combined Diagnostic Markers of Tuberculous Pleural Effusion
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Background: pleural TB is a diagnostic challenge because of its nonspecific clinical manifestation. The efficiency of conventional laboratory method and the reliance on pleural biopsy have motivated the evaluation of alternative diagnostic strategies. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of IFN-γ and sIL-2R levels in pleural effusion for differential diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy. Methods: estimated levels of IFN-γ and sIL-2R were compared with the result of conventional PCR and Z-N staining used for detection of M. tuberculosis DNA and acid fast bacilli screening of pleural effusion, respectively. Involved study population included 60 patients with pleural effusion, divided into two groups: Tuberculous group (40 patients: 7 confirmed TB and 33 probable TB cases) and control group (20 patients: 10 cases due to malignancy and 10 cases due to heart failure). Results: our results showed that IFN-γ and sIL-2R levels are significantly higher in tuberculous group than in control group. Conclusion: current study suggested that measurement of IFN-γ and sIL-2R in pleural effusion could be less invasive and quicker diagnostic tools of TPE compared to conventional microbiological diagnostic methods.
Background: pleural TB is a diagnostic challenge because of its nonspecific clinical manifestation. The efficiency of conventional laboratory method and the reliance on pleural biopsy have motivated the evaluation of alternative diagnostic strategies. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of IFN-γ and sIL-2R levels in pleural effusion for differential diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy. Methods: estimated levels of IFN-γ and sIL-2R were compared with the result of conventional PCR and Z-N staining used for detection of M. tuberculosis DNA and acid fast bacilli screening of pleural effusion, respectively. Involved study population included 60 patients with pleural effusion, divided into two groups: Tuberculous group (40 patients: 7 confirmed TB and 33 probable TB cases) and control group (20 patients: 10 cases due to malignancy and 10 cases due to heart failure). Results: our results showed that IFN-γ and sIL-2R levels are significantly higher in tuberculous group than in control group. Conclusion: current study suggested that measurement of IFN-γ and sIL-2R in pleural effusion could be less invasive and quicker diagnostic tools of TPE compared to conventional microbiological diagnostic methods.
Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ) and Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor (sIL-2R): Combined Diagnostic Markers of Tuberculous Pleural Effusion
doi:10.11648/j.iji.20130101.12
International Journal of Immunology
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mohamed S. Abdel-Latif
Lobna A. Abou-Shamaa
Eglal A. El-Sherbini
Mohamed S. M. Afifi
Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ) and Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor (sIL-2R): Combined Diagnostic Markers of Tuberculous Pleural Effusion
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© Science Publishing Group
Preliminary Findings in Cure of Two HAART Experienced HIV Patients by Stopping Reverse Dissemination from Bone Marrow CD4 Progenitors
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Elucidation of reverse dissemination as the true mechanism by which HIV maintains chronic infection while discounting of the generally accepted model of latent reserve can open a new frontier in research that could result in radical cure. HIV may cause and maintain chronic infection by reverse disseminating from differentiating CD4 T-lymphocyte progenitor cells (LPCs) within the bone marrow niche, and that breaking the cross-infection between older and new cells can lead to elimination of the reserve infection result in radical cure. By using a mechanism that prevents the rapid expansion of HSCs that give rise to LPCs, I collected data and information from two patients that show achievement of radical cure of HIV by absence of viral resurgence for eight months after stoppage of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Elucidation of reverse dissemination as the true mechanism by which HIV maintains chronic infection while discounting of the generally accepted model of latent reserve can open a new frontier in research that could result in radical cure. HIV may cause and maintain chronic infection by reverse disseminating from differentiating CD4 T-lymphocyte progenitor cells (LPCs) within the bone marrow niche, and that breaking the cross-infection between older and new cells can lead to elimination of the reserve infection result in radical cure. By using a mechanism that prevents the rapid expansion of HSCs that give rise to LPCs, I collected data and information from two patients that show achievement of radical cure of HIV by absence of viral resurgence for eight months after stoppage of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Preliminary Findings in Cure of Two HAART Experienced HIV Patients by Stopping Reverse Dissemination from Bone Marrow CD4 Progenitors
doi:10.11648/j.iji.20130102.11
International Journal of Immunology
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Barasa Simon Situma
Preliminary Findings in Cure of Two HAART Experienced HIV Patients by Stopping Reverse Dissemination from Bone Marrow CD4 Progenitors
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© Science Publishing Group
Effects of Aryl-Hydrocarbon Ligands on Dendritic Cell Maturation
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Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a cytosolic receptor found in many cells, including immune cells, and its function has been implicated in metabolic and transcriptional control of immune regulation. In the present study we have investigated the effect of the AhR-ligands, FICZ, I3C, curcumin, quercetin and the ligands precursor tryptophan, on bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC) maturation and immuno-stimulatory or immuno-suppressive phenotypes. We find that immature and mature BMDC express intracellular AhR. Treatment of BMDC with AhR-ligands during LPS-induced BMDC maturation had no significant effect on the expression of MHC class II, CD40 and CD86, with the exception of I3C which suppressed CD40 expression by BMDC at high doses. However, all AhR-ligands significantly enhanced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-12p40, TNF-α, and IL-1β. In contrast, only the AhR-ligands FICZ and I3C increased IL-10 and TGF-β secretion. Tryptophan, curcumin, and quercetin significantly suppressed IL-10 secretion without affecting TGF-β secretion. Finally, FICZ and I3C significantly enhanced the expression of the tolerogenic DC enzyme, indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), while tryptophan, curcumin and quercetin did not change IDO expression. These results suggest that FICZ and I3C can promote a tolerogenic BMDC phenotype consistent with suppression of immune responses by enhancing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines and increasing IDO expression. In contrast, tryptophan, curcumin and quercetin can promote an immuno-stimulatory BMDC phenotype, secreting elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, which could help in skewing T cell responses towards the development of effector CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets.
Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a cytosolic receptor found in many cells, including immune cells, and its function has been implicated in metabolic and transcriptional control of immune regulation. In the present study we have investigated the effect of the AhR-ligands, FICZ, I3C, curcumin, quercetin and the ligands precursor tryptophan, on bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC) maturation and immuno-stimulatory or immuno-suppressive phenotypes. We find that immature and mature BMDC express intracellular AhR. Treatment of BMDC with AhR-ligands during LPS-induced BMDC maturation had no significant effect on the expression of MHC class II, CD40 and CD86, with the exception of I3C which suppressed CD40 expression by BMDC at high doses. However, all AhR-ligands significantly enhanced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-12p40, TNF-α, and IL-1β. In contrast, only the AhR-ligands FICZ and I3C increased IL-10 and TGF-β secretion. Tryptophan, curcumin, and quercetin significantly suppressed IL-10 secretion without affecting TGF-β secretion. Finally, FICZ and I3C significantly enhanced the expression of the tolerogenic DC enzyme, indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), while tryptophan, curcumin and quercetin did not change IDO expression. These results suggest that FICZ and I3C can promote a tolerogenic BMDC phenotype consistent with suppression of immune responses by enhancing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines and increasing IDO expression. In contrast, tryptophan, curcumin and quercetin can promote an immuno-stimulatory BMDC phenotype, secreting elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, which could help in skewing T cell responses towards the development of effector CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets.
Effects of Aryl-Hydrocarbon Ligands on Dendritic Cell Maturation
doi:10.11648/j.iji.20130103.11
International Journal of Immunology
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Hana’a A. Abu-Rezq
Douglas G. Millar
Effects of Aryl-Hydrocarbon Ligands on Dendritic Cell Maturation
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2014-01-01
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© Science Publishing Group
Infections in Children with Asthma
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Asthma is one of the most common chronic disorders in childhood. Asthma symptoms normally find in first three years of a life when the growth and remodeling of lungs is at maximum pace. There is always a common concern regarding different forms of asthma and how to cure them. Studies showed us in US about 20 million people are suffering from asthma and out of which 9 millions are children. Globally around 70% of asthmatic children are suffering from Wheeze which is mostly a symptom of viral infection. This is also one of the global burdens due to respiratory viral infections imposed by asthma. The various types of infections include rhinovirus infections which plays a crucial role in asthma development; respiratory syncytial virus which cause lower respiratory tract infection such as bronchiolitis; influenza and par- influenza viruses; pertussis, one of the major reason of death for children below 3 months of age; epiglottitis; bronchiolitis which effects mainly children below age of 2; and pneumonia caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites or due to virus. In this article we will shed some light on the relationship of chest infections with asthma and how they impact the course of asthma disease in children. The most important factor is how several vitamins like Vitamin D plays a crucial role for asthma patients. General studies show prevention and long term control is major key in stopping asthma attacks. There are various medications available to avoid asthma attacks but it generally depends upon the patient’s symptoms, age and the various triggering factors. Further we will see how a balanced diet helps like pro-biotic supplements, bacterial derived product, OM-85 etc helps in controlling asthma infections.
Asthma is one of the most common chronic disorders in childhood. Asthma symptoms normally find in first three years of a life when the growth and remodeling of lungs is at maximum pace. There is always a common concern regarding different forms of asthma and how to cure them. Studies showed us in US about 20 million people are suffering from asthma and out of which 9 millions are children. Globally around 70% of asthmatic children are suffering from Wheeze which is mostly a symptom of viral infection. This is also one of the global burdens due to respiratory viral infections imposed by asthma. The various types of infections include rhinovirus infections which plays a crucial role in asthma development; respiratory syncytial virus which cause lower respiratory tract infection such as bronchiolitis; influenza and par- influenza viruses; pertussis, one of the major reason of death for children below 3 months of age; epiglottitis; bronchiolitis which effects mainly children below age of 2; and pneumonia caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites or due to virus. In this article we will shed some light on the relationship of chest infections with asthma and how they impact the course of asthma disease in children. The most important factor is how several vitamins like Vitamin D plays a crucial role for asthma patients. General studies show prevention and long term control is major key in stopping asthma attacks. There are various medications available to avoid asthma attacks but it generally depends upon the patient’s symptoms, age and the various triggering factors. Further we will see how a balanced diet helps like pro-biotic supplements, bacterial derived product, OM-85 etc helps in controlling asthma infections.
Infections in Children with Asthma
doi:10.11648/j.iji.20140201.11
International Journal of Immunology
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Abdullah Abdulrahman Al Shimemeri
Infections in Children with Asthma
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© Science Publishing Group
Serum Calprotectin Level for Diagnosis and detection of Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Background: Early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and timely detection of progression are global challenges. However, lack of sensitivity and imprecision of the currently available biomarkers have impaired the ability to implement potentially effective therapies in a timely manner. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of serum calprotectin in diagnosis as well as assessment of rheumatoid arthritis activity. Methods: serum calprotectin levels were measured in 60 Egyptian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (35 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis vs. 25 patients with quiescent disease) and 20 healthy subjects who served as a control group. Results: Serum calprotectin showed a highly significant elevation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, its level showed a highly significant increase during disease activity. Significant positive correlations were found between serum calprotectin and other markers of disease activity (ESR, CRP, WBCs, and platelets). Serum calprotectin at a cut- off level of 450 ng /mL, had 75% sensitivity &90% specificity for diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Optimum cut-off level of calprotectin for prediction of disease activity was 950 ng /mL with 80% sensitivity, 76% specificity. Conclusion: serum calprotectin is a promising marker for diagnosis and monitoring of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Background: Early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and timely detection of progression are global challenges. However, lack of sensitivity and imprecision of the currently available biomarkers have impaired the ability to implement potentially effective therapies in a timely manner. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of serum calprotectin in diagnosis as well as assessment of rheumatoid arthritis activity. Methods: serum calprotectin levels were measured in 60 Egyptian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (35 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis vs. 25 patients with quiescent disease) and 20 healthy subjects who served as a control group. Results: Serum calprotectin showed a highly significant elevation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, its level showed a highly significant increase during disease activity. Significant positive correlations were found between serum calprotectin and other markers of disease activity (ESR, CRP, WBCs, and platelets). Serum calprotectin at a cut- off level of 450 ng /mL, had 75% sensitivity &90% specificity for diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Optimum cut-off level of calprotectin for prediction of disease activity was 950 ng /mL with 80% sensitivity, 76% specificity. Conclusion: serum calprotectin is a promising marker for diagnosis and monitoring of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Serum Calprotectin Level for Diagnosis and detection of Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis
doi:10.11648/j.iji.20140201.12
International Journal of Immunology
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Nanees Adel
Marcel William
Reham Al Swaff
Sherin Hassan
Serum Calprotectin Level for Diagnosis and detection of Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis
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© Science Publishing Group
Trends of Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes at Mizan-Aman General Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.20140202.11
Background: TB continues to be a major public health problem in Ethiopia, which ranks seventh by estimated number of cases among the 22 TB high-burden countries. TB Treatment will only be effective if the patient completes the regimen which includes a combination of drugs recommended by the physicians. Incomplete treatment may result in prolonged excretion of bacteria which may lead to increased morbidity and mortality and spread of the disease. Objectives: to assess the trends of tuberculosis treatment outcomes at Mizan Aman General Hospital, Bench Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, from September 2010 to August 2013. Methods: A retrospective study design was conducted at the TB clinic of Mizan general Hospital by analyzing the data of registered tuberculosis patients. The original case records were carefully reviewed, analyzed and interpreted to determine descriptive statistic such as frequencies and proportion of variables. The results of the study were presented using tables and line diagram. The study was approved ethically by Jimma University, college of public health and medical science, department of Nursing. Result: about 2043 TB patient record was retrieved in this study period from 2010- 2013. Of these, 1207 (58.00%) were males and 874 (42.00%) were females. The magnitude of TB case during the study period were smoothly declined in the first four consecutive six months 382, 312, 212 and 116, respectively, whereas in the fifth six month the TB case dramatically increased to 547 however in the last phase reduces to 472. During the study period 362 (17.72 %) completed the treatment, 79 (3.87 %) cured, 4 (0.20%) defaulted, 1575 (76.99%) transferred out to other health facility, 25 (1.22%) were died but no one could failed the treatment regimen. Conclusion: The trends of overall TB diagnosed cases were reduced in the first two years but it increases in the third year. The treatment outcomes; high in transfer out and low in cure rate was observed. Thus, Behavioral change communication education emphasized on early detection and treatment of TB cases is important strategies to reduce TB burden.
Background: TB continues to be a major public health problem in Ethiopia, which ranks seventh by estimated number of cases among the 22 TB high-burden countries. TB Treatment will only be effective if the patient completes the regimen which includes a combination of drugs recommended by the physicians. Incomplete treatment may result in prolonged excretion of bacteria which may lead to increased morbidity and mortality and spread of the disease. Objectives: to assess the trends of tuberculosis treatment outcomes at Mizan Aman General Hospital, Bench Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, from September 2010 to August 2013. Methods: A retrospective study design was conducted at the TB clinic of Mizan general Hospital by analyzing the data of registered tuberculosis patients. The original case records were carefully reviewed, analyzed and interpreted to determine descriptive statistic such as frequencies and proportion of variables. The results of the study were presented using tables and line diagram. The study was approved ethically by Jimma University, college of public health and medical science, department of Nursing. Result: about 2043 TB patient record was retrieved in this study period from 2010- 2013. Of these, 1207 (58.00%) were males and 874 (42.00%) were females. The magnitude of TB case during the study period were smoothly declined in the first four consecutive six months 382, 312, 212 and 116, respectively, whereas in the fifth six month the TB case dramatically increased to 547 however in the last phase reduces to 472. During the study period 362 (17.72 %) completed the treatment, 79 (3.87 %) cured, 4 (0.20%) defaulted, 1575 (76.99%) transferred out to other health facility, 25 (1.22%) were died but no one could failed the treatment regimen. Conclusion: The trends of overall TB diagnosed cases were reduced in the first two years but it increases in the third year. The treatment outcomes; high in transfer out and low in cure rate was observed. Thus, Behavioral change communication education emphasized on early detection and treatment of TB cases is important strategies to reduce TB burden.
Trends of Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes at Mizan-Aman General Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study
doi:10.11648/j.iji.20140202.11
International Journal of Immunology
2014-09-01
© Science Publishing Group
Wegderese Sintayehu
Abebe Abera
Teklemichael Gebru
Temesgen Fiseha
Trends of Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes at Mizan-Aman General Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study
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2014-09-01
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© Science Publishing Group
General Approach for Isolation of Immunoglobulins Fragments with the Core Hinge
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The original limited proteolysis approach was proposed for large (multidomain) proteins with post-translational modifications for obtaining of their novel fragments. It was realized for human immunoglobulins representing two subclasses IgG2 and IgG3. This approach was based on two techniques: masking of protein regions which are normally susceptible to proteolytic enzymes and increasing the possibility of proteolysis for sites which are not ordinarily accessible to these enzymes. The masking of immunoglobulin part which is sensitive to proteolysis was performed by Fab fragments (Fv subfragments) of antibodies and the increase of lability of stable regions was realized by pH change and mild reduction of disulfide bonds.
The original limited proteolysis approach was proposed for large (multidomain) proteins with post-translational modifications for obtaining of their novel fragments. It was realized for human immunoglobulins representing two subclasses IgG2 and IgG3. This approach was based on two techniques: masking of protein regions which are normally susceptible to proteolytic enzymes and increasing the possibility of proteolysis for sites which are not ordinarily accessible to these enzymes. The masking of immunoglobulin part which is sensitive to proteolysis was performed by Fab fragments (Fv subfragments) of antibodies and the increase of lability of stable regions was realized by pH change and mild reduction of disulfide bonds.
General Approach for Isolation of Immunoglobulins Fragments with the Core Hinge
doi:10.11648/j.iji.20140203.11
International Journal of Immunology
2014-11-18
© Science Publishing Group
Maria Timchenko
Vladimir Tischenko
General Approach for Isolation of Immunoglobulins Fragments with the Core Hinge
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2014-11-18
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© Science Publishing Group
Advancement Towards an Approved Vaccine to Target Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria
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Plasmodium falciparum causes the severest form of malaria which kills well over one million persons each year, chiefly children, and results in significant debilitation in hundreds of millions more. This disease has a dramatic socioeconomic impact in endemic countries and thus it is a recurring target for global health enterprises. Increased investment in existing control measures, including insecticide-impregnated bed nets, has been paired with revitalized efforts to develop an efficacious vaccine. Sequencing of the genome of P. falciparum has provided insights into the malaria parasite’s complex lifecycle, which, combined with a deeper understanding of the human immune response to infection, has yielded many novel candidate vaccines during the past two decades. Most notable of these is RTS,S which has shown great promise over a long development process, becoming the first candidate vaccine against human malaria to advance to phase III clinical trials. Hence, there is optimism that in the near future RTS,S may become the first ever licensed vaccine against a parasitic disease in humans. However, this is qualified by the need for a better knowledge of its mechanism of protection and questions raised over its long-term therapeutic capacity. While the availability of RTS,S as a validated commercial product is not guaranteed, it is likely to contribute to the continuing campaign against malaria, if only as a forerunner to a fine-tuned second generation vaccine.
Plasmodium falciparum causes the severest form of malaria which kills well over one million persons each year, chiefly children, and results in significant debilitation in hundreds of millions more. This disease has a dramatic socioeconomic impact in endemic countries and thus it is a recurring target for global health enterprises. Increased investment in existing control measures, including insecticide-impregnated bed nets, has been paired with revitalized efforts to develop an efficacious vaccine. Sequencing of the genome of P. falciparum has provided insights into the malaria parasite’s complex lifecycle, which, combined with a deeper understanding of the human immune response to infection, has yielded many novel candidate vaccines during the past two decades. Most notable of these is RTS,S which has shown great promise over a long development process, becoming the first candidate vaccine against human malaria to advance to phase III clinical trials. Hence, there is optimism that in the near future RTS,S may become the first ever licensed vaccine against a parasitic disease in humans. However, this is qualified by the need for a better knowledge of its mechanism of protection and questions raised over its long-term therapeutic capacity. While the availability of RTS,S as a validated commercial product is not guaranteed, it is likely to contribute to the continuing campaign against malaria, if only as a forerunner to a fine-tuned second generation vaccine.
Advancement Towards an Approved Vaccine to Target Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria
doi:10.11648/j.iji.20140205.11
International Journal of Immunology
2014-12-17
© Science Publishing Group
Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson
Advancement Towards an Approved Vaccine to Target Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria
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2014-12-17
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© Science Publishing Group
Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subsets Counts in Children on Regular Hemodialysis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.20150301.11
Background: Hemodialysis (HD) procedure per se as well as disturbances in both innate and adaptive immunity makes HD patients susceptible to infections. Infections are the major cause of morbidity and the second cause of death following cardiovascular events in HD patients. Aim: Was to study lymphocyte subset counts in children with chronic kidney disease on regular hemodialysis in comparison with normal subjects to clarify the abnormalities in cellular immune profile. Patients and methods: The study included 40children with chronic kidney disease on regular hemodialysis and 20 healthy control (HC) children age and sex matched as a control group, they were selected from the pediatric hemodialysis unit and out patients clinic of AL-zahraa hospital ,Al-Azher university during the period from September 2013to June 2014. We examined the number of the peripheral lymphocytes. Also quantification of (T CD3+ & B CD19+) lymphocytes and T cell subsets including T helper CD3+CD4+, T cytotoxic CD3+ CD8+, CD4/CD8 ratio, and NK cells CD3-CD56+ using flow cytometric analysis and correlates their number with clinical and laboratory characteristics. Results: The total peripheral blood lymphocyte count was lower in HD children (2.3 x10³/uL) than HC children (3 x10³/uL), also T lymphocytes CD3+ counts were reduced in HD children (1609.25 ±545.77 / uL) than HC (2114.20± 868.39 /uL), (p=0.008), numbers of CD4+ T cells were not different, but numbers of CD8+ T cells were lower in HD children (600.67±284.92) compared with HC (896.80±573.00) (p < 0.05). Decrease in NK cell counts CD3-CD56+ in HD children (175.35±107.44) in comparison to HC (271.30±169.94). The B lymphocyte count CD19+ was not different in HD children (260±201.6) compared with healthy controls (250.20±122.84). A positive correlation was found between B lymphocytes CD19+ with hemodialysis duration. A negative correlation between NK cell counts and BUN, age and also with patients weight and height were found. Conclusion: The reduced numbers of lymphocyte count, T lymphocytes CD3+counts, CD8+ T cells as well as NK cell in CKD children on regular hemodialysis may favor the frequent occurrence of infections in spit the normal number of the other studied t cell subsets.
Background: Hemodialysis (HD) procedure per se as well as disturbances in both innate and adaptive immunity makes HD patients susceptible to infections. Infections are the major cause of morbidity and the second cause of death following cardiovascular events in HD patients. Aim: Was to study lymphocyte subset counts in children with chronic kidney disease on regular hemodialysis in comparison with normal subjects to clarify the abnormalities in cellular immune profile. Patients and methods: The study included 40children with chronic kidney disease on regular hemodialysis and 20 healthy control (HC) children age and sex matched as a control group, they were selected from the pediatric hemodialysis unit and out patients clinic of AL-zahraa hospital ,Al-Azher university during the period from September 2013to June 2014. We examined the number of the peripheral lymphocytes. Also quantification of (T CD3+ & B CD19+) lymphocytes and T cell subsets including T helper CD3+CD4+, T cytotoxic CD3+ CD8+, CD4/CD8 ratio, and NK cells CD3-CD56+ using flow cytometric analysis and correlates their number with clinical and laboratory characteristics. Results: The total peripheral blood lymphocyte count was lower in HD children (2.3 x10³/uL) than HC children (3 x10³/uL), also T lymphocytes CD3+ counts were reduced in HD children (1609.25 ±545.77 / uL) than HC (2114.20± 868.39 /uL), (p=0.008), numbers of CD4+ T cells were not different, but numbers of CD8+ T cells were lower in HD children (600.67±284.92) compared with HC (896.80±573.00) (p < 0.05). Decrease in NK cell counts CD3-CD56+ in HD children (175.35±107.44) in comparison to HC (271.30±169.94). The B lymphocyte count CD19+ was not different in HD children (260±201.6) compared with healthy controls (250.20±122.84). A positive correlation was found between B lymphocytes CD19+ with hemodialysis duration. A negative correlation between NK cell counts and BUN, age and also with patients weight and height were found. Conclusion: The reduced numbers of lymphocyte count, T lymphocytes CD3+counts, CD8+ T cells as well as NK cell in CKD children on regular hemodialysis may favor the frequent occurrence of infections in spit the normal number of the other studied t cell subsets.
Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subsets Counts in Children on Regular Hemodialysis
doi:10.11648/j.iji.20150301.11
International Journal of Immunology
2014-11-04
© Science Publishing Group
Manal Abd El-Salam
Shaimaa Abdelmalik Pessar
Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subsets Counts in Children on Regular Hemodialysis
3
1
6
6
2014-11-04
2014-11-04
10.11648/j.iji.20150301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.20150301.11
© Science Publishing Group
H. Pylori Prevalence and Its Effect on CD4+ Lymphocyte Count in Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients at Hospitals in Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.20150301.12
Background: Helicobacter pylori, a lifelong and typically asymptomatic infection of the stomach, strongly alter gastric immune responses. The present study aimed to survey the prevalence and related risks of H. pylori infection among tuberculosis (TB) patients at hospitals in Jimma City, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: Comparative cross sectional study was conducted from February to June, 2014. Fifty four PTB patients and an equal number of non TB controls were enrolled. Convenient sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Structured questionnaire was used to collect socio demographic and clinical data. The stool for H. pylori antigen detection and venous blood for CD4+ lymphocyte count was collected. Results: Among 108 study participants, 62 (57.4%) was females. Majority of the study participants, 48 (44.4%) were in the age group of 18-34 years and the mean age of the participants was 37.5 ± 10.7 SD. The prevalence of H. pylori infection among TB patients and non TB controls were 19 (35.2%) and 11 (20.4%), respectively. TB patients with CD4+ lymphocyte count of less than 200Cells/mm3 was more likely to be infected. Conclusion: H. pylori infection among TB patients was significantly higher than non TB controls. Low CD4+ lymphocyte count was found to be associated with high H. pylori infection among TB patients. Further study should be undertaken to reveal the potential pathogenic mechanisms for underlying associations for H. pylori and TB infection.
Background: Helicobacter pylori, a lifelong and typically asymptomatic infection of the stomach, strongly alter gastric immune responses. The present study aimed to survey the prevalence and related risks of H. pylori infection among tuberculosis (TB) patients at hospitals in Jimma City, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: Comparative cross sectional study was conducted from February to June, 2014. Fifty four PTB patients and an equal number of non TB controls were enrolled. Convenient sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Structured questionnaire was used to collect socio demographic and clinical data. The stool for H. pylori antigen detection and venous blood for CD4+ lymphocyte count was collected. Results: Among 108 study participants, 62 (57.4%) was females. Majority of the study participants, 48 (44.4%) were in the age group of 18-34 years and the mean age of the participants was 37.5 ± 10.7 SD. The prevalence of H. pylori infection among TB patients and non TB controls were 19 (35.2%) and 11 (20.4%), respectively. TB patients with CD4+ lymphocyte count of less than 200Cells/mm3 was more likely to be infected. Conclusion: H. pylori infection among TB patients was significantly higher than non TB controls. Low CD4+ lymphocyte count was found to be associated with high H. pylori infection among TB patients. Further study should be undertaken to reveal the potential pathogenic mechanisms for underlying associations for H. pylori and TB infection.
H. Pylori Prevalence and Its Effect on CD4+ Lymphocyte Count in Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients at Hospitals in Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.iji.20150301.12
International Journal of Immunology
2015-03-03
© Science Publishing Group
Wakjira Kebede
Biniam Mathewos
Gemeda Abebe
H. Pylori Prevalence and Its Effect on CD4+ Lymphocyte Count in Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients at Hospitals in Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia
3
1
13
13
2015-03-03
2015-03-03
10.11648/j.iji.20150301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.20150301.12
© Science Publishing Group
Erythrocyte: Bacteria Killer and Bacteria Pray
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.2015030101.11
Erythrocyte is human blood main bactericidal cell. During movement in blood stream erythrocytes are triboelectrically charged by rubbing to each other and vessel walls and this charge automatically attracts and keeps bacteria on erythrocyte surface. Bacteria fixation on erythrocyte membrane activates the receptors of the membrane and stimulates trans membrane releasing of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin that causes bacteria oxidation and killing. If bacteria survive oxidation and enter erythrocyte they are exposed to higher concentration of oxygen (oxygen reactive species). Very few bacteria survive inside erythrocytes, but some can survive because of lack of oxygen inside erythrocyte and/or bacteria resistance to oxygen reactive species. Killed inside erythrocyte bacteria are released back to plasma and are digested in liver and spleen by local macrophages. Erythrocytes that are injured by bacteria and/or contain killed or living bacteria are destroyed in spleen. Erythrocytes out of bloodstream (in case of hemorrhage, extravasation in lobar pneumonia, etc.) after bacteria engulfment can’t kill bacteria because of lack of oxyhemoglobin and become bacteria container providing both nutrients (protein, iron, carbohydrates, etc.) for bacteria growth and some defense against phagocytes and antibodies. In bloodstream erythrocyte is bacteria killer, out of bloodstream it is bacteria pray.
Erythrocyte is human blood main bactericidal cell. During movement in blood stream erythrocytes are triboelectrically charged by rubbing to each other and vessel walls and this charge automatically attracts and keeps bacteria on erythrocyte surface. Bacteria fixation on erythrocyte membrane activates the receptors of the membrane and stimulates trans membrane releasing of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin that causes bacteria oxidation and killing. If bacteria survive oxidation and enter erythrocyte they are exposed to higher concentration of oxygen (oxygen reactive species). Very few bacteria survive inside erythrocytes, but some can survive because of lack of oxygen inside erythrocyte and/or bacteria resistance to oxygen reactive species. Killed inside erythrocyte bacteria are released back to plasma and are digested in liver and spleen by local macrophages. Erythrocytes that are injured by bacteria and/or contain killed or living bacteria are destroyed in spleen. Erythrocytes out of bloodstream (in case of hemorrhage, extravasation in lobar pneumonia, etc.) after bacteria engulfment can’t kill bacteria because of lack of oxyhemoglobin and become bacteria container providing both nutrients (protein, iron, carbohydrates, etc.) for bacteria growth and some defense against phagocytes and antibodies. In bloodstream erythrocyte is bacteria killer, out of bloodstream it is bacteria pray.
Erythrocyte: Bacteria Killer and Bacteria Pray
doi:10.11648/j.iji.2015030101.11
International Journal of Immunology
2014-12-20
© Science Publishing Group
Hayk Minasyan
Erythrocyte: Bacteria Killer and Bacteria Pray
3
1
7
7
2014-12-20
2014-12-20
10.11648/j.iji.2015030101.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.2015030101.11
© Science Publishing Group
Descriptive Serological Diagnostic Techniques of HIV and AIDS Infections Amongst Adults Persons in Maiduguri, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.20150302.11
This research study was conducted on the Descriptive Serological Diagnostic Techniques of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/ AIDS) infections amongst adult persons in Maiduguri, Nigeria. 108 blood samples of the volunteers were randomly collected and analysed; 52% (56) are males, while 48% (52) are females. Serological and CD4 cells count techniques were applied. 45 persons were infected, had a total of 42% Seropositivity of infections with HIV/AIDS. Out of the total Seropositive, 64% (29) are females and 16 36% (16) are males. The results revealed that, less than 20 years old are 20% (9), 21 to 30 years are 38% (17), 31 to 40 years are 36% (16), 41 to 50 years are 7% (3) and lastly, those within age range of 51 to 60 years old were found to be seronegative. CD4 count revealed that, those showed seropositive of the total percentage prevalence of HIV/AIDS infection within the range order of the CD4 count range (200/µl), are 4% and are at risk of weaker immunity or immunodeficiency. Conclusively, those within the age of 20 to 40 years are sexually active, are at risk factor and the females had the highest seroprevalence. Variables obtained are subjected to simple statistical tools; percentage, mean and standard deviation. The results obtained in this study are accepted and support the works of most authors, the Government and Non-Governmental Organizations should create awareness and positive perceptions on the malignant disease, HIV / AIDS in the study area, Nigeria and the entire world at large.
This research study was conducted on the Descriptive Serological Diagnostic Techniques of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/ AIDS) infections amongst adult persons in Maiduguri, Nigeria. 108 blood samples of the volunteers were randomly collected and analysed; 52% (56) are males, while 48% (52) are females. Serological and CD4 cells count techniques were applied. 45 persons were infected, had a total of 42% Seropositivity of infections with HIV/AIDS. Out of the total Seropositive, 64% (29) are females and 16 36% (16) are males. The results revealed that, less than 20 years old are 20% (9), 21 to 30 years are 38% (17), 31 to 40 years are 36% (16), 41 to 50 years are 7% (3) and lastly, those within age range of 51 to 60 years old were found to be seronegative. CD4 count revealed that, those showed seropositive of the total percentage prevalence of HIV/AIDS infection within the range order of the CD4 count range (200/µl), are 4% and are at risk of weaker immunity or immunodeficiency. Conclusively, those within the age of 20 to 40 years are sexually active, are at risk factor and the females had the highest seroprevalence. Variables obtained are subjected to simple statistical tools; percentage, mean and standard deviation. The results obtained in this study are accepted and support the works of most authors, the Government and Non-Governmental Organizations should create awareness and positive perceptions on the malignant disease, HIV / AIDS in the study area, Nigeria and the entire world at large.
Descriptive Serological Diagnostic Techniques of HIV and AIDS Infections Amongst Adults Persons in Maiduguri, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.iji.20150302.11
International Journal of Immunology
2015-04-15
© Science Publishing Group
Abubakar Mustapha B.
Modu Gana Umara
Gwana Adamu Mohammed
Bukar-Kolo M. Yachilla
Descriptive Serological Diagnostic Techniques of HIV and AIDS Infections Amongst Adults Persons in Maiduguri, Nigeria
3
2
20
20
2015-04-15
2015-04-15
10.11648/j.iji.20150302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.20150302.11
© Science Publishing Group
Helicobacter pylori Infection: Seroprevalence and Detection of H. Pylori IgG by Using ELISA
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.20150302.12
Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), one of the most common bacterial pathogens of humans, colonizes the gastric mucosa. H. pylori is a major factor in inflammatory and malignant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, where it appears to persist throughout the host's life unless the patient is treated. Materials and methods: A study population was carried out through 100 patients who had gastrointestinal symptoms in Hail region. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori was carried out by detection of H. pylori IgG in patient serum by using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA). Results: Among the patients, H. pylori positivity percentage was found to be (57%) (57/100) in our study. It was found that, the average age of the patient was (one to 70 years old), 68% of them were male and 32% female, the majority came from Hail city. Conclusion: high H.pylori positivity ration (57%), that obtained from these study indicates that H.pylori infection is still a common problem among people in Hail region-Saudi Arabia. The titer of IgG antibody to H.pylori in patient serum can be used as non-invasive tests for the presence of gastric H.pylori infection and gastritis.
Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), one of the most common bacterial pathogens of humans, colonizes the gastric mucosa. H. pylori is a major factor in inflammatory and malignant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, where it appears to persist throughout the host's life unless the patient is treated. Materials and methods: A study population was carried out through 100 patients who had gastrointestinal symptoms in Hail region. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori was carried out by detection of H. pylori IgG in patient serum by using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA). Results: Among the patients, H. pylori positivity percentage was found to be (57%) (57/100) in our study. It was found that, the average age of the patient was (one to 70 years old), 68% of them were male and 32% female, the majority came from Hail city. Conclusion: high H.pylori positivity ration (57%), that obtained from these study indicates that H.pylori infection is still a common problem among people in Hail region-Saudi Arabia. The titer of IgG antibody to H.pylori in patient serum can be used as non-invasive tests for the presence of gastric H.pylori infection and gastritis.
Helicobacter pylori Infection: Seroprevalence and Detection of H. Pylori IgG by Using ELISA
doi:10.11648/j.iji.20150302.12
International Journal of Immunology
2015-04-24
© Science Publishing Group
Sarah Yousef Ahmed
Hesa Nazel Al Shammari
Helicobacter pylori Infection: Seroprevalence and Detection of H. Pylori IgG by Using ELISA
3
2
26
26
2015-04-24
2015-04-24
10.11648/j.iji.20150302.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.20150302.12
© Science Publishing Group
Effectiveness of Immunotherapies from Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus species) in the Management of Immunocompromised Patients
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.s.2015030201.12
In the recent years, mushrooms are distinguished as important natural resources of immunotherapy which can be used as immunomodulating and immunostimulating in the management of some immunodeficiency diseases such as cancer, tumour, HIV, tuberculosis etc. Mushroom of the genus Pleurotus are good sources of several bioactive compounds which are able to augment or complement a desired immune response. Such bioactive compounds are polysaccharopeptides, polysaccharide-proteins, functional proteins (ubiquinone-9, nebrodeolysin, ubiquitin-like peptide and glycoprotein), glucans, proteoglycans and many others. Most of these bioactive compounds follow the immunomodulatory pathway mechanism of polysaccharide (β-glucan) from mushrooms by stimulating activities for both innate and adaptive immune systems. They proliferate and activate innate immune system components such as natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, and stimulate cytokines expression and secretion. These cytokines in turn activate adaptive immunity through the promotion of B-cells for antibodies production and stimulation of T-cell differentiation to T helper (Th1 and Th2) cells, which mediate cell and humoral immunities, respectively. In this review, the immunotherapeutic potential of oyster mushroom in relation to bioactive compounds produced is shown and this suggests that the oyster mushrooms are one of the most important natural products and functional foods.
In the recent years, mushrooms are distinguished as important natural resources of immunotherapy which can be used as immunomodulating and immunostimulating in the management of some immunodeficiency diseases such as cancer, tumour, HIV, tuberculosis etc. Mushroom of the genus Pleurotus are good sources of several bioactive compounds which are able to augment or complement a desired immune response. Such bioactive compounds are polysaccharopeptides, polysaccharide-proteins, functional proteins (ubiquinone-9, nebrodeolysin, ubiquitin-like peptide and glycoprotein), glucans, proteoglycans and many others. Most of these bioactive compounds follow the immunomodulatory pathway mechanism of polysaccharide (β-glucan) from mushrooms by stimulating activities for both innate and adaptive immune systems. They proliferate and activate innate immune system components such as natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, and stimulate cytokines expression and secretion. These cytokines in turn activate adaptive immunity through the promotion of B-cells for antibodies production and stimulation of T-cell differentiation to T helper (Th1 and Th2) cells, which mediate cell and humoral immunities, respectively. In this review, the immunotherapeutic potential of oyster mushroom in relation to bioactive compounds produced is shown and this suggests that the oyster mushrooms are one of the most important natural products and functional foods.
Effectiveness of Immunotherapies from Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus species) in the Management of Immunocompromised Patients
doi:10.11648/j.iji.s.2015030201.12
International Journal of Immunology
2015-02-07
© Science Publishing Group
Oloke J. K.
Adebayo E. A.
Effectiveness of Immunotherapies from Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus species) in the Management of Immunocompromised Patients
3
2
20
20
2015-02-07
2015-02-07
10.11648/j.iji.s.2015030201.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.s.2015030201.12
© Science Publishing Group
Challenges of the Control of Opportunistic Infections of Zoonotic Origin in HIV/AIDS Patients
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.s.2015030201.11
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is associated with a number of opportunistic infections of immunocompromised person. Some of these infections are recognized zoonoses that are naturally transmitted between animals and humans. These may be directly transmitted by, animals or indirectly by contact with contaminated food and water. Interactions between animals and humans have a complex interplay and health care providers should be aware of the potential role of animals as reservoirs of infectious diseases for HIV infected patients. The most frequent pattern of infection is characterized either by direct contact with farm or wild animals and/or ingestion of their products. Immunomodulatory antibodies that enhance the immune system to promote the function of immune cells have great promise in preventing and treating opportunistic infections of zoonotic origin in HIV/AIDS patient.
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is associated with a number of opportunistic infections of immunocompromised person. Some of these infections are recognized zoonoses that are naturally transmitted between animals and humans. These may be directly transmitted by, animals or indirectly by contact with contaminated food and water. Interactions between animals and humans have a complex interplay and health care providers should be aware of the potential role of animals as reservoirs of infectious diseases for HIV infected patients. The most frequent pattern of infection is characterized either by direct contact with farm or wild animals and/or ingestion of their products. Immunomodulatory antibodies that enhance the immune system to promote the function of immune cells have great promise in preventing and treating opportunistic infections of zoonotic origin in HIV/AIDS patient.
Challenges of the Control of Opportunistic Infections of Zoonotic Origin in HIV/AIDS Patients
doi:10.11648/j.iji.s.2015030201.11
International Journal of Immunology
2015-02-07
© Science Publishing Group
Yemisi Olukemi Adesiji
Julius Kola Oloke
Challenges of the Control of Opportunistic Infections of Zoonotic Origin in HIV/AIDS Patients
3
2
7
7
2015-02-07
2015-02-07
10.11648/j.iji.s.2015030201.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.s.2015030201.11
© Science Publishing Group
A Review on: Antibody Engineering for Development of Therapeutic Antibodies
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.20150303.11
The development of hybridoma technology in 1975 by the two scientists, Kohler and Milstein, has opened a new era for production of specific antibodies in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases both in animals and humans. Since then, many scientists have worked much in the field of antibody cloning and fragmentation technique to produce a very specific antibody called monoclonal antidody which is very usefull in the disease combating activity. An antibody is a large Y-shaped glycoprotein produced by B-cells. Therapeutic antibodies represent one of the fastest growing areas of the pharmaceutical industry. Antibodies have been engineered by a variety of methods to suit a particular therapeutic use. Hybridomas are cells that have been engineered to produce a desired antibody in large amounts, to produce monoclonal antibodies. Mouse antibodies have been reengineered in vitro to replace framework amino acid residues with corresponding human sequences through antibody fragment engineering. For use of antibodies as therapeutics, a diversity of engineered antibody forms have been created to improve their efficacy, including enhancing effector functions of full-length antibodies, delivering toxins to kill cells or cytokines in order to stimulate immune system, bispecific antibodies to target multiple receptors, and intrabodies to interfere and inhibit cellular processes inside cells in a number of ways. One technology that has been explored to generate low immunogenicity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for in vitro therapy involves the use of transgenic animals and plants expressing repertories of the target antibody gene sequences. This technology has now been exploited by over a dozen different pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies toward developing new therapy mAbs. Now a days, scientists are using transgenic animals and plants to produce specific antibodies (monoclonal antibodies) and are showing an innovative promise in future to solve many disease cost problems both in animal and human. However, the use and industrial production of monoclonal antibodies through the application of antibody engineering is still less than the expected value, mostly in developing country’s including Ethiopia.
The development of hybridoma technology in 1975 by the two scientists, Kohler and Milstein, has opened a new era for production of specific antibodies in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases both in animals and humans. Since then, many scientists have worked much in the field of antibody cloning and fragmentation technique to produce a very specific antibody called monoclonal antidody which is very usefull in the disease combating activity. An antibody is a large Y-shaped glycoprotein produced by B-cells. Therapeutic antibodies represent one of the fastest growing areas of the pharmaceutical industry. Antibodies have been engineered by a variety of methods to suit a particular therapeutic use. Hybridomas are cells that have been engineered to produce a desired antibody in large amounts, to produce monoclonal antibodies. Mouse antibodies have been reengineered in vitro to replace framework amino acid residues with corresponding human sequences through antibody fragment engineering. For use of antibodies as therapeutics, a diversity of engineered antibody forms have been created to improve their efficacy, including enhancing effector functions of full-length antibodies, delivering toxins to kill cells or cytokines in order to stimulate immune system, bispecific antibodies to target multiple receptors, and intrabodies to interfere and inhibit cellular processes inside cells in a number of ways. One technology that has been explored to generate low immunogenicity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for in vitro therapy involves the use of transgenic animals and plants expressing repertories of the target antibody gene sequences. This technology has now been exploited by over a dozen different pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies toward developing new therapy mAbs. Now a days, scientists are using transgenic animals and plants to produce specific antibodies (monoclonal antibodies) and are showing an innovative promise in future to solve many disease cost problems both in animal and human. However, the use and industrial production of monoclonal antibodies through the application of antibody engineering is still less than the expected value, mostly in developing country’s including Ethiopia.
A Review on: Antibody Engineering for Development of Therapeutic Antibodies
doi:10.11648/j.iji.20150303.11
International Journal of Immunology
2015-05-09
© Science Publishing Group
Gemechu Chala
Birhanu Hailu
Aynalem Mandefro
A Review on: Antibody Engineering for Development of Therapeutic Antibodies
3
3
36
36
2015-05-09
2015-05-09
10.11648/j.iji.20150303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.20150303.11
© Science Publishing Group
Relationship Between ABO and Rhesus Blood Groups and Susceptibility to Asthma Within Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.20150303.12
Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the airways which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of wheezing. As at 2011, World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that approximately 235 million people worldwide were affected by asthma. This study aims to evaluate and determine the susceptibility of ABO and Rh blood groups to asthma. A total of 200 clinically confirmed asthmatic patients and 100 apparently healthy individuals within Sokoto metropolis were prospectively enrolled and their blood group status were determined using red blood cell agglutination method. In this research work, the result obtained shows that 74 asthmatic patients constituting 37.0% out of the total 200 patients who participated in the study are blood group A, 56 (28.0%) are blood group B, 26 (13.0%) are blood group AB and 44 (22.0%) are blood group O. For Rh blood group, out of the 200 study subjects, 181 (90.5%) are Rh positive and 19 (9.5%) are Rh negative. Among 100 control participants 26 (26.0%) have A blood group, 24 (24.0%) have B blood group, 2 (2.0%) have AB blood group, and 48 (48.0%) have O blood group. No statistical difference was observed between Rh system in study subjects and controls, but blood group A was significantly higher in asthma patients compared to controls (P<0.05).
Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the airways which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of wheezing. As at 2011, World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that approximately 235 million people worldwide were affected by asthma. This study aims to evaluate and determine the susceptibility of ABO and Rh blood groups to asthma. A total of 200 clinically confirmed asthmatic patients and 100 apparently healthy individuals within Sokoto metropolis were prospectively enrolled and their blood group status were determined using red blood cell agglutination method. In this research work, the result obtained shows that 74 asthmatic patients constituting 37.0% out of the total 200 patients who participated in the study are blood group A, 56 (28.0%) are blood group B, 26 (13.0%) are blood group AB and 44 (22.0%) are blood group O. For Rh blood group, out of the 200 study subjects, 181 (90.5%) are Rh positive and 19 (9.5%) are Rh negative. Among 100 control participants 26 (26.0%) have A blood group, 24 (24.0%) have B blood group, 2 (2.0%) have AB blood group, and 48 (48.0%) have O blood group. No statistical difference was observed between Rh system in study subjects and controls, but blood group A was significantly higher in asthma patients compared to controls (P<0.05).
Relationship Between ABO and Rhesus Blood Groups and Susceptibility to Asthma Within Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.iji.20150303.12
International Journal of Immunology
2015-06-16
© Science Publishing Group
Moses Nnaemeka Alo
Ukpai Agwu Eze
Saidu Abdulhi Yaro
Bello Jubril
Nelson Nnanna Nwanoke
Relationship Between ABO and Rhesus Blood Groups and Susceptibility to Asthma Within Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria
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3
41
41
2015-06-16
2015-06-16
10.11648/j.iji.20150303.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.20150303.12
© Science Publishing Group
Subcutaneous versus Sublingual Immunotherapy for Allergic Rhinitis therapy: Which Is Superior
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.20150303.13
Background: A randomized single-blinded study including 50 patients with allergic rhinitis. Objective: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of subcutaneous versus sublingual immunotherapy in treatment of allergic rhinitis. Materials and methods: Patients divided into Group A: twenty patients received subcutaneous immunotherapy and group B: twenty patients received sublingual immunotherapy for twelve months. We assessed skin prick test, symptom score and medication use, quality of life and nasal smear eosinophilic count before and after treatment. Results: In group A, clinical improvement was achieved in 100% of monosensitised and 62.5% of polysensitised patients, while in group B 100% of monosensitised and 60% of of polysensitised patients exhibited clinical improvement. Conclusion: The subcutaneous and sublingual routes of immunotherapy have similar efficacy.
Background: A randomized single-blinded study including 50 patients with allergic rhinitis. Objective: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of subcutaneous versus sublingual immunotherapy in treatment of allergic rhinitis. Materials and methods: Patients divided into Group A: twenty patients received subcutaneous immunotherapy and group B: twenty patients received sublingual immunotherapy for twelve months. We assessed skin prick test, symptom score and medication use, quality of life and nasal smear eosinophilic count before and after treatment. Results: In group A, clinical improvement was achieved in 100% of monosensitised and 62.5% of polysensitised patients, while in group B 100% of monosensitised and 60% of of polysensitised patients exhibited clinical improvement. Conclusion: The subcutaneous and sublingual routes of immunotherapy have similar efficacy.
Subcutaneous versus Sublingual Immunotherapy for Allergic Rhinitis therapy: Which Is Superior
doi:10.11648/j.iji.20150303.13
International Journal of Immunology
2015-07-02
© Science Publishing Group
Magdy Abdullah Sayedelahl
Naser Nagib Nasr
Mahmoud Hamed Akr
Dina Sayed Sheha
Tahany Mohamed Rabie
Subcutaneous versus Sublingual Immunotherapy for Allergic Rhinitis therapy: Which Is Superior
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46
46
2015-07-02
2015-07-02
10.11648/j.iji.20150303.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.20150303.13
© Science Publishing Group
Mapping of Blood Group and Phenotypes Rhesus and Kell to Sickle Cell Desease Patients in Transfusion Program at the National Blood Transfusion Center (NBTC) of Abidjan Côte d’ivoire
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.20150304.11
The objective of this study is to establish the mapping of blood group and phenotype Rhesus and Kell and compare it to the population of blood donors. Methodology: It is a prospective study performed in transfusion therapy unit (UTT) of the national blood transfusion center (NBTC) of Abidjan on sickle cell desease patients multitransfused between February and October 2013. The blood group ABO and phenotype Rhesus and Kell of the patients was performed by the gel agglutination technique. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 15.0 software. Results: Among the 145 patients followed by the UTT, males predominated with (sex ratio 1.27). The median age was 14 years. Homozygous sickle cell disease (SS) was more frequent (57.25%). The blood group O was more represented (54.6%). Ag D was found in 96%. The Ag C (16.5%) and Ag E (14.5%) have lower frequencies than those founded in the population of blood donors (Ag C 21.6% and Ag E 22.2%). The most phenotype rhesus and kell frequently encountered to the patients was C- c+ E- e+ K- (49.7%). These frequencies are lower than those of the blood donors population. Conclusion: Blood group O is the most common to our patients. The Ag D is the most found. The phenotype Rhesus and kell C- c + D + E- e- K- predominates with but remains below the frequencies reported among blood donors. This proves that there are risks of alloimmunization to these patients; hence the necessity to transfuse according to the protocol phenotyped and compatibility.
The objective of this study is to establish the mapping of blood group and phenotype Rhesus and Kell and compare it to the population of blood donors. Methodology: It is a prospective study performed in transfusion therapy unit (UTT) of the national blood transfusion center (NBTC) of Abidjan on sickle cell desease patients multitransfused between February and October 2013. The blood group ABO and phenotype Rhesus and Kell of the patients was performed by the gel agglutination technique. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 15.0 software. Results: Among the 145 patients followed by the UTT, males predominated with (sex ratio 1.27). The median age was 14 years. Homozygous sickle cell disease (SS) was more frequent (57.25%). The blood group O was more represented (54.6%). Ag D was found in 96%. The Ag C (16.5%) and Ag E (14.5%) have lower frequencies than those founded in the population of blood donors (Ag C 21.6% and Ag E 22.2%). The most phenotype rhesus and kell frequently encountered to the patients was C- c+ E- e+ K- (49.7%). These frequencies are lower than those of the blood donors population. Conclusion: Blood group O is the most common to our patients. The Ag D is the most found. The phenotype Rhesus and kell C- c + D + E- e- K- predominates with but remains below the frequencies reported among blood donors. This proves that there are risks of alloimmunization to these patients; hence the necessity to transfuse according to the protocol phenotyped and compatibility.
Mapping of Blood Group and Phenotypes Rhesus and Kell to Sickle Cell Desease Patients in Transfusion Program at the National Blood Transfusion Center (NBTC) of Abidjan Côte d’ivoire
doi:10.11648/j.iji.20150304.11
International Journal of Immunology
2015-07-05
© Science Publishing Group
Sekongo Yassongui Mamadou
Kouamenan Goore Sidonie
Kassogue Kadidia
Konan Sidoine
Kouassi Parfait
Lagou Amélie Delphine
Kouacou-Ama Patricia
Konate Seidou
Abisse Agba
Mapping of Blood Group and Phenotypes Rhesus and Kell to Sickle Cell Desease Patients in Transfusion Program at the National Blood Transfusion Center (NBTC) of Abidjan Côte d’ivoire
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4
51
51
2015-07-05
2015-07-05
10.11648/j.iji.20150304.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=115&doi=10.11648/j.iji.20150304.11
© Science Publishing Group