Science Publishing Group: American Journal of Life Sciences: Table of Contents
<i>American Journal of Life Sciences (AJLS) </i> is an international journal publishing articles that emphasize living organisms, like plants, animals, and human beings, as well as related considerations like bioethics. All articles are rigorously reviewed. Articles should be written at a level accessible to readers who are non-specialists in the topic of the article themselves, but who are interested in the research. The Journal welcomes mini-reviews on topics of wide interest to investigators in the life sciences. We particularly encourage submission of brief, focused reviews containing high-quality artwork and require the use of mechanistic summary diagrams.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajls Science Publishing Group: American Journal of Life Sciences: Table of Contents
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American Journal of Life Sciences
American Journal of Life Sciences
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NF. Evaluating Anti β-2 Glycoprotein as Rapid Thromboembolic Marker Among HCV Patients in Egypt
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130101.11
Although antiphospholipid (APL) antibodies are still not clearly known, yet they have association with thromboembolic events associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Moreover, high percent of HCV infections and thromboembolic risk was associated among thalassemic patients. So our aim was to screen and evaluate the significance of ACL and anti β-2 glycoprotein seroprevelance among patients receiving repeated blood transfusions, in patients with infectious diseases as chronic HCV disorders, and in healthy subjects resident in Egypt, a tropical country endemic for hepatitis and to evaluate these tests as rapid markers for early detection of thrombotic HCV infection among chronic liver disorders and cases receiving repeated blood transfusion aiming at early anticoagulant therapy.The study was carried out on 70 patients attending Tropical, Hepatology and Hematology departments in Alexandria Main University Hospital, Egypt as well as 30 healthy subjects served as controls. Group I; 35 chronic liver disorders as chronic HCV, cirrhosis and Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) diagnosed by clinical, ultrasound and histopathology. Group II ; 35 receiving repeated blood transfusion as thalassemia. Group III; healthy relatives –ve for HCV antibody of matched age and sex. Both markers were screened by commercial enzyme immunosorbant assays (ELISA) (Calbiotech,USA). Our results revealed that patients with chronic HCV infection had higher anticardiolipin (ACL) IgG and antibeta2GP1 IgG compared to healthy controls. (26.6%) 8 patients from group I had high ACL IgG compared to 6 patients (20%) of group II .The study also revealed that anti β-2 glycoprotein IgG was higher among Group I and II compared to controls group III. Group I was higher than group II. Three patients (10%) of group I had high antiβ2 glycoprotein1 IgG compared to 2 patients (6.6%) among group II . We can conclude that anticardiolipin (ACL)alone is not diagnostic for thrombosis & it should be accompanied with antibeta(β )2glycoprotein-1 in serum of the same patient to be considered a cause of thrombosis in chronic HCV patients. So, ACL alone can not be considered rapid marker of thrombosis in HCV positive patients. We recommend anti β2 glycoprotein as a biomarker predicting thrombotic HCV infection
Although antiphospholipid (APL) antibodies are still not clearly known, yet they have association with thromboembolic events associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Moreover, high percent of HCV infections and thromboembolic risk was associated among thalassemic patients. So our aim was to screen and evaluate the significance of ACL and anti β-2 glycoprotein seroprevelance among patients receiving repeated blood transfusions, in patients with infectious diseases as chronic HCV disorders, and in healthy subjects resident in Egypt, a tropical country endemic for hepatitis and to evaluate these tests as rapid markers for early detection of thrombotic HCV infection among chronic liver disorders and cases receiving repeated blood transfusion aiming at early anticoagulant therapy.The study was carried out on 70 patients attending Tropical, Hepatology and Hematology departments in Alexandria Main University Hospital, Egypt as well as 30 healthy subjects served as controls. Group I; 35 chronic liver disorders as chronic HCV, cirrhosis and Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) diagnosed by clinical, ultrasound and histopathology. Group II ; 35 receiving repeated blood transfusion as thalassemia. Group III; healthy relatives –ve for HCV antibody of matched age and sex. Both markers were screened by commercial enzyme immunosorbant assays (ELISA) (Calbiotech,USA). Our results revealed that patients with chronic HCV infection had higher anticardiolipin (ACL) IgG and antibeta2GP1 IgG compared to healthy controls. (26.6%) 8 patients from group I had high ACL IgG compared to 6 patients (20%) of group II .The study also revealed that anti β-2 glycoprotein IgG was higher among Group I and II compared to controls group III. Group I was higher than group II. Three patients (10%) of group I had high antiβ2 glycoprotein1 IgG compared to 2 patients (6.6%) among group II . We can conclude that anticardiolipin (ACL)alone is not diagnostic for thrombosis & it should be accompanied with antibeta(β )2glycoprotein-1 in serum of the same patient to be considered a cause of thrombosis in chronic HCV patients. So, ACL alone can not be considered rapid marker of thrombosis in HCV positive patients. We recommend anti β2 glycoprotein as a biomarker predicting thrombotic HCV infection
NF. Evaluating Anti β-2 Glycoprotein as Rapid Thromboembolic Marker Among HCV Patients in Egypt
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130101.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Elkhouly EH
Morsi MG
Hamed NA
Soliman AA
Hanafi NF
NF. Evaluating Anti β-2 Glycoprotein as Rapid Thromboembolic Marker Among HCV Patients in Egypt
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© Science Publishing Group
Heterotrophic Nitrogen Removal Bacteria in Piggery Wastes in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130101.13
A total of 2318 heterotrophic nitrogen removal (HNR) bacteria isolated from piggery wastes (after biogas container) were classified in four kinds of heterotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (569 isolates), nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (580 isolates), nitrate-oxidizing bacteria (600 isolates) and heterotrophic nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria (569 isolates). The virtually complete 16S rRNA gene was PCR amplified and sequenced. The sequences from the selected HNR bacteria showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references strains (between 97% and 99.8%). Phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rDNA sequences displayed high consistency, with nodes supported by high bootstrap (500) values. These presumptive HNR isolates were divided four groups that included members of genera Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus (high G+C content gram-positive bacteria), Staphylococcus, Bacillus (low G+C content gram-positive bacteria) and Klebsiella (gram-negative bacteria). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), heterotrophic ammonium-oxidizing bac-teria group had highest values and heterotrophic nitrifying-denitrifying bacteria group had the lowest values and Theta values (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism showed that heterotrophic nitrate-oxidizing bacteria group had the highest theta values in comparison of three groups. The present study, the HNR bacteria from piggery wastes, showed a very diverse community of HNR bacteria with a relatively high number of species involved in solid-wastewater samples and many isolates have nitrogen utilization ability at high concentration (800 – 1200 mM) and high G+C gram-positive bacteria strain occupied higher than low G+C gram-positive bacteria strain.
A total of 2318 heterotrophic nitrogen removal (HNR) bacteria isolated from piggery wastes (after biogas container) were classified in four kinds of heterotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (569 isolates), nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (580 isolates), nitrate-oxidizing bacteria (600 isolates) and heterotrophic nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria (569 isolates). The virtually complete 16S rRNA gene was PCR amplified and sequenced. The sequences from the selected HNR bacteria showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references strains (between 97% and 99.8%). Phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rDNA sequences displayed high consistency, with nodes supported by high bootstrap (500) values. These presumptive HNR isolates were divided four groups that included members of genera Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus (high G+C content gram-positive bacteria), Staphylococcus, Bacillus (low G+C content gram-positive bacteria) and Klebsiella (gram-negative bacteria). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), heterotrophic ammonium-oxidizing bac-teria group had highest values and heterotrophic nitrifying-denitrifying bacteria group had the lowest values and Theta values (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism showed that heterotrophic nitrate-oxidizing bacteria group had the highest theta values in comparison of three groups. The present study, the HNR bacteria from piggery wastes, showed a very diverse community of HNR bacteria with a relatively high number of species involved in solid-wastewater samples and many isolates have nitrogen utilization ability at high concentration (800 – 1200 mM) and high G+C gram-positive bacteria strain occupied higher than low G+C gram-positive bacteria strain.
Heterotrophic Nitrogen Removal Bacteria in Piggery Wastes in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130101.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Cao Ngoc Diep
Pham Viet Cuong
Heterotrophic Nitrogen Removal Bacteria in Piggery Wastes in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
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© Science Publishing Group
Heterotrophic Nitrogen Removal Bacteria in Sedimentary and Water of Striped Catfish Ponds In The Mekong Delta, Vietnam
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130101.12
A total of 1682 heterotrophic nitrogen removal (HNR) bacteria isolated from sedimentary and water of striped catfish ponds were classified in four kinds of heterotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (402 isolates), nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (438 isolates), nitrate-oxidizing bacteria (444 isolates) and heterotrophic nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria (398 isolates). The virtually complete 16S rRNA gene was PCR amplified and sequenced. The sequences from the selected HNR bacteria showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references strains (between 97% and 99.8%). Phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rDNA sequences displayed high consistency, with nodes supported by high bootstrap (500) values. These presumptive HNR isolates were divided four groups that included members of genera Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus (high G+C content gram-positive bacteria), Bacillus (low G+C content gram-positive bacteria) and Pseudomonas (gram-negative bacteria). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), heterotrophic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria group had highest values and heterotrophic nitrifying-denitrifying bacteria group had the lowest values and Theta values (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism showed that heterotrophic nitrate-oxidizing bacteria group had the highest theta values in comparison of three groups. The present study, the HNR bacteria from sedimentary and water of striped catfish ponds, showed a very diverse community of HNR bacteria with a relatively high number of species involved in sedimentary and water samples and many isolates have nitrogen utilization ability at high concentration (800 – 1200 mM) and high G+C gram-positive bacteria strain occupied higher than low G+C gram-positive bacteria strain.
A total of 1682 heterotrophic nitrogen removal (HNR) bacteria isolated from sedimentary and water of striped catfish ponds were classified in four kinds of heterotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (402 isolates), nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (438 isolates), nitrate-oxidizing bacteria (444 isolates) and heterotrophic nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria (398 isolates). The virtually complete 16S rRNA gene was PCR amplified and sequenced. The sequences from the selected HNR bacteria showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references strains (between 97% and 99.8%). Phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rDNA sequences displayed high consistency, with nodes supported by high bootstrap (500) values. These presumptive HNR isolates were divided four groups that included members of genera Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus (high G+C content gram-positive bacteria), Bacillus (low G+C content gram-positive bacteria) and Pseudomonas (gram-negative bacteria). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), heterotrophic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria group had highest values and heterotrophic nitrifying-denitrifying bacteria group had the lowest values and Theta values (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism showed that heterotrophic nitrate-oxidizing bacteria group had the highest theta values in comparison of three groups. The present study, the HNR bacteria from sedimentary and water of striped catfish ponds, showed a very diverse community of HNR bacteria with a relatively high number of species involved in sedimentary and water samples and many isolates have nitrogen utilization ability at high concentration (800 – 1200 mM) and high G+C gram-positive bacteria strain occupied higher than low G+C gram-positive bacteria strain.
Heterotrophic Nitrogen Removal Bacteria in Sedimentary and Water of Striped Catfish Ponds In The Mekong Delta, Vietnam
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130101.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Cao Ngoc Diep
Nguyen Thi Kim Cuc
Heterotrophic Nitrogen Removal Bacteria in Sedimentary and Water of Striped Catfish Ponds In The Mekong Delta, Vietnam
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© Science Publishing Group
Preventive Effects of A Mixture of Micronutrients with Antioxida-tive Properties on Experimentally Induced Prostate Hyperplasia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130101.14
A mixture of antioxidants found in a commercial food supplement called Citozym (CIZ), showed a preventive capability on experimental prostate hyperplasia induced by testosterone propionate (TP) in C57BL6/N mice. Treatments by CIZ were given orally and started 10 days before the induction of prostate hyperplasia. TP significantly increased prostate size and weight ratio, and this induced increase was significantly inhibited in CIZ-treated mice in comparison with positive controls in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that CIZ can prevent TP-induced prostate hyperplasia and therefore may be beneficial in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
A mixture of antioxidants found in a commercial food supplement called Citozym (CIZ), showed a preventive capability on experimental prostate hyperplasia induced by testosterone propionate (TP) in C57BL6/N mice. Treatments by CIZ were given orally and started 10 days before the induction of prostate hyperplasia. TP significantly increased prostate size and weight ratio, and this induced increase was significantly inhibited in CIZ-treated mice in comparison with positive controls in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that CIZ can prevent TP-induced prostate hyperplasia and therefore may be beneficial in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Preventive Effects of A Mixture of Micronutrients with Antioxida-tive Properties on Experimentally Induced Prostate Hyperplasia
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130101.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Torricelli P.
Ferorelli P.
De Martino A.
Antonelli F.
Beninati S.
Preventive Effects of A Mixture of Micronutrients with Antioxida-tive Properties on Experimentally Induced Prostate Hyperplasia
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© Science Publishing Group
Correlations of the Earth's Magnetic Field Intensity with Global Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.12
The Earth's magnetic (geomagnetic) field protects all living things on the planet from harmful effects of ioniz-ing and electromagnetic radiation and is suggested, in this research, to be related to global multiple sclerosis (MS) preva-lence. MS is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with an unknown aetiology. MS has a global, geograph-ic pattern of prevalence that shows high prevalence rates of the disease between 40 and 60 degrees north. Numerous ex-ogenous variables have been suggested to be factors in the expression of the disease but to date there is no single variable which best explains the pathological process. Excessive free radical formation appears to be a common factor in many of the previously correlated variables with MS. This study hypothesized that the vertical or horizontal geomagnetic field strength (or intensity) are more strongly correlated with global MS prevalence rates. Using data from available MS preva-lence studies (N=131) and online geomagnetic data for the field intensities, Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed. The results support the hypotheses with the strongest correlation being an inverse relationship between the horizontal field and global MS prevalence (r = -.607). The explanation for the inverse relationship with global MS prevalence and the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field is explained by protective effect from incoming cosmic radiation. This research suggests that living in areas of a weak horizontal field increases exposure to ionizing radia-tion and therefore increases the risk for developing MS. We propose a new scale of MS prevalence which captures the very high prevalence rates in some areas of the world.
The Earth's magnetic (geomagnetic) field protects all living things on the planet from harmful effects of ioniz-ing and electromagnetic radiation and is suggested, in this research, to be related to global multiple sclerosis (MS) preva-lence. MS is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with an unknown aetiology. MS has a global, geograph-ic pattern of prevalence that shows high prevalence rates of the disease between 40 and 60 degrees north. Numerous ex-ogenous variables have been suggested to be factors in the expression of the disease but to date there is no single variable which best explains the pathological process. Excessive free radical formation appears to be a common factor in many of the previously correlated variables with MS. This study hypothesized that the vertical or horizontal geomagnetic field strength (or intensity) are more strongly correlated with global MS prevalence rates. Using data from available MS preva-lence studies (N=131) and online geomagnetic data for the field intensities, Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed. The results support the hypotheses with the strongest correlation being an inverse relationship between the horizontal field and global MS prevalence (r = -.607). The explanation for the inverse relationship with global MS prevalence and the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field is explained by protective effect from incoming cosmic radiation. This research suggests that living in areas of a weak horizontal field increases exposure to ionizing radia-tion and therefore increases the risk for developing MS. We propose a new scale of MS prevalence which captures the very high prevalence rates in some areas of the world.
Correlations of the Earth's Magnetic Field Intensity with Global Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Brett Wade
Shashi Mehta
Vladimir Papitashvili
Correlations of the Earth's Magnetic Field Intensity with Global Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis
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© Science Publishing Group
The Effects of Population Density and Individual Diversity on Time and Energy Budgets of Animals
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The effects of animal density, spatial heterogeneity, and diversity in individual responses to population density on daily time and energy budgets were studied by means of a simple time-energy model. The cost of interactions between individuals was expressed as a reduction of the time that an animal may spend for feeding and other activities. The value of daily production rate would decrease with the increase in density and/or in food availability. In this case, production rate would be a convex function of population density as well as of individual tolerance to the presence of other animals and the size of individual range. Therefore, under unfavourable conditions (high mean density and/or low mean food availability) both spatial heterogeneity and diversity in individual responses to the presence of neighbouring animals would lead to an increase in the mean production rate.
The effects of animal density, spatial heterogeneity, and diversity in individual responses to population density on daily time and energy budgets were studied by means of a simple time-energy model. The cost of interactions between individuals was expressed as a reduction of the time that an animal may spend for feeding and other activities. The value of daily production rate would decrease with the increase in density and/or in food availability. In this case, production rate would be a convex function of population density as well as of individual tolerance to the presence of other animals and the size of individual range. Therefore, under unfavourable conditions (high mean density and/or low mean food availability) both spatial heterogeneity and diversity in individual responses to the presence of neighbouring animals would lead to an increase in the mean production rate.
The Effects of Population Density and Individual Diversity on Time and Energy Budgets of Animals
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Feodor V. Kryazhimskiy
Kirill V. Maklakov
The Effects of Population Density and Individual Diversity on Time and Energy Budgets of Animals
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© Science Publishing Group
Isolation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms in Water and Sludge of Intensive Catfish Ponds in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.17
Polyphosphate accumulating organisms were isolated from water and sludge samples of intensive catfish ponds in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The Results of estimation of intracellular polyphosphate concentration conducted on each of monocultures indicated that the content of intracellular polyphosphate varied from 2 mg/l to 148.1 mg/l after 6 days of incubation in the medium. Of 191 isolates, twenty-one have uptake and store intracellular phosphate from 19.6 to 148.1 mg/l. They have shaped like a rods and short rods or cocci, a few of them were slightly curved or straight or curved rods. The majority of them are gram-positive (76.2%) and the remains are gram-negative. The partial 16S rRNA genes of these isolates were sequenced and compared with bacterial 16S rRNA genes in Genbank using BlastN Program. Phylogenetic tree was constructed on the basic 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrating the population of high phosphate accumulating bacteria obtained from samples of catfish ponds were affiliated with four major bacterial lineages. Twenty-one bacteria isolates from samples of catfish ponds included in four classes: Bacilli, Actinobacteria, Beta-proteobacteria, Gamma-proteobacteria. The majority of the strains showed excess phosphate accumulation. Strains related to Bacillus sp. were dominant bacteria group constituted up to 52.4% of all identified isolates, but high phosphate accumulating bacteria are Burkholderia vietnamiensis TVT003L within class Beta-proteobacteria, Acinetobacter radioresistens TGT013L within Gamma-proteobacteria and Arthrobacter protophomiae VLT002L within class Actinobacteria. Methyl blue Loeffler’s staning and electron microscopy examination confirmed that the bacteria had stored polyphosphate granules intracellularly.
Polyphosphate accumulating organisms were isolated from water and sludge samples of intensive catfish ponds in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The Results of estimation of intracellular polyphosphate concentration conducted on each of monocultures indicated that the content of intracellular polyphosphate varied from 2 mg/l to 148.1 mg/l after 6 days of incubation in the medium. Of 191 isolates, twenty-one have uptake and store intracellular phosphate from 19.6 to 148.1 mg/l. They have shaped like a rods and short rods or cocci, a few of them were slightly curved or straight or curved rods. The majority of them are gram-positive (76.2%) and the remains are gram-negative. The partial 16S rRNA genes of these isolates were sequenced and compared with bacterial 16S rRNA genes in Genbank using BlastN Program. Phylogenetic tree was constructed on the basic 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrating the population of high phosphate accumulating bacteria obtained from samples of catfish ponds were affiliated with four major bacterial lineages. Twenty-one bacteria isolates from samples of catfish ponds included in four classes: Bacilli, Actinobacteria, Beta-proteobacteria, Gamma-proteobacteria. The majority of the strains showed excess phosphate accumulation. Strains related to Bacillus sp. were dominant bacteria group constituted up to 52.4% of all identified isolates, but high phosphate accumulating bacteria are Burkholderia vietnamiensis TVT003L within class Beta-proteobacteria, Acinetobacter radioresistens TGT013L within Gamma-proteobacteria and Arthrobacter protophomiae VLT002L within class Actinobacteria. Methyl blue Loeffler’s staning and electron microscopy examination confirmed that the bacteria had stored polyphosphate granules intracellularly.
Isolation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms in Water and Sludge of Intensive Catfish Ponds in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.17
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Le Quang Khoi
Cao Ngoc Diep
Isolation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms in Water and Sludge of Intensive Catfish Ponds in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
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© Science Publishing Group
Psychiatric Morbidity in Parkinson’s Disease: A Case Report
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Psychiatric disorders like anxiety and depression are common in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Patients are needed to be managed on a comprehensive basis, in which he can receive psychiatric management along with his medical advice and prescription. Parkinson’s disease is an illness affecting the geriatric age group resulting in debilitating and disfiguring disease associated with the presence of resting tremor, bradykinesia, and postural instability. The prevalence of social anxiety disorder in these patients is important, because further determines the improvement of the patient and his response to drugs.
Psychiatric disorders like anxiety and depression are common in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Patients are needed to be managed on a comprehensive basis, in which he can receive psychiatric management along with his medical advice and prescription. Parkinson’s disease is an illness affecting the geriatric age group resulting in debilitating and disfiguring disease associated with the presence of resting tremor, bradykinesia, and postural instability. The prevalence of social anxiety disorder in these patients is important, because further determines the improvement of the patient and his response to drugs.
Psychiatric Morbidity in Parkinson’s Disease: A Case Report
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Amitabh Saha
Psychiatric Morbidity in Parkinson’s Disease: A Case Report
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© Science Publishing Group
Prevalence of Oral Candida Albicans Infection in HIV Sero-Positive Patients in Abakaliki
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.18
Oral thrush is commonly associated with HIV infection. The causative agent is a yeast strain that is originally a commensal of the oral cavity. Most species of the genus Candida that causes oral candidasis in HIV patients if not properly identified and treated with the drug of choice could result in resistant to the drugs and make treatment very difficult. This study was carried out to establsish the species spectrum of the common yeast(Candida albicans) associated with oral candidiasis in HIV patients on antiretroviral treatment in Abakaliki. A total of 240 samples were collected from HIV sero-positive males(64) and females(176) at the two hospitals. 40 control samples from HIV sero-negative persons were also collected. The samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar and Candida species were isolated and characterized using germ tube test and sugar fermentation tests. Out of the 240 subjects(HIV sero-positive patients) examined for oral candidiasis, the carriage rate of oral candidiasis were 12.5%(30/240). Candida albicans accounted for 80.00% in HIV sero-postive patients, followed by Candida pseudotropicalis(10.0%). More women, 21(8.75) had oral candidiasis than men 9(3.75%). HIV patients whether or not on drugs were predisposed to oral candidiasis. C. albicans(76.19%) is the commonest species associated with HIV infected patients on ART(Active Retroviral Therapy) followed by Candida pseudotropicalis(14.29%), Candida tropicalis(4.76%) and Candida parapsilosis(4.76%). Among the patients not on ART Candida albicans(88.89%) was most prevalent, followed by Candida guilliermondii(11.11%). C. albicans still remains the leading cause of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV infected persons within the study population. Constant identification of isolates of yeasts infecting HIV infected persons and the immune compromised will further enhance the appropriate treatment and minimize the spread emergence of antifungal resistance.
Oral thrush is commonly associated with HIV infection. The causative agent is a yeast strain that is originally a commensal of the oral cavity. Most species of the genus Candida that causes oral candidasis in HIV patients if not properly identified and treated with the drug of choice could result in resistant to the drugs and make treatment very difficult. This study was carried out to establsish the species spectrum of the common yeast(Candida albicans) associated with oral candidiasis in HIV patients on antiretroviral treatment in Abakaliki. A total of 240 samples were collected from HIV sero-positive males(64) and females(176) at the two hospitals. 40 control samples from HIV sero-negative persons were also collected. The samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar and Candida species were isolated and characterized using germ tube test and sugar fermentation tests. Out of the 240 subjects(HIV sero-positive patients) examined for oral candidiasis, the carriage rate of oral candidiasis were 12.5%(30/240). Candida albicans accounted for 80.00% in HIV sero-postive patients, followed by Candida pseudotropicalis(10.0%). More women, 21(8.75) had oral candidiasis than men 9(3.75%). HIV patients whether or not on drugs were predisposed to oral candidiasis. C. albicans(76.19%) is the commonest species associated with HIV infected patients on ART(Active Retroviral Therapy) followed by Candida pseudotropicalis(14.29%), Candida tropicalis(4.76%) and Candida parapsilosis(4.76%). Among the patients not on ART Candida albicans(88.89%) was most prevalent, followed by Candida guilliermondii(11.11%). C. albicans still remains the leading cause of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV infected persons within the study population. Constant identification of isolates of yeasts infecting HIV infected persons and the immune compromised will further enhance the appropriate treatment and minimize the spread emergence of antifungal resistance.
Prevalence of Oral Candida Albicans Infection in HIV Sero-Positive Patients in Abakaliki
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.18
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Okonkwo E. C.
Alo M. N.
Nworie O.
Orji J. O.
Agah M. V.
Prevalence of Oral Candida Albicans Infection in HIV Sero-Positive Patients in Abakaliki
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© Science Publishing Group
Anti-Inflammatory Role of Omega-3 to Retinal Injury induced by Infrared Radiation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.15
Each ocular tissue is vulnerable to infrared (IR) since at every stage through the eye's transmission IR is absorbed. Thermal effect of IR to eyes is far more permanent although the absorption often causes cumulative damage over a long period. Nevertheless, those exposed to very significant level of IR at any one time would be aware of its heating effect and tend to protect themselves. The present work investigated the effect of IR on retina and the anti-inflammatory role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω -3 PUSFA). The rabbits were divided into four groups; one of them served as control, the other three groups was exposed to IR for 5, 10 and 20 minutes. Animals from these three groups were subdivided into two subgroups, one of them was sacrificed directly after IR exposure, while the other received omega-3 for 14 days before exposed to IR .The animals were subjected to examination by electroretinogram (ERG) as well as analysis of Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for retinal protein was carried out. The results indicated decrease of b-wave amplitude and increase in the latency, in the electrophoresis pattern pronounced changes were observed. These changes were more extensive in rabbits exposed to IR than those supplemented with omega-3. These finding suggest that omega-3 can protect the retina from infrared injury for up to 10 minutes of exposure.
Each ocular tissue is vulnerable to infrared (IR) since at every stage through the eye's transmission IR is absorbed. Thermal effect of IR to eyes is far more permanent although the absorption often causes cumulative damage over a long period. Nevertheless, those exposed to very significant level of IR at any one time would be aware of its heating effect and tend to protect themselves. The present work investigated the effect of IR on retina and the anti-inflammatory role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω -3 PUSFA). The rabbits were divided into four groups; one of them served as control, the other three groups was exposed to IR for 5, 10 and 20 minutes. Animals from these three groups were subdivided into two subgroups, one of them was sacrificed directly after IR exposure, while the other received omega-3 for 14 days before exposed to IR .The animals were subjected to examination by electroretinogram (ERG) as well as analysis of Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for retinal protein was carried out. The results indicated decrease of b-wave amplitude and increase in the latency, in the electrophoresis pattern pronounced changes were observed. These changes were more extensive in rabbits exposed to IR than those supplemented with omega-3. These finding suggest that omega-3 can protect the retina from infrared injury for up to 10 minutes of exposure.
Anti-Inflammatory Role of Omega-3 to Retinal Injury induced by Infrared Radiation
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mervat Ahmed Ali
Anti-Inflammatory Role of Omega-3 to Retinal Injury induced by Infrared Radiation
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.15
© Science Publishing Group
Hepatoprotective Activity of Ocimum americanum L Leaves against Paracetamol – Induced Liver Damage in Rats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.13
This study was designed to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Ocimum ameri-canum leaves against paracetamol – induced liver damage in rats. Hepatic damage was induced by paracetamol. Thereafter, the levels of some serum biochemical parameters such as alanine trasaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin, total bilirubin (TBIL) and total protein (TP) were investigated. The activities of ALP, AST, ALT and histological changes in the liver of rats were also determined. Silymarin was used as the standard hepatoprotective drug. The pre – treatment of rats with aqueous extract of O. americanum leaves caused a significant increase in the serum levels of TP and albumin. There was a significant decrease in the serum levels of ALP, AST, ALT and TBIL with a corresponding increase in the activities of ALP, AST and ALT in the liver of extract treated rats. The hepatoprotection was confirmed by histological examinations of liver sections of normal and treated rats. Furthermore, rats intoxicated with paracetamol alone had their serum ALP, AST, ALT and TBIL levels significantly increased, while TP and albumin concentrations decreased when compared with the normal rats. The aqueous extract of Ocimum americanum leaves at doses of 200 and 400 mg /kg p.o. have significant hepatoprotective ability against paracetamol – induced hepatic damage in rats.
This study was designed to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Ocimum ameri-canum leaves against paracetamol – induced liver damage in rats. Hepatic damage was induced by paracetamol. Thereafter, the levels of some serum biochemical parameters such as alanine trasaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin, total bilirubin (TBIL) and total protein (TP) were investigated. The activities of ALP, AST, ALT and histological changes in the liver of rats were also determined. Silymarin was used as the standard hepatoprotective drug. The pre – treatment of rats with aqueous extract of O. americanum leaves caused a significant increase in the serum levels of TP and albumin. There was a significant decrease in the serum levels of ALP, AST, ALT and TBIL with a corresponding increase in the activities of ALP, AST and ALT in the liver of extract treated rats. The hepatoprotection was confirmed by histological examinations of liver sections of normal and treated rats. Furthermore, rats intoxicated with paracetamol alone had their serum ALP, AST, ALT and TBIL levels significantly increased, while TP and albumin concentrations decreased when compared with the normal rats. The aqueous extract of Ocimum americanum leaves at doses of 200 and 400 mg /kg p.o. have significant hepatoprotective ability against paracetamol – induced hepatic damage in rats.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Ocimum americanum L Leaves against Paracetamol – Induced Liver Damage in Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
B. T. Aluko
O. I. Oloyede
A. J. Afolayan
Hepatoprotective Activity of Ocimum americanum L Leaves against Paracetamol – Induced Liver Damage in Rats
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.13
© Science Publishing Group
Ethno-Medicinal Investigation on Ethnic Community in the Northern Region of Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.19
The present ethno-medicinal investigation has been carried out into ethnic communities of 12 Upazillas under six districts in the northern region of Bangladesh. A total of 24 species under 13 genera of the family Cucurbitaceae collected and recorded for their use in various ailments. For each species botanical name, local name, parts used, name of the diseases and mode of uses have been mentioned.
The present ethno-medicinal investigation has been carried out into ethnic communities of 12 Upazillas under six districts in the northern region of Bangladesh. A total of 24 species under 13 genera of the family Cucurbitaceae collected and recorded for their use in various ailments. For each species botanical name, local name, parts used, name of the diseases and mode of uses have been mentioned.
Ethno-Medicinal Investigation on Ethnic Community in the Northern Region of Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.19
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
A H M Mahbubur Rahman
Ethno-Medicinal Investigation on Ethnic Community in the Northern Region of Bangladesh
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© Science Publishing Group
The Influence of Preventive Multiple Micronutrients Supplementation on Liver Steatosis in High-cholesterol Fed C57BL6/N Mice
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.16
Liver steatosis development was obtained after high cholesterol diet (HCD) in C57BL6/N mice. Mice were preliminarily treated for 10 days with multiple micronutrients contained in a commercial food supplement called Citozym (CIZ), and successively for 40 days with CIZ and HCD, to compare the protection effect of used compounds on liver metabolism and metabolic steatosis. At the end of the experiments, livers were dissected for histological examinations. Plasma total cholesterol (TCH), triacylglycerol (TAG) aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations were significantly higher in all HCD-fed mice. These data support a lipotoxic model of cholesterol-mediated hepatic steatosis. We found that the administration of CIZ to HCD-mouse model of steatosis significantly decreased plasma TCH, TAG, ALT and AST levels along with a reduction of the accumulated fat and inflammation in the liver. These findings suggest that a preventive and continuative treatment of CIZ exerts a protective effect against metabolic hepatosteatosis.
Liver steatosis development was obtained after high cholesterol diet (HCD) in C57BL6/N mice. Mice were preliminarily treated for 10 days with multiple micronutrients contained in a commercial food supplement called Citozym (CIZ), and successively for 40 days with CIZ and HCD, to compare the protection effect of used compounds on liver metabolism and metabolic steatosis. At the end of the experiments, livers were dissected for histological examinations. Plasma total cholesterol (TCH), triacylglycerol (TAG) aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations were significantly higher in all HCD-fed mice. These data support a lipotoxic model of cholesterol-mediated hepatic steatosis. We found that the administration of CIZ to HCD-mouse model of steatosis significantly decreased plasma TCH, TAG, ALT and AST levels along with a reduction of the accumulated fat and inflammation in the liver. These findings suggest that a preventive and continuative treatment of CIZ exerts a protective effect against metabolic hepatosteatosis.
The Influence of Preventive Multiple Micronutrients Supplementation on Liver Steatosis in High-cholesterol Fed C57BL6/N Mice
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.16
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Torricelli P.
Ferorelli P.
De Martino A.
Antonelli F.
Beninati S.
The Influence of Preventive Multiple Micronutrients Supplementation on Liver Steatosis in High-cholesterol Fed C57BL6/N Mice
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.16
© Science Publishing Group
Graveyards Angiosperm Diversity of Rajshahi City, Bangladesh with Emphasis on Medicinal Plants
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.14
Angiosperm diversity in the graveyards of Rajshahi city corporation area has been studied. A total of 106 angiosperm species under 91 genera and 44 families were recorded. Of these, Magnoliopsida is represented by 96 species under 82 genera and 40 families while Liliopsida is represented by 10 species under 10 genera and 4 families. Moraceae is the largest family in Magnoliopsida represented by 6 species, and Arecaceae is the largest family in Liliopsida represented by 4 species. Habit analysis shows that herbs, shrubs, climbers and trees are represented by 27, 26, 9 and 44 species, respectively. Forty nine (49) medicinal plants have been documented with their uses for the cure of more than 45 diseases, and some of these are abscess, asthma, abortion, cough, cold, chicken pox, constipation, dysentery, diarrhea, diabetes, eczema, fever, and fracture of bone, headache, heart disease, itches, jaundice, menstrual disease, paralysis, piles, skin diseases, snake-bite, sex problems, toothache, vomiting, worm, wound and others.
Angiosperm diversity in the graveyards of Rajshahi city corporation area has been studied. A total of 106 angiosperm species under 91 genera and 44 families were recorded. Of these, Magnoliopsida is represented by 96 species under 82 genera and 40 families while Liliopsida is represented by 10 species under 10 genera and 4 families. Moraceae is the largest family in Magnoliopsida represented by 6 species, and Arecaceae is the largest family in Liliopsida represented by 4 species. Habit analysis shows that herbs, shrubs, climbers and trees are represented by 27, 26, 9 and 44 species, respectively. Forty nine (49) medicinal plants have been documented with their uses for the cure of more than 45 diseases, and some of these are abscess, asthma, abortion, cough, cold, chicken pox, constipation, dysentery, diarrhea, diabetes, eczema, fever, and fracture of bone, headache, heart disease, itches, jaundice, menstrual disease, paralysis, piles, skin diseases, snake-bite, sex problems, toothache, vomiting, worm, wound and others.
Graveyards Angiosperm Diversity of Rajshahi City, Bangladesh with Emphasis on Medicinal Plants
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
A. H. M. Mahbubu Rahman
Graveyards Angiosperm Diversity of Rajshahi City, Bangladesh with Emphasis on Medicinal Plants
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© Science Publishing Group
In Vitro Inhibitory Activity of Achyranthes aspera L. Seed against Some Test Bacteria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.16
The inhibitory activity of seed extracts of Achyranthes aspera, a widely used folk medicinal plant in Bangladesh, was examined using methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate and petroleum sprit as solvents against five test bacteria by disc diffusion method. Methanol extract was found to reveal significant inhibitory activity against the pathogenic B. subtilis, E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Only the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were effective against all bacteria and the best activity was found against B. subtilis in terms of zone of clearance. The best minimum inhibitory concentration value was found by methanol extract against B. subtilis. The present study suggests that the methanol extract of seed of this plant could be a possible source of obtaining new and effective herbal medicines to treat infections; hence, it justified the ethnic use.
The inhibitory activity of seed extracts of Achyranthes aspera, a widely used folk medicinal plant in Bangladesh, was examined using methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate and petroleum sprit as solvents against five test bacteria by disc diffusion method. Methanol extract was found to reveal significant inhibitory activity against the pathogenic B. subtilis, E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Only the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were effective against all bacteria and the best activity was found against B. subtilis in terms of zone of clearance. The best minimum inhibitory concentration value was found by methanol extract against B. subtilis. The present study suggests that the methanol extract of seed of this plant could be a possible source of obtaining new and effective herbal medicines to treat infections; hence, it justified the ethnic use.
In Vitro Inhibitory Activity of Achyranthes aspera L. Seed against Some Test Bacteria
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.16
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Dash B. K.
Sen M. K.
Alam M. K.
In Vitro Inhibitory Activity of Achyranthes aspera L. Seed against Some Test Bacteria
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.16
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation of Effects of Supplementation of Sun-Dried Leaves of Mucuna Poggei on the Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Birds
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.11
An eight week evaluation of the effects of supplementation of sun dried leaves of Mucuna poggei on the growth and carcass characteristics of broiler birds was carried out. Forty broiler birds (a day old) were grouped into four (10 birds each). The feed of groups A, B and C were supplemented with 20g, 30g and 40g of sun-dried leaves of Mucuna poggei respectively, while group D served as control. The weights of the broilers were taken three times in a week and their average weekly weights were obtained. At the end of the eighth week, the birds were euthanized and weight of different body parts taken to determine the quality of their meat and the characteristics their carcasses. The breast meats were used for drip and cooking loss determination. Results showed that the feed conversions as well as the growth rate of group B birds were the best, having a highest mean live-weight of 1797.67±7.37g. The group also had the most superior carcass characteristics and a few other qualities studied. This was followed by group A with a mean live-weight of 1700.50±4.20g, followed by group C (1550.67±6.03g) while group D (Control) had the least growth and mean live-weight of 1327.50±3.54g. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (P<0.05) between group B and others. The implication is that at 30g daily supplementation rate, sun dried leaves of Mucuna poggei could be used to enhance the growth rate and carcass characteristics of birds with no deleterious effects. Also, leaves of Mucuna poggei could be sundried and used during the dry season. However there is need to subject Mucuna poggei leaves to processing methods that can reduce the antinutrients contents for more efficient utilization of its nutrients in broiler birds.
An eight week evaluation of the effects of supplementation of sun dried leaves of Mucuna poggei on the growth and carcass characteristics of broiler birds was carried out. Forty broiler birds (a day old) were grouped into four (10 birds each). The feed of groups A, B and C were supplemented with 20g, 30g and 40g of sun-dried leaves of Mucuna poggei respectively, while group D served as control. The weights of the broilers were taken three times in a week and their average weekly weights were obtained. At the end of the eighth week, the birds were euthanized and weight of different body parts taken to determine the quality of their meat and the characteristics their carcasses. The breast meats were used for drip and cooking loss determination. Results showed that the feed conversions as well as the growth rate of group B birds were the best, having a highest mean live-weight of 1797.67±7.37g. The group also had the most superior carcass characteristics and a few other qualities studied. This was followed by group A with a mean live-weight of 1700.50±4.20g, followed by group C (1550.67±6.03g) while group D (Control) had the least growth and mean live-weight of 1327.50±3.54g. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (P<0.05) between group B and others. The implication is that at 30g daily supplementation rate, sun dried leaves of Mucuna poggei could be used to enhance the growth rate and carcass characteristics of birds with no deleterious effects. Also, leaves of Mucuna poggei could be sundried and used during the dry season. However there is need to subject Mucuna poggei leaves to processing methods that can reduce the antinutrients contents for more efficient utilization of its nutrients in broiler birds.
Evaluation of Effects of Supplementation of Sun-Dried Leaves of Mucuna Poggei on the Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Birds
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Oko A. O.
Afiukwa, C. A.
Ali F. U.
Ahamefule K. A.
Ezeonu, A. O.
Nwoba S. T.
Evaluation of Effects of Supplementation of Sun-Dried Leaves of Mucuna Poggei on the Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Birds
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© Science Publishing Group
Phosphate and Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria from Weathered Materials of denatured Rock Mountain, Ha Tien, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.12
Twenty-five strains were isolated on Aleksandrov medium from sample soils/weathered rocks of Ha Tien Mountain, Kien Giang, Vietnam. Their colonies were round or irregular, white to yellow and their shape was rod, motile. Seventeen of twenty-five bacterial strains were identified by PCR technique with specific primers fd1 and rP, they were capable of dissolving both phosphate and potassium and seven strains had high phosphate and potassium dissolution capacity (>10 mg l-1 P2O5 and >50 mg l-1 K2O) effectively. These seven strains were chosen to sequence, DNA sequencing were compared with GenBank database of NCBI by BLAST N software. The results showed that DNV16 strain was similarity of 99% with EU977655.1 (Microbacterium hominis), TC1D strain was a 99% similarity with FN547417.1 (Flectobacillus sp.), CH9E strain was a 99% similarity of 99% with GQ861463.1 (Agrobacterium tumefasciens), TC1A strain was similarity of 99% with HM003210.1 (Bacillus cereus) and FJ976533.1 (Bacillus coagulans), CH7A strain was 99% similarity with EU048539.1 (Bacillus cereus) and GQ214131.1 (Bacillus subtilis) and TD6B strain was a 99% similarity wih AB301013.1 (Bacillus subtilis) and CH7D strain was similarity of 98% with FJ976616.1 (Bacillus megaterium). Seven strains related with Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus coagulans closely in phylogenetic tree.
Twenty-five strains were isolated on Aleksandrov medium from sample soils/weathered rocks of Ha Tien Mountain, Kien Giang, Vietnam. Their colonies were round or irregular, white to yellow and their shape was rod, motile. Seventeen of twenty-five bacterial strains were identified by PCR technique with specific primers fd1 and rP, they were capable of dissolving both phosphate and potassium and seven strains had high phosphate and potassium dissolution capacity (>10 mg l-1 P2O5 and >50 mg l-1 K2O) effectively. These seven strains were chosen to sequence, DNA sequencing were compared with GenBank database of NCBI by BLAST N software. The results showed that DNV16 strain was similarity of 99% with EU977655.1 (Microbacterium hominis), TC1D strain was a 99% similarity with FN547417.1 (Flectobacillus sp.), CH9E strain was a 99% similarity of 99% with GQ861463.1 (Agrobacterium tumefasciens), TC1A strain was similarity of 99% with HM003210.1 (Bacillus cereus) and FJ976533.1 (Bacillus coagulans), CH7A strain was 99% similarity with EU048539.1 (Bacillus cereus) and GQ214131.1 (Bacillus subtilis) and TD6B strain was a 99% similarity wih AB301013.1 (Bacillus subtilis) and CH7D strain was similarity of 98% with FJ976616.1 (Bacillus megaterium). Seven strains related with Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus coagulans closely in phylogenetic tree.
Phosphate and Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria from Weathered Materials of denatured Rock Mountain, Ha Tien, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Cao Ngoc Diep
Than Ngoc Hieu
Phosphate and Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria from Weathered Materials of denatured Rock Mountain, Ha Tien, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.12
© Science Publishing Group
Assessment of Social, Economic and Medical Determinant of Safe Motherhood in Dhaka City: A Cross-Sectional Study
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.13
Maternal morbidity is high in developing country because of insufficient attention in pregnancy and lactating period. The objective of this study was to assess safe motherhood in Dhaka city of Bangladeshand to investigate the causes of maternal morbidity. A cross-sectional study with detailed questionnaire was used from January 2008 to December 2008 to collect primary data. A total of 410 respondents, including 245 pregnant women, 130 lactating and 45 delivery patients, were randomly selected from residential area and healthcare centers. Marital and conceptual age, living standards, safe drinking water, environmental hygiene, and sanitation, education, family income per month, money spent on food purpose per month food availability, food intake, vaccination and medicine intake, use of contraceptive, food taboos and misconception, infectious diseases, poor socio-economic condition, present of skilled birth attendant, nutritional education were used as important issue for the assessment of safe motherhood.The study showed that 4.4% of pregnant women did not have any concept about safe motherhood. 8.54% of pregnant women did not take any vaccination during pregnancy and7.68% did not regular medical checkup. It was found that 9.36% were severely anemic during pregnancy, 3.84% during lactation and 6.00% were in delivery cases.UTI, APH, vomiting and high BPwere found in most of the pregnant women in respect of other respondents.Strategies need to upgrade health care systems especially availability of emergency obstetric care is required. The results, therefore suggest that both socio-economic status, availability of medicine and health care facilities and role of husbands in safe motherhood are critical for saving lives of woman.
Maternal morbidity is high in developing country because of insufficient attention in pregnancy and lactating period. The objective of this study was to assess safe motherhood in Dhaka city of Bangladeshand to investigate the causes of maternal morbidity. A cross-sectional study with detailed questionnaire was used from January 2008 to December 2008 to collect primary data. A total of 410 respondents, including 245 pregnant women, 130 lactating and 45 delivery patients, were randomly selected from residential area and healthcare centers. Marital and conceptual age, living standards, safe drinking water, environmental hygiene, and sanitation, education, family income per month, money spent on food purpose per month food availability, food intake, vaccination and medicine intake, use of contraceptive, food taboos and misconception, infectious diseases, poor socio-economic condition, present of skilled birth attendant, nutritional education were used as important issue for the assessment of safe motherhood.The study showed that 4.4% of pregnant women did not have any concept about safe motherhood. 8.54% of pregnant women did not take any vaccination during pregnancy and7.68% did not regular medical checkup. It was found that 9.36% were severely anemic during pregnancy, 3.84% during lactation and 6.00% were in delivery cases.UTI, APH, vomiting and high BPwere found in most of the pregnant women in respect of other respondents.Strategies need to upgrade health care systems especially availability of emergency obstetric care is required. The results, therefore suggest that both socio-economic status, availability of medicine and health care facilities and role of husbands in safe motherhood are critical for saving lives of woman.
Assessment of Social, Economic and Medical Determinant of Safe Motherhood in Dhaka City: A Cross-Sectional Study
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Sharmin Ara
M. Mominul Islam
M. Kamruzzaman
Md. Toufiq Elahi
Sk. ShahinurRahman
Md. SabirHossain
Assessment of Social, Economic and Medical Determinant of Safe Motherhood in Dhaka City: A Cross-Sectional Study
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© Science Publishing Group
Combined Effect of Curcumin and Vitamin E against CCl4 Induced Liver Injury in Rats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.17
The present study was aimed to investigate the combined effect of curcumin[CMN] and vitamin E against CCl4 induced oxidative stress and liver toxicity in rats. The toxicant CCl4 was used to induce liver toxicity at a dose of 1ml/kg as 1: 1 (v/v) mixture with liquid parafiin twice weekly for 8 weeks and sylamarinwas used as a standard drug to compare hepatoprotective effects of CMN and vitamin E. The antifibrotic effects of CMN and vitamin E were assessed directly by hepatic histology and indirectly by measuring levels of the aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lipid profile (total cholesterol and triglycerides) in serum. Further, we investigated lipid peroxidation (TBARS), enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase) and non-enzymatic antioxidant glutathione (GSH) were estimated in the liver samples. Oral administration of CMN(100mg/kg daily for 8 weeks) and in combination with vitamin E (40mg/kg thrice weekly for 8 weeks) showed significant hepatoprotection by decreasing elevated serum markers and lipid profile. In addition significantly decreased the hepatic lipid peroxidation as well as recovered the activities of antioxidant enzymes and GSH levels in the liver. Histopathological studies confirmed the biochemical observations. This study reveals CMN in combination with vitamin E possesses strong antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity than CMN alone.
The present study was aimed to investigate the combined effect of curcumin[CMN] and vitamin E against CCl4 induced oxidative stress and liver toxicity in rats. The toxicant CCl4 was used to induce liver toxicity at a dose of 1ml/kg as 1: 1 (v/v) mixture with liquid parafiin twice weekly for 8 weeks and sylamarinwas used as a standard drug to compare hepatoprotective effects of CMN and vitamin E. The antifibrotic effects of CMN and vitamin E were assessed directly by hepatic histology and indirectly by measuring levels of the aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lipid profile (total cholesterol and triglycerides) in serum. Further, we investigated lipid peroxidation (TBARS), enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase) and non-enzymatic antioxidant glutathione (GSH) were estimated in the liver samples. Oral administration of CMN(100mg/kg daily for 8 weeks) and in combination with vitamin E (40mg/kg thrice weekly for 8 weeks) showed significant hepatoprotection by decreasing elevated serum markers and lipid profile. In addition significantly decreased the hepatic lipid peroxidation as well as recovered the activities of antioxidant enzymes and GSH levels in the liver. Histopathological studies confirmed the biochemical observations. This study reveals CMN in combination with vitamin E possesses strong antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity than CMN alone.
Combined Effect of Curcumin and Vitamin E against CCl4 Induced Liver Injury in Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.17
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Venkatanarayana Gangarapu
Sudhakara Gujjala
Rajeswaramma Korivi
Indira Pala
Combined Effect of Curcumin and Vitamin E against CCl4 Induced Liver Injury in Rats
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.17
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Plant Feed Ingredients (Soybean and Sunflower Meal) on the Growth and Body Composition of Labeo Rohita
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.18
A 90-day feeding try out was conducted to estimate the effect of test diet 1 (soybean meal), test diet 2 (sunflower meal) and reference diet on the growth and meat quality of Labeo rohita. Two replicates for each diet were followed. Fish fed on test diet 1 gained highest average body weight (5.75 ± 0.08g) followed by test diet 2 (4.72 ± 0.3g) and reference diet (2.88 ± 0.07g) and statistical differences among effects of three diets were highly significant. Similarly, average length obtained by rohu fingerlings was highest (5.2 ± 0.4 cm) on test diet 1 followed by test diet 2 (4.7 ± 0.45 cm) and reference diet (2.8 ± 0.05 cm) showing non-significant differences among diets. Dry matter, crude fat, ash and gross energy deposition was highest in experimental fish body raised on reference diet while ash content deposition was higher for test diet 1 compared to test diet 2 and gross energy retention for test diet 2 was better than test diet 1. These findings can be concluded as sunflower meal and soybean meal can be effectively used in the feed formulation of Labeo rohita replacing expensive fish meal.
A 90-day feeding try out was conducted to estimate the effect of test diet 1 (soybean meal), test diet 2 (sunflower meal) and reference diet on the growth and meat quality of Labeo rohita. Two replicates for each diet were followed. Fish fed on test diet 1 gained highest average body weight (5.75 ± 0.08g) followed by test diet 2 (4.72 ± 0.3g) and reference diet (2.88 ± 0.07g) and statistical differences among effects of three diets were highly significant. Similarly, average length obtained by rohu fingerlings was highest (5.2 ± 0.4 cm) on test diet 1 followed by test diet 2 (4.7 ± 0.45 cm) and reference diet (2.8 ± 0.05 cm) showing non-significant differences among diets. Dry matter, crude fat, ash and gross energy deposition was highest in experimental fish body raised on reference diet while ash content deposition was higher for test diet 1 compared to test diet 2 and gross energy retention for test diet 2 was better than test diet 1. These findings can be concluded as sunflower meal and soybean meal can be effectively used in the feed formulation of Labeo rohita replacing expensive fish meal.
Effect of Plant Feed Ingredients (Soybean and Sunflower Meal) on the Growth and Body Composition of Labeo Rohita
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.18
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Tooba Rehman
Farkhanda Asad
Noureen Aziz Qureshi
Shabnoor Iqbal
Effect of Plant Feed Ingredients (Soybean and Sunflower Meal) on the Growth and Body Composition of Labeo Rohita
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© Science Publishing Group
Angiospermic Flora of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.15
The present article focuses on an inventory of angiospermic flora of Rajshahi district. Using traditional techniques data have been collected from the study area during July 2010 to June 2012. In this preliminary assessment, a total of 425 angiosperm species under 321 genera and 108 families were recorded. Habit analysis shows that herbs, shrubs, climbers and trees are represented by 186, 74, 52 and 113 species, respectively. Out of the total number of species 281 were commom, 76 were very common, 57 were vulnerable and 11 were endangered species in the study area.
The present article focuses on an inventory of angiospermic flora of Rajshahi district. Using traditional techniques data have been collected from the study area during July 2010 to June 2012. In this preliminary assessment, a total of 425 angiosperm species under 321 genera and 108 families were recorded. Habit analysis shows that herbs, shrubs, climbers and trees are represented by 186, 74, 52 and 113 species, respectively. Out of the total number of species 281 were commom, 76 were very common, 57 were vulnerable and 11 were endangered species in the study area.
Angiospermic Flora of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
A. H. M. Mahbubu Rahman
Angiospermic Flora of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh
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© Science Publishing Group
Medico-Botany on Herbaceous Plants of Rajshahi, Banglabesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.20
Medico-botanical studies on herbaceous angiospermic plant species growing of Rajshahi was recorded during the period of January 2011 to June 2012. A total of 91 plant species under 80 genera belonging to 35 families were collected and recorded for their use in various ailments. For each species scientific name, local name, family, ailments to be treated, mode of treatment and part(s) used are provided. In majority cases, leaves of the medicinal plants were found leading in terms of their use followed by whole plant, stem, bark, latex, fruits, flowers, rhizome, seed, bulb, tuber, root and inflorescence. Data have been gathered on the traditional uses of plant species, especially for asthma, anthelmintic, astringent, burning sensation, constipation, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, diabetes, eczema, earache, fever, fracture, gonorrhea, headache, heart disease, itches, jaundice, kidney disease, leprosy, piles, scabies, snake-bite, sex problems, syphilis, ulcers, vertigo, wound, worm and others.
Medico-botanical studies on herbaceous angiospermic plant species growing of Rajshahi was recorded during the period of January 2011 to June 2012. A total of 91 plant species under 80 genera belonging to 35 families were collected and recorded for their use in various ailments. For each species scientific name, local name, family, ailments to be treated, mode of treatment and part(s) used are provided. In majority cases, leaves of the medicinal plants were found leading in terms of their use followed by whole plant, stem, bark, latex, fruits, flowers, rhizome, seed, bulb, tuber, root and inflorescence. Data have been gathered on the traditional uses of plant species, especially for asthma, anthelmintic, astringent, burning sensation, constipation, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, diabetes, eczema, earache, fever, fracture, gonorrhea, headache, heart disease, itches, jaundice, kidney disease, leprosy, piles, scabies, snake-bite, sex problems, syphilis, ulcers, vertigo, wound, worm and others.
Medico-Botany on Herbaceous Plants of Rajshahi, Banglabesh
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.20
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
A H M Mahbubur Rahman
Saika Kabir Nitu
Zannatul Ferdows
A K M Rafiul Islam
Medico-Botany on Herbaceous Plants of Rajshahi, Banglabesh
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© Science Publishing Group
Clinico Pathological and Immunohistochemical Study in Odontogenic Cysts and Ameloblastoma (Using Laminin-1)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.19
Odontogenic cysts, keratocystic odontogenic tumor and ameloblastoma are the most common forms of cystic lesions and tumors that affect the jaw bones region. Demographic profiles of these lesions have been reported in various age groups in several countries, however, few reports can be found among Egyptian population. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of odontogenic cysts, keratocystic odontogenic tumor and ameloblastoma in patients seeking treatment in Faculty of Dentistry of Alexandria and Pharos Universities, Alexandria, Egypt in the last four years (2009-2012).To study odontogenic cysts, keratocystic odontogenic tumor and ameloblastoma clinically and histopathologically as well as to detect the immunoexpression of laminin-1. A clinical and a retrospective survey were carried out. For immunostaining, sections were immunostained with anti-laminin-1 primary antibody (#RB-082-A) according to manufactures, instructions. Statistical analysis was carried out on the tabulated data using (SPSS 16.0) software. It was found that the incidence of odontogenic cysts, keratocystic odontogenic tumor and ameloblastoma in male is slightly more than that in female, and the mandible was the most frequent affected side. Keratocystic odontogenic tumors and unicystic ameloblastoma were considered the most prevalent odontogenic tumors with an increase in the incidence of ameloblastic carcinoma in the last four years. The benign nature of some odontogenic cysts and the aggressive behavior of others could be explained by the expression of laminin-1 that may indicate that it might be valuable markers for the prediction of the biologic behavior of cystic lesions.
Odontogenic cysts, keratocystic odontogenic tumor and ameloblastoma are the most common forms of cystic lesions and tumors that affect the jaw bones region. Demographic profiles of these lesions have been reported in various age groups in several countries, however, few reports can be found among Egyptian population. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of odontogenic cysts, keratocystic odontogenic tumor and ameloblastoma in patients seeking treatment in Faculty of Dentistry of Alexandria and Pharos Universities, Alexandria, Egypt in the last four years (2009-2012).To study odontogenic cysts, keratocystic odontogenic tumor and ameloblastoma clinically and histopathologically as well as to detect the immunoexpression of laminin-1. A clinical and a retrospective survey were carried out. For immunostaining, sections were immunostained with anti-laminin-1 primary antibody (#RB-082-A) according to manufactures, instructions. Statistical analysis was carried out on the tabulated data using (SPSS 16.0) software. It was found that the incidence of odontogenic cysts, keratocystic odontogenic tumor and ameloblastoma in male is slightly more than that in female, and the mandible was the most frequent affected side. Keratocystic odontogenic tumors and unicystic ameloblastoma were considered the most prevalent odontogenic tumors with an increase in the incidence of ameloblastic carcinoma in the last four years. The benign nature of some odontogenic cysts and the aggressive behavior of others could be explained by the expression of laminin-1 that may indicate that it might be valuable markers for the prediction of the biologic behavior of cystic lesions.
Clinico Pathological and Immunohistochemical Study in Odontogenic Cysts and Ameloblastoma (Using Laminin-1)
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.19
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Amani Nour El-Din Abd El-Latif
Sahar Mohamed Elsheikh
Hashem Mohamed Hassouna
Clinico Pathological and Immunohistochemical Study in Odontogenic Cysts and Ameloblastoma (Using Laminin-1)
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© Science Publishing Group
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus in Healthcare Workers - AIMS, B G Nagara
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130104.11
Healthcare workers have an elevated risk of acquiring and transmitting parental infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV among the health care workers. One hundred and sixty eight HCWs (doctors-6, nurses-38, technicians-10, ward attenders-91, nursing students-23) were screened for HBsAg. These HCWs were not vaccinated against hepatitis B virus infection. Among them, two (1.19%) were positive for HBsAg. The positive persons were ward attenders (1 male, 1 female) who handle hospital waste. Four hundred and five HCWs (doctors-88, nurses-155, technicians-30, ward attenders-107, nursing student-25) were screened for HCV antibodies. None of the HCWs were positive for HCV antibodies. Health education, prophylaxis by vaccination, universal precautions and proper hospital waste management play a major role in the prevention of HBV and HCV infection. This is the first study undertaken from this hospital on the prevalence of HBV and HCV infection among HCWs after of 27 years establishment of the hospital.
Healthcare workers have an elevated risk of acquiring and transmitting parental infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV among the health care workers. One hundred and sixty eight HCWs (doctors-6, nurses-38, technicians-10, ward attenders-91, nursing students-23) were screened for HBsAg. These HCWs were not vaccinated against hepatitis B virus infection. Among them, two (1.19%) were positive for HBsAg. The positive persons were ward attenders (1 male, 1 female) who handle hospital waste. Four hundred and five HCWs (doctors-88, nurses-155, technicians-30, ward attenders-107, nursing student-25) were screened for HCV antibodies. None of the HCWs were positive for HCV antibodies. Health education, prophylaxis by vaccination, universal precautions and proper hospital waste management play a major role in the prevention of HBV and HCV infection. This is the first study undertaken from this hospital on the prevalence of HBV and HCV infection among HCWs after of 27 years establishment of the hospital.
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus in Healthcare Workers - AIMS, B G Nagara
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130104.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Vijaya Doddaiah
Katta Janakiram
Sathish Javagal
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus in Healthcare Workers - AIMS, B G Nagara
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© Science Publishing Group
Curcumin Inhibits Compound 48/80 Induced Systemic Anaphylaxis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130104.14
Curcumin, the active component of turmeric, is a polyphenolic phytochemical with anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-allergic properties. Mast cells participate in allergic inflammation by virtue of their ability of being activated to allergens and lead to the release of number of biologically active mediators including histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, various cytokines etc. In this report, we have investigated effects of curcumin on non-immunological stimulations like Compound 48/80 induced systemic anaphylaxis. In vitro experiments have confirmed non-toxicity of curcumin (50µM) as assessed by MTT test but 100µM dose was found toxic. Curcumin (50µM) inhibited Compound 48/80 induced mouse peritoneal mast cell (MPMC) degranulation and histamine release in dose-dependent manner. Therefore, it is worth to study effect of curcumin on non-immunological stimulations as most often it occurs without IgE involvement. Whether it has mast cell membrane stabilizing activity or some other signaling mechanisms are involved underlying its potential could be explored further.
Curcumin, the active component of turmeric, is a polyphenolic phytochemical with anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-allergic properties. Mast cells participate in allergic inflammation by virtue of their ability of being activated to allergens and lead to the release of number of biologically active mediators including histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, various cytokines etc. In this report, we have investigated effects of curcumin on non-immunological stimulations like Compound 48/80 induced systemic anaphylaxis. In vitro experiments have confirmed non-toxicity of curcumin (50µM) as assessed by MTT test but 100µM dose was found toxic. Curcumin (50µM) inhibited Compound 48/80 induced mouse peritoneal mast cell (MPMC) degranulation and histamine release in dose-dependent manner. Therefore, it is worth to study effect of curcumin on non-immunological stimulations as most often it occurs without IgE involvement. Whether it has mast cell membrane stabilizing activity or some other signaling mechanisms are involved underlying its potential could be explored further.
Curcumin Inhibits Compound 48/80 Induced Systemic Anaphylaxis
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130104.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Subhashini
Preeti Singh Chauhan
Sharda Kumari
Debabrata Dash
Rashmi Singh
Curcumin Inhibits Compound 48/80 Induced Systemic Anaphylaxis
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© Science Publishing Group
Dermatitis Paederus: About 06 Cases Occurred in Bunia, Democratic Republic of Congo
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130104.15
The dermatitis Paederus is a dermatitis contact caused by caustic and vesicant activity of pederin. It occurs after skin contact with beetles Paederus kind belonging to the family Staphylinidae. The geographical distribution of these insects is global. Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical evidence and the epidemiological context. We report below six cases of pederose to Paederus occurred among the Moroccan Level II hospital staff in Bunia deployed in the framework UN peacekeeping operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo(MONUSCO).
The dermatitis Paederus is a dermatitis contact caused by caustic and vesicant activity of pederin. It occurs after skin contact with beetles Paederus kind belonging to the family Staphylinidae. The geographical distribution of these insects is global. Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical evidence and the epidemiological context. We report below six cases of pederose to Paederus occurred among the Moroccan Level II hospital staff in Bunia deployed in the framework UN peacekeeping operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo(MONUSCO).
Dermatitis Paederus: About 06 Cases Occurred in Bunia, Democratic Republic of Congo
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130104.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Redouane Roukhsi
Monsef Elabdi
Taher Nebhani
Abdelilah Mouhcine
Elmehdi Atmane
M’barek Mahfoudi
Abdelghani El Fikri
Dermatitis Paederus: About 06 Cases Occurred in Bunia, Democratic Republic of Congo
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© Science Publishing Group
A Study on Relapse Prevention in Cases of Alcohol Dependence Syndrome
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130104.17
Background- There have been few studies on relapse preventive strategies on people with alcohol dependence syndromes. There have been various factors for causes of relapse even after undergoing detoxification and other therapeutic measures. The use of anticraving medications and psychotherapy have been the common modalities used in the management of people dependent on alcohol.. Methods- 100 cases diagnosed with alcohol dependence syndrome were placed into two separate groups of fifty each. One group was placed on anticraving medication, Tab Acamprosate, and the other group was maintained on psychotherapy sessions. They were followed up at 0, 6 and 12 month period. Scales were used to screen alcohol dependence (ADS, Brief MAST) and a scale specifically designed for the Indian people were used to assess stressful life events (AFMC Life Events Scale). Results- Relapse rates were ascertained at the given time of follow up. Analysis revealed that a total of 09 cases relapsed in this one year period. The relapse rates were higher in the first six months after therapy than in the later follow up period. 06 cases that relapsed were from psychotherapy group and the remaining 03cases were from the group receiving anticraving medications. But the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. Various stressful events were highlighted using Marlatt’s taxonomy for causes of relapse. Conclusions- Relapse rate was commoner in the initial months after undergoing detoxification therapy. Anticraving medication was in no way superior to a structured psychotherapy sessions in relapse prevention.
Background- There have been few studies on relapse preventive strategies on people with alcohol dependence syndromes. There have been various factors for causes of relapse even after undergoing detoxification and other therapeutic measures. The use of anticraving medications and psychotherapy have been the common modalities used in the management of people dependent on alcohol.. Methods- 100 cases diagnosed with alcohol dependence syndrome were placed into two separate groups of fifty each. One group was placed on anticraving medication, Tab Acamprosate, and the other group was maintained on psychotherapy sessions. They were followed up at 0, 6 and 12 month period. Scales were used to screen alcohol dependence (ADS, Brief MAST) and a scale specifically designed for the Indian people were used to assess stressful life events (AFMC Life Events Scale). Results- Relapse rates were ascertained at the given time of follow up. Analysis revealed that a total of 09 cases relapsed in this one year period. The relapse rates were higher in the first six months after therapy than in the later follow up period. 06 cases that relapsed were from psychotherapy group and the remaining 03cases were from the group receiving anticraving medications. But the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. Various stressful events were highlighted using Marlatt’s taxonomy for causes of relapse. Conclusions- Relapse rate was commoner in the initial months after undergoing detoxification therapy. Anticraving medication was in no way superior to a structured psychotherapy sessions in relapse prevention.
A Study on Relapse Prevention in Cases of Alcohol Dependence Syndrome
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130104.17
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Amitabh Saha
A Study on Relapse Prevention in Cases of Alcohol Dependence Syndrome
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10.11648/j.ajls.20130104.17
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© Science Publishing Group
Optimization, Niche and Neutral Mechanisms in the Formation of Biodiversity
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130104.16
Today the main scientific belief on the mechanisms for the formation of community structure is the concept of ecological niches and the “neutral theory”. We consider processes of diversity optimization at the levels of populations and ecological communities as an additional type of the mechanisms. Basing on the principle of optimal diversity a scheme for cooperative effect of different mechanisms of formation of the communities species structure is proposed: 1 ‒ number of species and their niches width is primarily determined by the processes of diversity optimization, according with an available resources levels and the degree of environmental stability; 2 – these parameters are modified by other mechanisms during the formation of the species composition, depending on the ratio of the environmental “richness” and stability: ‒ neutral mechanisms work primarily in very “rich” or very stable environments;‒ niche mechanisms work primarily in the environments with medium values of the “richness” and stability, rather when the number of niches with optimal width, which divide the available range of the resource parameter and the number of species that may exist on the available quantity of the resource, are approximately equal;‒ “abiotic filters” work primarily in poor, severe, or extremely unstable environments.
Today the main scientific belief on the mechanisms for the formation of community structure is the concept of ecological niches and the “neutral theory”. We consider processes of diversity optimization at the levels of populations and ecological communities as an additional type of the mechanisms. Basing on the principle of optimal diversity a scheme for cooperative effect of different mechanisms of formation of the communities species structure is proposed: 1 ‒ number of species and their niches width is primarily determined by the processes of diversity optimization, according with an available resources levels and the degree of environmental stability; 2 – these parameters are modified by other mechanisms during the formation of the species composition, depending on the ratio of the environmental “richness” and stability: ‒ neutral mechanisms work primarily in very “rich” or very stable environments;‒ niche mechanisms work primarily in the environments with medium values of the “richness” and stability, rather when the number of niches with optimal width, which divide the available range of the resource parameter and the number of species that may exist on the available quantity of the resource, are approximately equal;‒ “abiotic filters” work primarily in poor, severe, or extremely unstable environments.
Optimization, Niche and Neutral Mechanisms in the Formation of Biodiversity
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130104.16
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Bukvareva Elena
Aleshchenko Gleb
Optimization, Niche and Neutral Mechanisms in the Formation of Biodiversity
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© Science Publishing Group
Systematic Studies on Asteraceae in the Northern Region of Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130104.13
Systematic investigation on the family Asteraceae (Compositae) growing throughout in the northern region of Bangladesh was carried out. A total of 36 species under 29 genera of the family Asteraceae were collected and identified. A complete taxonomic account of each species has been given along with their current name, local name, brief description, phenology, basic chromosome number, anatomy and voucher number. Among the recorded species, both anomocytic and anisocytic stomata were found in 21 species; anomocytic stomata in 10 species; anisocytic stomata in 3 species; anomocytic and paracytic stomata were found in 1 species; anomocytic, anisocytic and paracytic stomata were found in 1 species. Out of the 36 species, stomata were found to be present both on the upper and lower surface in 33 species and only on lower surface in 3 species. Three types of trichomes, i.e. non-glandular multicellular, non-glandular unicellular and glandular multicellular trichomes were recorded. Non-glandular multicellular trichome was found in 25 species, non-glandular unicellular in 1 species and glandular multicellular trichome was found in 1 species. Trichomes were absent in rest of the species. Finally, a new system of classification of the family Asteraceae has been proposed on the basis of morphological, anatomical, cytological and floral characters.
Systematic investigation on the family Asteraceae (Compositae) growing throughout in the northern region of Bangladesh was carried out. A total of 36 species under 29 genera of the family Asteraceae were collected and identified. A complete taxonomic account of each species has been given along with their current name, local name, brief description, phenology, basic chromosome number, anatomy and voucher number. Among the recorded species, both anomocytic and anisocytic stomata were found in 21 species; anomocytic stomata in 10 species; anisocytic stomata in 3 species; anomocytic and paracytic stomata were found in 1 species; anomocytic, anisocytic and paracytic stomata were found in 1 species. Out of the 36 species, stomata were found to be present both on the upper and lower surface in 33 species and only on lower surface in 3 species. Three types of trichomes, i.e. non-glandular multicellular, non-glandular unicellular and glandular multicellular trichomes were recorded. Non-glandular multicellular trichome was found in 25 species, non-glandular unicellular in 1 species and glandular multicellular trichome was found in 1 species. Trichomes were absent in rest of the species. Finally, a new system of classification of the family Asteraceae has been proposed on the basis of morphological, anatomical, cytological and floral characters.
Systematic Studies on Asteraceae in the Northern Region of Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130104.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
A. H. M. Mahbubur Rahman
Systematic Studies on Asteraceae in the Northern Region of Bangladesh
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10.11648/j.ajls.20130104.13
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© Science Publishing Group
Effects of Container Types and Soil Organic Matter Proportions on the Culture of a Tropical Earthworm (Libyodrilus violaceus Beddard, 1891)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130104.12
Earthworms are becoming increasingly useful in solving human and environmental problems. In addition to biomonitoring and soil fertility renewing roles, they are now used as livestock feed, therapeutic agents and soil contaminants remover. It is therefore imperative to encourage more earthworm culture research. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which container types and soil amendments affect the breeding of Libyodrilus violaceus Beddard, 1891 in the laboratory. The earthworm species was cultured in loamy sandy soil amended with different proportions of cow dung inside earthenware, plastic and wooden pots for a period of twelve weeks in the laboratory. The data generated were subjected to multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) using the general linear model (GLM) multivariate tests. These tests indicated that both pot and soil types had significant influence on L. violaceus culture. The effects of pot type was more significant (Lambda = 0.114, p < 0.001) compared to soil type (Lambda = 0.302, p < 0.001). Follow-up univariate analysis of variance indicated that pot type had more significant influence on final earthworm number (F = 68.74, p < 0.001) than the final weight (F = 7.14, p < 0.005). While soil type had a strong significant influence on the final number of earthworms (F = 12.24, p < 0.001), its influence on the final weight was not significant (F = 2.20, p > 0.05). Wooden pot had the highest mean final earthworm number (76.50 ± 20.27), followed by earthenware pot (61.75 ± 16.43). Loamy soil amended with 25% cow dung had the highest mean final earthworm number in the three types of pot, 82.67 ± 11.93, 32.00 ± 7.00, and 94.00 ± 11.53 for earthenware, plastic and wooden pots respectively. These findings imply that if L. violaceus must be cultured ex situ, wooden pot should be preferred above earthenware and plastic, while loamy soil amended with 25% cow dung should be preferred over other soil amendments.
Earthworms are becoming increasingly useful in solving human and environmental problems. In addition to biomonitoring and soil fertility renewing roles, they are now used as livestock feed, therapeutic agents and soil contaminants remover. It is therefore imperative to encourage more earthworm culture research. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which container types and soil amendments affect the breeding of Libyodrilus violaceus Beddard, 1891 in the laboratory. The earthworm species was cultured in loamy sandy soil amended with different proportions of cow dung inside earthenware, plastic and wooden pots for a period of twelve weeks in the laboratory. The data generated were subjected to multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) using the general linear model (GLM) multivariate tests. These tests indicated that both pot and soil types had significant influence on L. violaceus culture. The effects of pot type was more significant (Lambda = 0.114, p < 0.001) compared to soil type (Lambda = 0.302, p < 0.001). Follow-up univariate analysis of variance indicated that pot type had more significant influence on final earthworm number (F = 68.74, p < 0.001) than the final weight (F = 7.14, p < 0.005). While soil type had a strong significant influence on the final number of earthworms (F = 12.24, p < 0.001), its influence on the final weight was not significant (F = 2.20, p > 0.05). Wooden pot had the highest mean final earthworm number (76.50 ± 20.27), followed by earthenware pot (61.75 ± 16.43). Loamy soil amended with 25% cow dung had the highest mean final earthworm number in the three types of pot, 82.67 ± 11.93, 32.00 ± 7.00, and 94.00 ± 11.53 for earthenware, plastic and wooden pots respectively. These findings imply that if L. violaceus must be cultured ex situ, wooden pot should be preferred above earthenware and plastic, while loamy soil amended with 25% cow dung should be preferred over other soil amendments.
Effects of Container Types and Soil Organic Matter Proportions on the Culture of a Tropical Earthworm (Libyodrilus violaceus Beddard, 1891)
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130104.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
E. O. Dada
K. L. Njoku
A. A. Osuntoki
M. O. Akinola
Effects of Container Types and Soil Organic Matter Proportions on the Culture of a Tropical Earthworm (Libyodrilus violaceus Beddard, 1891)
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© Science Publishing Group
Reproductive Aspects of Yellow Fish Girardinichthys Multiradiatus (Meek, 1904) (Pisces: Goodeidae) in the Huapango Reservoir, State of Mexico, Mexico
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130105.11
The sexual maturity, age at first maturation and fecundity in females of the yellow fish Girardinichthys multiradiatus were analyzed in the Huapango reservoir located in the State of Mexico, Mexico. From July 2007 to May 2008 bimonthly samplings were carried out and, using a bait well net, 407 individuals were collected (245 females and 162 males). Overall, the sex ratio between females/males was 1.51:1 (P <0.05). The age of first maturation in the females was 33 mm of standard length. The spawning period occurred in July and accounted for the highest values in the gonadosomatic index. For the fertility model only fertilized eggs and embryos were considered, and those were adjusted to the potential model F=1E-08L5.6144 (P <0.05). This study contributes to the understanding of the reproductive biology of the yellow fish, which takes place in the reservoirs of the State of Mexico.
The sexual maturity, age at first maturation and fecundity in females of the yellow fish Girardinichthys multiradiatus were analyzed in the Huapango reservoir located in the State of Mexico, Mexico. From July 2007 to May 2008 bimonthly samplings were carried out and, using a bait well net, 407 individuals were collected (245 females and 162 males). Overall, the sex ratio between females/males was 1.51:1 (P <0.05). The age of first maturation in the females was 33 mm of standard length. The spawning period occurred in July and accounted for the highest values in the gonadosomatic index. For the fertility model only fertilized eggs and embryos were considered, and those were adjusted to the potential model F=1E-08L5.6144 (P <0.05). This study contributes to the understanding of the reproductive biology of the yellow fish, which takes place in the reservoirs of the State of Mexico.
Reproductive Aspects of Yellow Fish Girardinichthys Multiradiatus (Meek, 1904) (Pisces: Goodeidae) in the Huapango Reservoir, State of Mexico, Mexico
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130105.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Cruz-Gómez Adolfo
Rodríguez-Varela Asela del Carmen
Vázquez-López Horacio
Reproductive Aspects of Yellow Fish Girardinichthys Multiradiatus (Meek, 1904) (Pisces: Goodeidae) in the Huapango Reservoir, State of Mexico, Mexico
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© Science Publishing Group
Human Red Blood Cells-1
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130105.12
Biochemists and cell biologists, who are interested in membranes, tend to regard the human red blood cell ambivalently. On one hand, red blood cells lack nuclei and the various intracellular organelles, yet that are highly specialized for a particular respiratory function. On the other hand, the human red blood cell presents an excellent model for membrane transport function.
Biochemists and cell biologists, who are interested in membranes, tend to regard the human red blood cell ambivalently. On one hand, red blood cells lack nuclei and the various intracellular organelles, yet that are highly specialized for a particular respiratory function. On the other hand, the human red blood cell presents an excellent model for membrane transport function.
Human Red Blood Cells-1
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130105.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Omar S. Hajjawi
Human Red Blood Cells-1
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© Science Publishing Group
Human Red Blood Cells-2
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130105.13
Biochemists and cell biologists, who are interested in membranes, tend to regard the human red blood cell ambivalently. On one hand, red blood cells lack nuclei and the various intracellular organelles, yet that are highly specialized for a particular respiratory function. On the other hand, the human red blood cell presents an excellent model for membrane transport function.
Biochemists and cell biologists, who are interested in membranes, tend to regard the human red blood cell ambivalently. On one hand, red blood cells lack nuclei and the various intracellular organelles, yet that are highly specialized for a particular respiratory function. On the other hand, the human red blood cell presents an excellent model for membrane transport function.
Human Red Blood Cells-2
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130105.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Omar S. Hajjawi
Human Red Blood Cells-2
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10.11648/j.ajls.20130105.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130105.13
© Science Publishing Group
Hosts of the Parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of Medical-Veterinary and Economic Importance Collected in the State of Goiás, Brazil
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130105.14
Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a solitary parasitoid containing a great number of Diptera in the families Anthomyiidae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Tachinidae and Tephritidae. This species presents a diversified distribution and it has been found in North America, Canada and Africa The study determined the species of hosts of the parasitoid P. vindemmiae in cattle dung, human feces, manure kidneys, cattle liver, pig carcass, fish and fruit. The pupae were obtained by the flotation method. They were individually placed in gelatin capsules until the emergence of adult flies or their parasitoids. The overall percentage of parasitism was 6.8%. Through this study, knowledge of the bioecology and geographical distribution of parasitoids of dipterous in Brazil.
Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a solitary parasitoid containing a great number of Diptera in the families Anthomyiidae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Tachinidae and Tephritidae. This species presents a diversified distribution and it has been found in North America, Canada and Africa The study determined the species of hosts of the parasitoid P. vindemmiae in cattle dung, human feces, manure kidneys, cattle liver, pig carcass, fish and fruit. The pupae were obtained by the flotation method. They were individually placed in gelatin capsules until the emergence of adult flies or their parasitoids. The overall percentage of parasitism was 6.8%. Through this study, knowledge of the bioecology and geographical distribution of parasitoids of dipterous in Brazil.
Hosts of the Parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of Medical-Veterinary and Economic Importance Collected in the State of Goiás, Brazil
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130105.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Carlos Henrique Marchiori
Lígia Miranda Ferreira Borges
Lorena Lopes Ferreira
Hosts of the Parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of Medical-Veterinary and Economic Importance Collected in the State of Goiás, Brazil
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© Science Publishing Group
Morphology of the Zoeae Larvae of Brachyura (Crustacea, Decapoda) in Veracruz, Southwestern Gulf of Mexico
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130105.16
Larval zoeae of Brachyura were collected from five coastal systems located in the State of Veracruz, southwestern Gulf of Mexico. Some morphological differences among the zoeae families have been determined. Morphological analysis consisted of the following determinations: presence of rostral spines, dorsal and lateral, on the carapace; number of setae of the exopod, endopod, and protopod of the antenna; number of processes; shape and size of the somites of the abdomen; and the presence and number of spines on the furcae and inner margin of thetelson. A total of 92839 zoeae of Brachyura were obtained, and 14 families were identified: Aethridae, Calappidae, Portunidae, Menippidae, Panopeidae, Gecarcinidae, Grapsidae, Sesarmidae, Varunidae, Inachidae, Epialtidae, Pinnotheridae, Ocypodidae, and Ucididae. Morphological differences between these families include: Epialtidae and Inachidae lack lateral spines; Pinnotheridae lacks spines on one side of the carapace,and there may be a wing shape on the fifth abdominal somite; the exopod of the antenna is short in Grapsidae and well-developed in Ucididae; the fourth abdominal somite is significantly expanded in Ocypodidae; the family Gecarcinidae lacks spines on the furcae; Portunidae, Calappidae, and Aethridae have two or three spines on the furcae, but differ in the size of the exopod of the antenna relative to the size of the rostrum; and Sesarmidae and Varunidae differ in the lateral spines on the carapace. A key for identification of the zoeae to the family level is presented.This is the first key for Brachyura zoeae from the southwestern Gulf of Mexico.
Larval zoeae of Brachyura were collected from five coastal systems located in the State of Veracruz, southwestern Gulf of Mexico. Some morphological differences among the zoeae families have been determined. Morphological analysis consisted of the following determinations: presence of rostral spines, dorsal and lateral, on the carapace; number of setae of the exopod, endopod, and protopod of the antenna; number of processes; shape and size of the somites of the abdomen; and the presence and number of spines on the furcae and inner margin of thetelson. A total of 92839 zoeae of Brachyura were obtained, and 14 families were identified: Aethridae, Calappidae, Portunidae, Menippidae, Panopeidae, Gecarcinidae, Grapsidae, Sesarmidae, Varunidae, Inachidae, Epialtidae, Pinnotheridae, Ocypodidae, and Ucididae. Morphological differences between these families include: Epialtidae and Inachidae lack lateral spines; Pinnotheridae lacks spines on one side of the carapace,and there may be a wing shape on the fifth abdominal somite; the exopod of the antenna is short in Grapsidae and well-developed in Ucididae; the fourth abdominal somite is significantly expanded in Ocypodidae; the family Gecarcinidae lacks spines on the furcae; Portunidae, Calappidae, and Aethridae have two or three spines on the furcae, but differ in the size of the exopod of the antenna relative to the size of the rostrum; and Sesarmidae and Varunidae differ in the lateral spines on the carapace. A key for identification of the zoeae to the family level is presented.This is the first key for Brachyura zoeae from the southwestern Gulf of Mexico.
Morphology of the Zoeae Larvae of Brachyura (Crustacea, Decapoda) in Veracruz, Southwestern Gulf of Mexico
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130105.16
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Sergio Cházaro-Olvera
Ignacio Winfield Aguilar
Manuel Ortiz Touzet
Horacio Vázquez-López
Guillermo Javier Horta-Puga
Morphology of the Zoeae Larvae of Brachyura (Crustacea, Decapoda) in Veracruz, Southwestern Gulf of Mexico
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© Science Publishing Group
Epidemiological Approach to Overweight in the Town of Ain Fakroun in 2012 (East Of Algeria)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130105.15
Objective: The ultimate objective of this study is to help discern the epidemiological and clinical profile and factors associated with the risk of overweight and obesity, through a representative sample of a population, overweight, from a urban agglomeration located in east of Algeria. Methods: The present descriptive epidemiological study, realized on a representative sample of the adult population, of both sexes, aged 18 to 75 years, the city of Ain Fakroun, Thus, of the 64 districts of the municipality of Ain Fakroun, 12 urban districts are drawn. In each household 1-4 between 18 and 75 people were randomly. In total 273 households corresponding to a set of 1091 people surveyed. For recruiting, the anthropometric measurements are made, arterial pressions, blood samples are taken, anticoagulants in heparinized tubes, on fasting subjects, intended for a lipid profile and blood glucose. In addition, data collections were carried out through an interview. Results: The data results are shown that; more than 1/3 of the population is excess weight (BMI > 25 kg/m²). The prevalence increased significantly (p = 0.0014) among young adults and then gradually decreases with age and fall markedly among seniors over 60 years. The frequency of overweight patients is 36.41%; it is relatively identical in both sexes. However, the proportion of obese is predominant (60.98%) with obesity class I predominant in both sexes while severe obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m²) is more common in women. The result on the association between BMI and vascular risk factors reinforce conventional notions. Conclusion: The descriptive point of view at men as well at women, the overweight seems due to social, biological and environmental factors.
Objective: The ultimate objective of this study is to help discern the epidemiological and clinical profile and factors associated with the risk of overweight and obesity, through a representative sample of a population, overweight, from a urban agglomeration located in east of Algeria. Methods: The present descriptive epidemiological study, realized on a representative sample of the adult population, of both sexes, aged 18 to 75 years, the city of Ain Fakroun, Thus, of the 64 districts of the municipality of Ain Fakroun, 12 urban districts are drawn. In each household 1-4 between 18 and 75 people were randomly. In total 273 households corresponding to a set of 1091 people surveyed. For recruiting, the anthropometric measurements are made, arterial pressions, blood samples are taken, anticoagulants in heparinized tubes, on fasting subjects, intended for a lipid profile and blood glucose. In addition, data collections were carried out through an interview. Results: The data results are shown that; more than 1/3 of the population is excess weight (BMI > 25 kg/m²). The prevalence increased significantly (p = 0.0014) among young adults and then gradually decreases with age and fall markedly among seniors over 60 years. The frequency of overweight patients is 36.41%; it is relatively identical in both sexes. However, the proportion of obese is predominant (60.98%) with obesity class I predominant in both sexes while severe obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m²) is more common in women. The result on the association between BMI and vascular risk factors reinforce conventional notions. Conclusion: The descriptive point of view at men as well at women, the overweight seems due to social, biological and environmental factors.
Epidemiological Approach to Overweight in the Town of Ain Fakroun in 2012 (East Of Algeria)
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130105.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Karouche Saida
Rouabah Abdelkader
Rouabah Leila
Necib Youcef
Lemdaoui Mohamed Chrif
Boussouf Nadir
Zoughailech Djamel
Epidemiological Approach to Overweight in the Town of Ain Fakroun in 2012 (East Of Algeria)
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© Science Publishing Group
Morphology of Megalopae from Diogenidae Family (Decapoda, Anomura) in Veracruz, South-Western Gulf of Mexico: Identification Keys to Genus and Species
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.14
The morphology of Diogenidae megalopa collected in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico was analyzed; the characters considered were: number of segments from the flagellum of the antenna, size and shape of the carapace, number of setae of the scaphognathite of the maxilla, abdomen size, size and number of setae of the endopod and exopod of uropods and number of setae in the posterior margin of telson. A total of 4023 megalopae were obtained and eight species were identified: Calcinus tibicen, Clibanarius antillensis, C. vittatus, C. cubensis, Dardanus insignis, Paguristes sericeus, P. spinipes and Petrochirus diogenes. The species of genus Clibanarius are distinguished by the suboval shape of the telson and have less than nine setae in their posterior margin. The difference between Clibanarius species is given by the number of setae on the scaphognathite of the maxilla and the number of segments in the flagellum of the antenna. The scaphognathite of D. insignis and P. diogenes have more than 70 setae; the difference between these two species is the number of setae on exopods of the uropods. The megalopa of P. sericeus presented six segments on the antenna, P. spinipes and C. tibicen have 10 segments, the difference between these two species is that P. spinipes has 26 setae in the scaphognathite and C. tibicen has 65. With a morphological analysis it was possible to structure a key for genus and species identification. These keys are the first contribution for the identification of Diogenidae megalopae in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico.
The morphology of Diogenidae megalopa collected in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico was analyzed; the characters considered were: number of segments from the flagellum of the antenna, size and shape of the carapace, number of setae of the scaphognathite of the maxilla, abdomen size, size and number of setae of the endopod and exopod of uropods and number of setae in the posterior margin of telson. A total of 4023 megalopae were obtained and eight species were identified: Calcinus tibicen, Clibanarius antillensis, C. vittatus, C. cubensis, Dardanus insignis, Paguristes sericeus, P. spinipes and Petrochirus diogenes. The species of genus Clibanarius are distinguished by the suboval shape of the telson and have less than nine setae in their posterior margin. The difference between Clibanarius species is given by the number of setae on the scaphognathite of the maxilla and the number of segments in the flagellum of the antenna. The scaphognathite of D. insignis and P. diogenes have more than 70 setae; the difference between these two species is the number of setae on exopods of the uropods. The megalopa of P. sericeus presented six segments on the antenna, P. spinipes and C. tibicen have 10 segments, the difference between these two species is that P. spinipes has 26 setae in the scaphognathite and C. tibicen has 65. With a morphological analysis it was possible to structure a key for genus and species identification. These keys are the first contribution for the identification of Diogenidae megalopae in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico.
Morphology of Megalopae from Diogenidae Family (Decapoda, Anomura) in Veracruz, South-Western Gulf of Mexico: Identification Keys to Genus and Species
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Sergio Cházaro-Olvera
Ignacio Winfield Aguilar
Manuel Ortiz Touzet
Eduardo Cházaro-Martínez
Horacio Vázquez-López
Guillermo Javier Horta-Puga
Morphology of Megalopae from Diogenidae Family (Decapoda, Anomura) in Veracruz, South-Western Gulf of Mexico: Identification Keys to Genus and Species
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© Science Publishing Group
Alleviation of Salinity Stress in White Corn (Zea mays L.) Plant by Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.12
This experiment was conducted to study the effect of exogenous application of Salicylic Acid ( 200 ppm) to alleviate the damage in Zea mays L. plants under different NaCl doses (20, 40, 60 and 100 mMol). Shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry weights, leaf area, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll stability index were measured. The antioxidant enzymes (lipid peroxidase and glutathione) activities were estimated. NaCl significantly (P > 0.05) reduced all measured growth parameters, photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant oxidative enzyme contents. Exogenous application of SA alleviated the inhibitory effects of NaCl on Zea Mays plants. SA enhanced plant salt tolerance in terms of improving the measured plant growth criteria. Moreover, the antioxidant enzyme contents were enhanced in response to NaCl and/or SA treatment providing s synergistic interaction. The toxic effects generated by the lower concentration of NaCl (20mM) were completely overcome by the application of SA .SA ameliorated the stress generated by NaCl through the antioxidant system and the stability of the photosynthetic process.
This experiment was conducted to study the effect of exogenous application of Salicylic Acid ( 200 ppm) to alleviate the damage in Zea mays L. plants under different NaCl doses (20, 40, 60 and 100 mMol). Shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry weights, leaf area, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll stability index were measured. The antioxidant enzymes (lipid peroxidase and glutathione) activities were estimated. NaCl significantly (P > 0.05) reduced all measured growth parameters, photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant oxidative enzyme contents. Exogenous application of SA alleviated the inhibitory effects of NaCl on Zea Mays plants. SA enhanced plant salt tolerance in terms of improving the measured plant growth criteria. Moreover, the antioxidant enzyme contents were enhanced in response to NaCl and/or SA treatment providing s synergistic interaction. The toxic effects generated by the lower concentration of NaCl (20mM) were completely overcome by the application of SA .SA ameliorated the stress generated by NaCl through the antioxidant system and the stability of the photosynthetic process.
Alleviation of Salinity Stress in White Corn (Zea mays L.) Plant by Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mona A. Ismail
Alleviation of Salinity Stress in White Corn (Zea mays L.) Plant by Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid
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© Science Publishing Group
Use of Multiplex PCR Assay for Detection of Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli in Street Vended Food Items
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.15
Pathogenic forms of Escherichia coli are commonly known to cause a variety of diarrheal diseases in hosts. Present study was designed to identify such pathogenic E. coli isolates from 7 different groups of street vended foods including cream, egg, non fried dry food and fried dry food, salad, cooked and non cooked items. Among 400 samples studied, almost all were found to be contaminated with an array of bacteria ranging between 3.24×102 -6.5×109 cfu/g. Results of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay revealed that out of 130 isolates of E. coli screened from all categories of food items, 52 (13%) were found to be enterotoxigenic E. coli, 32 (8%) were the Shiga toxin producing E. coli isolates, 14 (3.5%) were enteropathogenic and 6 (1.5%) were found to be enteroinvasive isolates. Results of plasmid profiling of the isolates was further in agreement to the presence of different pathogenic E. coli strains.
Pathogenic forms of Escherichia coli are commonly known to cause a variety of diarrheal diseases in hosts. Present study was designed to identify such pathogenic E. coli isolates from 7 different groups of street vended foods including cream, egg, non fried dry food and fried dry food, salad, cooked and non cooked items. Among 400 samples studied, almost all were found to be contaminated with an array of bacteria ranging between 3.24×102 -6.5×109 cfu/g. Results of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay revealed that out of 130 isolates of E. coli screened from all categories of food items, 52 (13%) were found to be enterotoxigenic E. coli, 32 (8%) were the Shiga toxin producing E. coli isolates, 14 (3.5%) were enteropathogenic and 6 (1.5%) were found to be enteroinvasive isolates. Results of plasmid profiling of the isolates was further in agreement to the presence of different pathogenic E. coli strains.
Use of Multiplex PCR Assay for Detection of Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli in Street Vended Food Items
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Nishat Sarker
Sharmin Islam
Mehedi Hasan
Farzana Kabir
Md. Aftab Uddin
Rashed Noor
Use of Multiplex PCR Assay for Detection of Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli in Street Vended Food Items
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.15
© Science Publishing Group
A Study on Nutritional Status of the Adolescent Girls at Khagrachhari District in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.17
This study deals with the nutritional profile of adolescent girls on the basis of data collected from sample survey of 300 respondents from Khagrachhari district in Chittagong hill tracts region of Bangladesh by cross sectional method. This study found that about 66.00% of adolescent girls lived in rural and only 34.00% lived in urban area of Khagrachhari district. About 93.00% of adolescent girls were tribes and only 7.00% were Bengali. According to the BMI level 41.33% of adolescent girls were underweight, 35.00% normal, 8.33% overweight and 6.67% obese. Their nutritional status were very poor because 65% adolescent girls intake low food, 15.67% undergo married during adolescent period. Among the adolescent girls the percentage of non school going was 11.60 and above class eight were only 21.67. The light spark of this study is 28.34% of the adolescent girl's intake diet more than the normal (1900 kcal. per day), 63.40% maintains hygienity. Study also shows that nutritional awareness developed 43.33% through mass media such as Television, Radio and Newspaper. Friends and family members also play a vital role to improve their nutritional awareness.
This study deals with the nutritional profile of adolescent girls on the basis of data collected from sample survey of 300 respondents from Khagrachhari district in Chittagong hill tracts region of Bangladesh by cross sectional method. This study found that about 66.00% of adolescent girls lived in rural and only 34.00% lived in urban area of Khagrachhari district. About 93.00% of adolescent girls were tribes and only 7.00% were Bengali. According to the BMI level 41.33% of adolescent girls were underweight, 35.00% normal, 8.33% overweight and 6.67% obese. Their nutritional status were very poor because 65% adolescent girls intake low food, 15.67% undergo married during adolescent period. Among the adolescent girls the percentage of non school going was 11.60 and above class eight were only 21.67. The light spark of this study is 28.34% of the adolescent girl's intake diet more than the normal (1900 kcal. per day), 63.40% maintains hygienity. Study also shows that nutritional awareness developed 43.33% through mass media such as Television, Radio and Newspaper. Friends and family members also play a vital role to improve their nutritional awareness.
A Study on Nutritional Status of the Adolescent Girls at Khagrachhari District in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.17
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
G. M. Mosarrof Hossain
Md. Tanvir Sarwar
M. Hafizur Rahman
Shakh M. A. Rouf
Salim Raza
Asad Ud- Daula
Sabir Hossain
A Study on Nutritional Status of the Adolescent Girls at Khagrachhari District in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.17
© Science Publishing Group
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Parvum among Children in Iraq
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.13
Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by an apicomplexan protozoa of. Cryptosporidium parvum is the specific infective agent in human . The present study aimed to search for the presence of C. parvumand to determine the prevalence of this parasite among children in Kut city, Iraq. Six hundred stool samples were collected from children less than twelve years old from October 2011 to May 2012. Stool samples were inspected by modified Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast stain and ELISA. Results indicated that 203 cases gave positive results (33.83 %) and 397 cases gave negative results (66.17%) with Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast stain . The higher infection, 115 (19.17%) appeared in age (<1) year while the lower infection 37 (6.17%) appeared in age (1-6) years. There was association between anemia 66.01% (134/203), Packed Cell Volume (PCV) 66.01% (134/203), White Blood Cells Count (WBC's) 66.01% (134/203) that showed increase in number, and infection with cryptosporidiosis, respectively. The high percentage of positive cases (100%) was recorded in microscopic examination compared to 72.5% (129/178) of positive cases detected by ELISA assay. The present study is the first record of cryptosporidiosis among children in Wasit Province, Iraq. It demonstrated clearly a high prevalence rate of C. parvum among children of less than 12 years old in Iraq. ELISA technique will be of great value in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of C. parvum in human fecal materials.
Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by an apicomplexan protozoa of. Cryptosporidium parvum is the specific infective agent in human . The present study aimed to search for the presence of C. parvumand to determine the prevalence of this parasite among children in Kut city, Iraq. Six hundred stool samples were collected from children less than twelve years old from October 2011 to May 2012. Stool samples were inspected by modified Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast stain and ELISA. Results indicated that 203 cases gave positive results (33.83 %) and 397 cases gave negative results (66.17%) with Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast stain . The higher infection, 115 (19.17%) appeared in age (<1) year while the lower infection 37 (6.17%) appeared in age (1-6) years. There was association between anemia 66.01% (134/203), Packed Cell Volume (PCV) 66.01% (134/203), White Blood Cells Count (WBC's) 66.01% (134/203) that showed increase in number, and infection with cryptosporidiosis, respectively. The high percentage of positive cases (100%) was recorded in microscopic examination compared to 72.5% (129/178) of positive cases detected by ELISA assay. The present study is the first record of cryptosporidiosis among children in Wasit Province, Iraq. It demonstrated clearly a high prevalence rate of C. parvum among children of less than 12 years old in Iraq. ELISA technique will be of great value in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of C. parvum in human fecal materials.
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Parvum among Children in Iraq
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Abdulsadah A. Rahi
Magda A. Ali
Alaa H. Al-Charrakh
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Parvum among Children in Iraq
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.13
© Science Publishing Group
Extraction of Some Secondary Metabolites &Thin Layer Chromatography from Different Parts of Centella Asiatica L. (URB)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.11
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. known as Brahmi, Indian Pennywort and Mandookaparni is a small herbaceous annual plant of the family Apiaceae, It is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments & ayurvedic treatment for many diseases. Present study deals with the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ethanolic extract of root, stem & leaf of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. A qualitative analysis by thin layer chromatography & a quantitative analysis by standard chemical protocol of secondary metabolites in the root, stem and leaf of the Centella asiatica L. (URB) have been studied. Using thin layer chromatography (TLC) different components like Alkaloids, Saponin, Flavonoids, Terpenoides, Phenol & Tannin are isolated & identified. The Rf values of the developed spots in the different solvent systems are noted. In the quantitative analysis, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids & flavonoids are extracted by using the standard chemical protocol. These results may be helpful for rationale use of this plant in the modern system of health care.
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. known as Brahmi, Indian Pennywort and Mandookaparni is a small herbaceous annual plant of the family Apiaceae, It is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments & ayurvedic treatment for many diseases. Present study deals with the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ethanolic extract of root, stem & leaf of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. A qualitative analysis by thin layer chromatography & a quantitative analysis by standard chemical protocol of secondary metabolites in the root, stem and leaf of the Centella asiatica L. (URB) have been studied. Using thin layer chromatography (TLC) different components like Alkaloids, Saponin, Flavonoids, Terpenoides, Phenol & Tannin are isolated & identified. The Rf values of the developed spots in the different solvent systems are noted. In the quantitative analysis, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids & flavonoids are extracted by using the standard chemical protocol. These results may be helpful for rationale use of this plant in the modern system of health care.
Extraction of Some Secondary Metabolites &Thin Layer Chromatography from Different Parts of Centella Asiatica L. (URB)
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Sanjay R. Biradar
Bhagyashri D. Rachetti
Extraction of Some Secondary Metabolites &Thin Layer Chromatography from Different Parts of Centella Asiatica L. (URB)
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.11
© Science Publishing Group
Study of Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cinnamon (Cinamomum Tamala), Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) and Turmeric (Curcuma Longa)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.16
Ethanol extract of ginger, turmeric and cinnamon was assessed for its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. The antioxidant activity was determined by measuring FRAP (ferric reducing-antioxidant power) assay. The antibacterial efficacy was determined using paper disc method against different gram negative bacterial and sensitivity in terms of zones of inhibition of all extract were also determined. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using Proteinase inhibitory assay. Aspirin was used as a standard drug for the study of anti-inflammatory activity. The result shows that the ethanolic extract of the ginger and turmeric were effective against all the bacteria tested, where as the ethanolic extract of cinnamon was failure in inhibiting the growth of all bacteria tested. The ethanolic extract of ginger possessed strong antioxidant activity in FRAP method. The ethanolic extracts of ginger shows the largest antioxidant FRAP value where as the turmeric ethanolic extract showed the minimum antioxidant FRAP value which were given as 3.86 mM/100gm and 0.38 mM/100gm respectively. The FRAP value for the ethanolic cinnamon extract was found to be 0.40 mM/100gm. The ethanolic extract of ginger and turmeric also showed in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the proteinase activity. Proteinase activity was significantly inhibited by ginger (78.49%), turmeric (66.48%) and cinnamon (58.72%) at 800ug/ml concentration. From the result it is concluded that the ginger, turmeric and cinnamon ethanol extract showed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity where as the ginger and turmeric ethanol extract exhibited the antibacterial activity.
Ethanol extract of ginger, turmeric and cinnamon was assessed for its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. The antioxidant activity was determined by measuring FRAP (ferric reducing-antioxidant power) assay. The antibacterial efficacy was determined using paper disc method against different gram negative bacterial and sensitivity in terms of zones of inhibition of all extract were also determined. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using Proteinase inhibitory assay. Aspirin was used as a standard drug for the study of anti-inflammatory activity. The result shows that the ethanolic extract of the ginger and turmeric were effective against all the bacteria tested, where as the ethanolic extract of cinnamon was failure in inhibiting the growth of all bacteria tested. The ethanolic extract of ginger possessed strong antioxidant activity in FRAP method. The ethanolic extracts of ginger shows the largest antioxidant FRAP value where as the turmeric ethanolic extract showed the minimum antioxidant FRAP value which were given as 3.86 mM/100gm and 0.38 mM/100gm respectively. The FRAP value for the ethanolic cinnamon extract was found to be 0.40 mM/100gm. The ethanolic extract of ginger and turmeric also showed in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the proteinase activity. Proteinase activity was significantly inhibited by ginger (78.49%), turmeric (66.48%) and cinnamon (58.72%) at 800ug/ml concentration. From the result it is concluded that the ginger, turmeric and cinnamon ethanol extract showed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity where as the ginger and turmeric ethanol extract exhibited the antibacterial activity.
Study of Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cinnamon (Cinamomum Tamala), Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) and Turmeric (Curcuma Longa)
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.16
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ranjit Thakur
Kamlesh Yadav
Khim Bahadur Khadka
Study of Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cinnamon (Cinamomum Tamala), Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) and Turmeric (Curcuma Longa)
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20130106.16
© Science Publishing Group
The Horse and Burro as Positively Contributing Returned Natives in North America
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.12
Since the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971, debate has raged over whether horses and burros are restored North American natives. Fossil, genetic and archeological evidence supports these species as native. Also, objective evaluations of their respective ecological niches and the mutual symbioses of post-gastric digesting, semi-nomadic equids support wild horses and burros as restorers of certain extensive North American ecosystems. A Reserve Design strategy is proposed to establish naturally self-stabilizing equine populations that are allowed to harmoniously adapt over generations within their bounded and complete habitats. These populations should meet rigid standards for viability based on IUCN SSC assessments (2,500 individuals). Basic requirements are described for successful Reserve Design including viable habitat as well as specific regions of North America where this could be implemented.
Since the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971, debate has raged over whether horses and burros are restored North American natives. Fossil, genetic and archeological evidence supports these species as native. Also, objective evaluations of their respective ecological niches and the mutual symbioses of post-gastric digesting, semi-nomadic equids support wild horses and burros as restorers of certain extensive North American ecosystems. A Reserve Design strategy is proposed to establish naturally self-stabilizing equine populations that are allowed to harmoniously adapt over generations within their bounded and complete habitats. These populations should meet rigid standards for viability based on IUCN SSC assessments (2,500 individuals). Basic requirements are described for successful Reserve Design including viable habitat as well as specific regions of North America where this could be implemented.
The Horse and Burro as Positively Contributing Returned Natives in North America
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Craig C. Downer
The Horse and Burro as Positively Contributing Returned Natives in North America
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.12
© Science Publishing Group
Measurement of some Radioactive Elements in Drinking Water in Arar City, Saudi Arabia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.13
Exposure to radioactive elements or having them through drinking water causes many biological risks. Therefore, it is important to investigate the drinking water especially in regions where people depend on well water for drinking. Concentrations of some radionuclides in some water wells, in Arar city of Saudi Arabia, were measured by using Hyper Pure Germanium (HPGe) Detector. Concentrations of 226Ra (Radium), 232Th (Thorium) and 40K (Potassium) were measured in drinking water of 5 water Selling Stations from different water wells; Alshark, Alsahab, Ghdeer, Katr Elnada and Almohamadia. The radiation hazard indices of water were also calculated. The results showed that the average values of either radionuclides concentration or radiation hazard indices of all water stations under study were in the internationally permissible range. Results therefore emphasize that the investigated wells from which the water was taken are suitable for drinking concerning the measured radionuclides. The work recommends more studies to investigate another radionuclides might be present in the drinking water.
Exposure to radioactive elements or having them through drinking water causes many biological risks. Therefore, it is important to investigate the drinking water especially in regions where people depend on well water for drinking. Concentrations of some radionuclides in some water wells, in Arar city of Saudi Arabia, were measured by using Hyper Pure Germanium (HPGe) Detector. Concentrations of 226Ra (Radium), 232Th (Thorium) and 40K (Potassium) were measured in drinking water of 5 water Selling Stations from different water wells; Alshark, Alsahab, Ghdeer, Katr Elnada and Almohamadia. The radiation hazard indices of water were also calculated. The results showed that the average values of either radionuclides concentration or radiation hazard indices of all water stations under study were in the internationally permissible range. Results therefore emphasize that the investigated wells from which the water was taken are suitable for drinking concerning the measured radionuclides. The work recommends more studies to investigate another radionuclides might be present in the drinking water.
Measurement of some Radioactive Elements in Drinking Water in Arar City, Saudi Arabia
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mahmoud Ibrahim
Osama Shalabiea
Hassan Diab
Measurement of some Radioactive Elements in Drinking Water in Arar City, Saudi Arabia
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.13
© Science Publishing Group
Performance, Carcass Quality and Organ Characteristics of Broiler Finishers Fed Rumen Epithelial Scrappings Meal (RESM) as Replacement for Fish Meal
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.14
A 56-day feeding trial involving 105 day old Anak broilers was carried out in a completely randomized design to evaluate, the performance, carcass yield and organ characteristics of broilers fed rumen epithelial scrapping meal (RESM a byproduct of cattle rumen processing that constitutes an environmental pollutant within the abattoir) at dietary levels of 0, 25, 50 75 and 100%. Results show that the feed efficiency of 50, 75 and 100% RESM were superior to the control and 25% inclusion at the starter phase but at the finisher phase the control was superior over the other treatments and the average final weight gain of the control at the finisher phase was superior (P<0.05) over all other treatments though all the birds attained a weight of over 2kg at the end of the 56day trial. The dressing% and eviscerated% of 100% RESM was superior to all other treatments though not (P>0.05) significantly different, while the eviscerated weight (kg) of 25% RESM was superior to all other treatments. The internal organs (% Eviscerated Weight -EW) were all similar except for the heart where the control was significant (P<0.05) over all other treatments while in the cut up parts (% EW) there was no significant difference (P>0.05) among the parts such as wing, head, drum stick, thigh weight, breast weight, except the back weight where the control, 25%, and 50% show significant difference (P<0.05) over the other treatments, though the control and 50% showed similarity to 75 and 100% treatment levels. Overall, no particular trend emerged indicating that RESM could be used to replace fishmeal without any adverse effect both to the birds and the final consumers since it is consumed in some parts of the country.
A 56-day feeding trial involving 105 day old Anak broilers was carried out in a completely randomized design to evaluate, the performance, carcass yield and organ characteristics of broilers fed rumen epithelial scrapping meal (RESM a byproduct of cattle rumen processing that constitutes an environmental pollutant within the abattoir) at dietary levels of 0, 25, 50 75 and 100%. Results show that the feed efficiency of 50, 75 and 100% RESM were superior to the control and 25% inclusion at the starter phase but at the finisher phase the control was superior over the other treatments and the average final weight gain of the control at the finisher phase was superior (P<0.05) over all other treatments though all the birds attained a weight of over 2kg at the end of the 56day trial. The dressing% and eviscerated% of 100% RESM was superior to all other treatments though not (P>0.05) significantly different, while the eviscerated weight (kg) of 25% RESM was superior to all other treatments. The internal organs (% Eviscerated Weight -EW) were all similar except for the heart where the control was significant (P<0.05) over all other treatments while in the cut up parts (% EW) there was no significant difference (P>0.05) among the parts such as wing, head, drum stick, thigh weight, breast weight, except the back weight where the control, 25%, and 50% show significant difference (P<0.05) over the other treatments, though the control and 50% showed similarity to 75 and 100% treatment levels. Overall, no particular trend emerged indicating that RESM could be used to replace fishmeal without any adverse effect both to the birds and the final consumers since it is consumed in some parts of the country.
Performance, Carcass Quality and Organ Characteristics of Broiler Finishers Fed Rumen Epithelial Scrappings Meal (RESM) as Replacement for Fish Meal
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Philip Cheriose Nzien Alikwe
Elijah Ige Ohimain
Festus Ayodeji Sunday Dairo
Performance, Carcass Quality and Organ Characteristics of Broiler Finishers Fed Rumen Epithelial Scrappings Meal (RESM) as Replacement for Fish Meal
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.14
© Science Publishing Group
Prevalence of Hepatitis B surface Antigen among the Newly Admitted Students of University of Jos, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.15
The study was conducted to assess the prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among the newly admitted students of University of Jos, Jos Nigeria. A total of 300 newly admitted students were screened using rapid test (Global Rapid Diagnostic Kits USA) for the detection of HBsAg in serum samples from July 2010 to October 2010. The results obtained showed that 50(16.7%) were seropositive to HBsAg. The prevalence of HBsAg was higher in males 34(11.33%) compared to 16(5.33%) in females. Age specific prevalence was significantly higher in the age bracket 25-29, with 16(28.57%) and the lowest was found in the age bracket 15 -19 years with 12(17.39%). The most important risk factors in the acquisition of HBsAg as revealed in this study appear to be: Family History of hepatitis, 11(36.6%), those with multiple sexual partners 4(13.79%), blood transfusion 3(13.64%), and tribal mark 3(13.04%). The prevalence of HBV recorded among newly admitted students in this study is probably a reflection of the situation in Nigerian Universities. Therefore, urgent preventive measures should be taken to set up campaign against transmission of HBV in University of Jos and the general population. To lower HBV prevalence, an adequate program of active screening and vaccination for students should be implemented, followed by a universal active immunization program.
The study was conducted to assess the prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among the newly admitted students of University of Jos, Jos Nigeria. A total of 300 newly admitted students were screened using rapid test (Global Rapid Diagnostic Kits USA) for the detection of HBsAg in serum samples from July 2010 to October 2010. The results obtained showed that 50(16.7%) were seropositive to HBsAg. The prevalence of HBsAg was higher in males 34(11.33%) compared to 16(5.33%) in females. Age specific prevalence was significantly higher in the age bracket 25-29, with 16(28.57%) and the lowest was found in the age bracket 15 -19 years with 12(17.39%). The most important risk factors in the acquisition of HBsAg as revealed in this study appear to be: Family History of hepatitis, 11(36.6%), those with multiple sexual partners 4(13.79%), blood transfusion 3(13.64%), and tribal mark 3(13.04%). The prevalence of HBV recorded among newly admitted students in this study is probably a reflection of the situation in Nigerian Universities. Therefore, urgent preventive measures should be taken to set up campaign against transmission of HBV in University of Jos and the general population. To lower HBV prevalence, an adequate program of active screening and vaccination for students should be implemented, followed by a universal active immunization program.
Prevalence of Hepatitis B surface Antigen among the Newly Admitted Students of University of Jos, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Odinachi Okoh Ekuma
John Danjuma Mawak
Augustine Uwakwe
Ogbonnaya Ogbu
Felicia Ngozi Okoh
Maduka Victor Agah
Agwu Ulu Nnachi
Prevalence of Hepatitis B surface Antigen among the Newly Admitted Students of University of Jos, Nigeria
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.15
© Science Publishing Group
Environmental Ethics, Bioethics and Education
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.11
Environmental Ethics and Bioethics are two fast evolving sections of Applied Ethics. Issues that are related to Environmental Ethics and Bioethics include Cloning, Genetically Modified Organisms, and Euthanasia. Their teaching, despite two main constraints, is gradually introduced in the formal Educational System of various countries. The one constrain is the uncertainty that characterizes Environmental and Biological phenomena that creates gnoseological problems with regard to Life itself. The other is the natural complexity of the ethical dilemmas arising in these fields. Therefore, a problem that arises is to find the best way in order to teach these ambiguous issues. We are presently attempting to initially analyze these topics, in order to propose a new way to teach the above ambiguous issues.
Environmental Ethics and Bioethics are two fast evolving sections of Applied Ethics. Issues that are related to Environmental Ethics and Bioethics include Cloning, Genetically Modified Organisms, and Euthanasia. Their teaching, despite two main constraints, is gradually introduced in the formal Educational System of various countries. The one constrain is the uncertainty that characterizes Environmental and Biological phenomena that creates gnoseological problems with regard to Life itself. The other is the natural complexity of the ethical dilemmas arising in these fields. Therefore, a problem that arises is to find the best way in order to teach these ambiguous issues. We are presently attempting to initially analyze these topics, in order to propose a new way to teach the above ambiguous issues.
Environmental Ethics, Bioethics and Education
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Christos A. Tsekos
Demetrios P. Matthopoulos
Environmental Ethics, Bioethics and Education
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140201.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Effects of Temperature on the Feeding Performance of Invasive Fishes
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.15
It has been hypothesized that the effects of the coupling of climate-change and invasive-species phenomena exceed the impact of each separately on ecosystem dynamics and stability. However, very few studies address the interaction between these two most alarming concerns of science and society. Using two Florida invasive fishes, Pteroisvolitansand Cichlasoma urophthalmus, this study attempts to address this synergy by providing empirical evidence that (1) demonstrates how the performance of invasive species responds to environmental-temperature change, and (2) enhances our understanding of the implications of species invasion in the light of the global-climate-change phenomenon. Kinematic analyses revealed the following results:(1) At a given temperature (20°C, 25°C, and 30°C) prey-capture kinematics differed between species;(2) Each species maintained similar excursion and timing kinematics throughout the range of water temperatures;(3) The temperature-independence of the average kinematic values is reinforced by the consistent kinematic profile throughout the temperature range. We propose that more research is needed to corroborate the plausible avenues where the interplay between climate-change and invasive-species phenomena may be demonstrated, including: (1) the temperature-induced effects on physiological and mechanical processes; (2) the likelihood that these physiological effects extend to whole-organism performance; and (3) the resilience of invasive species and their resistance of whole-organism performance to temperature change.
It has been hypothesized that the effects of the coupling of climate-change and invasive-species phenomena exceed the impact of each separately on ecosystem dynamics and stability. However, very few studies address the interaction between these two most alarming concerns of science and society. Using two Florida invasive fishes, Pteroisvolitansand Cichlasoma urophthalmus, this study attempts to address this synergy by providing empirical evidence that (1) demonstrates how the performance of invasive species responds to environmental-temperature change, and (2) enhances our understanding of the implications of species invasion in the light of the global-climate-change phenomenon. Kinematic analyses revealed the following results:(1) At a given temperature (20°C, 25°C, and 30°C) prey-capture kinematics differed between species;(2) Each species maintained similar excursion and timing kinematics throughout the range of water temperatures;(3) The temperature-independence of the average kinematic values is reinforced by the consistent kinematic profile throughout the temperature range. We propose that more research is needed to corroborate the plausible avenues where the interplay between climate-change and invasive-species phenomena may be demonstrated, including: (1) the temperature-induced effects on physiological and mechanical processes; (2) the likelihood that these physiological effects extend to whole-organism performance; and (3) the resilience of invasive species and their resistance of whole-organism performance to temperature change.
The Effects of Temperature on the Feeding Performance of Invasive Fishes
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Tyler J. Sloan
Ralph G. Turingan
The Effects of Temperature on the Feeding Performance of Invasive Fishes
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.15
© Science Publishing Group
Comparative Evaluation of the Root Powder of Lonchocarpus Cyanescens for the Control of Sitophilus Zeamais (Motschulsky) in Maize and Wheat
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.13
The root powder of Lonchocarpus cyanescens was evaluated under ambient laboratory conditions for its insecticidal properties against adult Sitophilus zeamais on maize and wheat grains. The root powders of L. cyanescens were applied separately on maize and wheat grains in the concentrations of 0g (Control), 10g, 15g, 20g, 25g, and 30g respectively. Daily mortality count of adult S. zeamais was recorded for 3weeks and numbers of dead S. zeamais obtained from each concentration and the control were compared. The data were statistically analysed and results reported. In both grains, all concentrations of Lonchocarpus cyanescens recorded higher mortality than the control. The root powder application at 30g concentration gave the highest mortality of S. zeamais while lowest mortality of S. zeamais was recorded in maize and wheat grains treated with 10g concentration during the exposure period. Statistically, grains treated with root powders were significantly (P<0.05) different from the control in adult mortality. The root powder of L. cyanescens could be used as protectants in the storage of maize and wheat grains.
The root powder of Lonchocarpus cyanescens was evaluated under ambient laboratory conditions for its insecticidal properties against adult Sitophilus zeamais on maize and wheat grains. The root powders of L. cyanescens were applied separately on maize and wheat grains in the concentrations of 0g (Control), 10g, 15g, 20g, 25g, and 30g respectively. Daily mortality count of adult S. zeamais was recorded for 3weeks and numbers of dead S. zeamais obtained from each concentration and the control were compared. The data were statistically analysed and results reported. In both grains, all concentrations of Lonchocarpus cyanescens recorded higher mortality than the control. The root powder application at 30g concentration gave the highest mortality of S. zeamais while lowest mortality of S. zeamais was recorded in maize and wheat grains treated with 10g concentration during the exposure period. Statistically, grains treated with root powders were significantly (P<0.05) different from the control in adult mortality. The root powder of L. cyanescens could be used as protectants in the storage of maize and wheat grains.
Comparative Evaluation of the Root Powder of Lonchocarpus Cyanescens for the Control of Sitophilus Zeamais (Motschulsky) in Maize and Wheat
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Chidi Emmanuel Akunne
Victory Ada Ezu
Tochukwu Chinedu Mogbo
Benjamin Uzonna Ononye
Uche Ngenegbo
Comparative Evaluation of the Root Powder of Lonchocarpus Cyanescens for the Control of Sitophilus Zeamais (Motschulsky) in Maize and Wheat
2
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56
56
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.13
© Science Publishing Group
Comparative Studies on Specific Growth Rate and Feed Conversion Efficiencies of Schizothorax Niger and Schizothorax Esocinus
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.14
Schizothoracinae being a native fish species of Kashmir and its population is being declining day by day. Hence an attempt has been made to culture the fish on artificial diet and observe the effect of artificial diet on the growth and feed conversion efficiency. For this work three water bodies have been taken Beerwa spring, Akad river tributary and kokernag fish hatchery, in which two species of Schizothoracinae viz, Schizothorax esocinus and Schizothorax Niger were reared. The diet provided was made of different ingredients. The SGR results observed at three sites in case of S. Niger at control were 1.1 gms/day, 2gms/day and 1.93 gms/day and in culture were 2.3 gms/day, 2.63 gms/day and 1.93 gms/day respectively. S. esocinus under control at three sites has shown 0.93 gms/day, 1.66 gms/day and 0.93 gms/day and during the culture has shown3.86 gms/day, 3.63 gms/day,and 3.36 gms/day respectively. Feed conversion efficiency observed under controlled conditions in S.Niger at three sites were 0.27 gms/day, 0.5gms/day, and 0.48 gms / day and under culture were 0.57 gms/day, 0.65 gms / day, 3.03 gms / day respectively. Whereas FCR observed at three sites under controlled conditions in S. esocinus were 0.23 gms/day, 0.41 gms/day,0.23 gms/day and under culture were 0.96 gms/day,0.90 gms/day and 0.84 gms/day respectively.
Schizothoracinae being a native fish species of Kashmir and its population is being declining day by day. Hence an attempt has been made to culture the fish on artificial diet and observe the effect of artificial diet on the growth and feed conversion efficiency. For this work three water bodies have been taken Beerwa spring, Akad river tributary and kokernag fish hatchery, in which two species of Schizothoracinae viz, Schizothorax esocinus and Schizothorax Niger were reared. The diet provided was made of different ingredients. The SGR results observed at three sites in case of S. Niger at control were 1.1 gms/day, 2gms/day and 1.93 gms/day and in culture were 2.3 gms/day, 2.63 gms/day and 1.93 gms/day respectively. S. esocinus under control at three sites has shown 0.93 gms/day, 1.66 gms/day and 0.93 gms/day and during the culture has shown3.86 gms/day, 3.63 gms/day,and 3.36 gms/day respectively. Feed conversion efficiency observed under controlled conditions in S.Niger at three sites were 0.27 gms/day, 0.5gms/day, and 0.48 gms / day and under culture were 0.57 gms/day, 0.65 gms / day, 3.03 gms / day respectively. Whereas FCR observed at three sites under controlled conditions in S. esocinus were 0.23 gms/day, 0.41 gms/day,0.23 gms/day and under culture were 0.96 gms/day,0.90 gms/day and 0.84 gms/day respectively.
Comparative Studies on Specific Growth Rate and Feed Conversion Efficiencies of Schizothorax Niger and Schizothorax Esocinus
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Aijaz Ahmad Bhat
Ulfat Jan
G. Mustafa Shah
Comparative Studies on Specific Growth Rate and Feed Conversion Efficiencies of Schizothorax Niger and Schizothorax Esocinus
2
2
62
62
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.14
© Science Publishing Group
Determination of the Optimal Culture Medium and Salts for Bioassays with Neotropical Halophilic Cladocerans
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.11
The neotropical halophilic cladocerans Daphnia menucoensis and Moina eugeniae are common in shallow lakes of semi-arid central and northern Patagonia in Argentina. In the present study, we determined the tolerance of neonates of both species to salinity and different concentrations of Cl- and SO42-. However, the responses differed according to the demineralized water or groundwater employed to dissolve the salts. On the other hand, survival was lower when using analytical grade reagents instead of natural salts. As bioassays should be developed to determine the chronic physiological responses of both species, the objectives of this study were to compare three culture media and test the hypothesis that natural salts dissolved in aquifer water is the optimal combination for breeding. Acute bioassays were conducted with neonates of both species. To compare the media, NaCl solutions (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 g.L-1) were prepared using demineralized water, aquifer water and EPA medium. For the second objective, solutions of equal concentrations were prepared with salts obtained from the natural environment, previously sterilized, and dissolved in phreatic water. Survival was higher in the aquifer water, whose chemical composition was relatively more representative of the lakes inhabited by both species. It was almost complete at 20 and 15 g.L-1 for D. menucoensis and M. eugeniae, respectively. Lower survival of D. menucoensis was found in EPA medium, although it was developed for breeding other species of Daphnia. In the second series of bioassays, survival was almost complete until 20 g.L-1 (D. menucoensis) and 25 g.L-1 (M. eugeniae). The combination natural salts/aquifer water was adequate to assess the tolerance of both cladocerans. However, the former was more important, since the results were consistent with previous studies when these salts were dissolved in demineralized water. In addition, survival was much higher than when we used salts of analytical grade.
The neotropical halophilic cladocerans Daphnia menucoensis and Moina eugeniae are common in shallow lakes of semi-arid central and northern Patagonia in Argentina. In the present study, we determined the tolerance of neonates of both species to salinity and different concentrations of Cl- and SO42-. However, the responses differed according to the demineralized water or groundwater employed to dissolve the salts. On the other hand, survival was lower when using analytical grade reagents instead of natural salts. As bioassays should be developed to determine the chronic physiological responses of both species, the objectives of this study were to compare three culture media and test the hypothesis that natural salts dissolved in aquifer water is the optimal combination for breeding. Acute bioassays were conducted with neonates of both species. To compare the media, NaCl solutions (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 g.L-1) were prepared using demineralized water, aquifer water and EPA medium. For the second objective, solutions of equal concentrations were prepared with salts obtained from the natural environment, previously sterilized, and dissolved in phreatic water. Survival was higher in the aquifer water, whose chemical composition was relatively more representative of the lakes inhabited by both species. It was almost complete at 20 and 15 g.L-1 for D. menucoensis and M. eugeniae, respectively. Lower survival of D. menucoensis was found in EPA medium, although it was developed for breeding other species of Daphnia. In the second series of bioassays, survival was almost complete until 20 g.L-1 (D. menucoensis) and 25 g.L-1 (M. eugeniae). The combination natural salts/aquifer water was adequate to assess the tolerance of both cladocerans. However, the former was more important, since the results were consistent with previous studies when these salts were dissolved in demineralized water. In addition, survival was much higher than when we used salts of analytical grade.
Determination of the Optimal Culture Medium and Salts for Bioassays with Neotropical Halophilic Cladocerans
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Vignatti Alicia M.
Cabrera Gabriela C.
Echaniz Santiago A.
Determination of the Optimal Culture Medium and Salts for Bioassays with Neotropical Halophilic Cladocerans
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45
45
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.11
© Science Publishing Group
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Urinary Tract Infection(UTI) among Pregnant Women in Afikpo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.12
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) describe the microbial invasion and subsequent multiplication on a part or the entire urinary tract. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) has become the most common bacterial infections in humans, both at the community and hospital settings. The present study was a hospital-based surveillance conducted in four selected hospitals in Afikpo to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria from suspected urinary tract infections. A cross-sectional study was conducted on the urine of pregnant women with UTI attending the outpatient clinics between April-August 2013. A total of 200 clean midstream urine samples were collected and a general urine microscopic examination and culture were carried out, information on their age, gestational age, gravidity, parity, level of education and residence were also collected. Susceptibility testing panels of the following antibiotics: Gentamycin, tetracycline amikacin, ampicillin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, cotrimaxasole and cefaloxine were tested against the isolated organisms using disc diffusion method. The bacteriologic agents of UTI isolated from the patients showed that Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated organism (50.0%) and it is followed by Staphylococcus aureus (17.3%), Proteus mirabilis (5.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.7%) and Enterococcus faecalis (1.8%). The distribution of UTI among the ages of the antenatal patients showed that age group within the range of 27-32 years recorded the highest incidence of UTI, whereas those of them above 39 years showed the least incidence. Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin and Erythromycin were the most active antibiotics, while the isolates were highly resistant to cotrimoxasole, cefaloxine and nalidixic acid. Urinary tract infection is a major health problem among pregnant women. Urinalysis with culture and sensitivity test is the major diagnostic measure, while health education with regular antenatal and personal hygiene is recommended as precautionary measures to UTI.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) describe the microbial invasion and subsequent multiplication on a part or the entire urinary tract. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) has become the most common bacterial infections in humans, both at the community and hospital settings. The present study was a hospital-based surveillance conducted in four selected hospitals in Afikpo to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria from suspected urinary tract infections. A cross-sectional study was conducted on the urine of pregnant women with UTI attending the outpatient clinics between April-August 2013. A total of 200 clean midstream urine samples were collected and a general urine microscopic examination and culture were carried out, information on their age, gestational age, gravidity, parity, level of education and residence were also collected. Susceptibility testing panels of the following antibiotics: Gentamycin, tetracycline amikacin, ampicillin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, cotrimaxasole and cefaloxine were tested against the isolated organisms using disc diffusion method. The bacteriologic agents of UTI isolated from the patients showed that Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated organism (50.0%) and it is followed by Staphylococcus aureus (17.3%), Proteus mirabilis (5.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.7%) and Enterococcus faecalis (1.8%). The distribution of UTI among the ages of the antenatal patients showed that age group within the range of 27-32 years recorded the highest incidence of UTI, whereas those of them above 39 years showed the least incidence. Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin and Erythromycin were the most active antibiotics, while the isolates were highly resistant to cotrimoxasole, cefaloxine and nalidixic acid. Urinary tract infection is a major health problem among pregnant women. Urinalysis with culture and sensitivity test is the major diagnostic measure, while health education with regular antenatal and personal hygiene is recommended as precautionary measures to UTI.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Urinary Tract Infection(UTI) among Pregnant Women in Afikpo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Stanley Chukwudozie Onuoha
Kayode Fatokun
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Urinary Tract Infection(UTI) among Pregnant Women in Afikpo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
2
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52
52
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.12
© Science Publishing Group
Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Screening of Propolis Extracts
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.16
Propolis is a resinous mixture that collects by honey bees from the plants. However, the physical character of propolis generally has been used by honey bees to protect their hive, but several beneficial properties of this compound could be considered for human being. In the present study, two propolis samples (P1&P2) were collected and subjected for extraction using different solvents. Then, their antimicrobial effects were evaluated against Salmonella typhi PTCC 1609, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1047, Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 1112, Escherichia coli PTCC 1338, Bacillus cereus PTCC 1015, Aspergillus niger PLM 1140 and Candida albicans ATCC 1405 using Well Diffusion Agar. In addition, the bioactive compounds and functional groups of the extracts were determined by paper chromatography and Spray methods. The results obtained indicated that ethanol and methanol extracts of the propolis showed relatively more antimicrobial effect and both extracts exhibited similar responses against the antagonistic microorganisms. Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi , Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive whereas, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were resistant to the extracts. E.coli was sensitive to methanol and resistant to ethanol extracts. Our finding concerning to the chemical analysis of the propolis exhibited the presence of flavonoid, tannin, steroid, alcohol and alkaloid in extracts. Overall, propolis has antimicrobial effect with different spectrum and therefore, it might consider a potent candidate for treatment of several clinical scenarios.
Propolis is a resinous mixture that collects by honey bees from the plants. However, the physical character of propolis generally has been used by honey bees to protect their hive, but several beneficial properties of this compound could be considered for human being. In the present study, two propolis samples (P1&P2) were collected and subjected for extraction using different solvents. Then, their antimicrobial effects were evaluated against Salmonella typhi PTCC 1609, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1047, Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 1112, Escherichia coli PTCC 1338, Bacillus cereus PTCC 1015, Aspergillus niger PLM 1140 and Candida albicans ATCC 1405 using Well Diffusion Agar. In addition, the bioactive compounds and functional groups of the extracts were determined by paper chromatography and Spray methods. The results obtained indicated that ethanol and methanol extracts of the propolis showed relatively more antimicrobial effect and both extracts exhibited similar responses against the antagonistic microorganisms. Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi , Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive whereas, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were resistant to the extracts. E.coli was sensitive to methanol and resistant to ethanol extracts. Our finding concerning to the chemical analysis of the propolis exhibited the presence of flavonoid, tannin, steroid, alcohol and alkaloid in extracts. Overall, propolis has antimicrobial effect with different spectrum and therefore, it might consider a potent candidate for treatment of several clinical scenarios.
Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Screening of Propolis Extracts
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.16
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-04-09
© Science Publishing Group
Jamali Fatima
Baserisalehi Majid
Bahador Nima
Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Screening of Propolis Extracts
2
2
75
75
2014-04-09
2014-04-09
10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.16
© Science Publishing Group
Prevalence of ESBL, AmpC and Carbapenemase among Gram Negative Bacilli Isolated from Clinical Specimens
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.17
Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a growing threat worldwide. The predominant mechanisms for resistance to the β-lactam antibiotics in gram negative bacilli is the production of β-lactamases. Aim: To determine the prevalence of ESBL, AmpC and carbapenemase production among GNB isolated from various clinical samples. Materials and Methods: A total of 378 GNB isolated were identified and processed for the detection of ESBL, AmpC and Carbapemase production using various methods. Results: Out 378 GNB 197 (52.12%) showed the presence of one or more β-lactamases and 181 (47.88%) were negative. 33.86%, 14.24% and 18.25% showed the presence of ESBL, AmpC and Carbapenemase among the 378 GNB studied. Conclusion: This study highlights the prevalence of ESBL, AmpC and Carbepenemase producing GNB in a rural tertiary care teaching hospital
Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a growing threat worldwide. The predominant mechanisms for resistance to the β-lactam antibiotics in gram negative bacilli is the production of β-lactamases. Aim: To determine the prevalence of ESBL, AmpC and carbapenemase production among GNB isolated from various clinical samples. Materials and Methods: A total of 378 GNB isolated were identified and processed for the detection of ESBL, AmpC and Carbapemase production using various methods. Results: Out 378 GNB 197 (52.12%) showed the presence of one or more β-lactamases and 181 (47.88%) were negative. 33.86%, 14.24% and 18.25% showed the presence of ESBL, AmpC and Carbapenemase among the 378 GNB studied. Conclusion: This study highlights the prevalence of ESBL, AmpC and Carbepenemase producing GNB in a rural tertiary care teaching hospital
Prevalence of ESBL, AmpC and Carbapenemase among Gram Negative Bacilli Isolated from Clinical Specimens
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.17
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-04-11
© Science Publishing Group
Vijaya Doddaiah
Dhanalakshmi Anjaneya
Prevalence of ESBL, AmpC and Carbapenemase among Gram Negative Bacilli Isolated from Clinical Specimens
2
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81
81
2014-04-11
2014-04-11
10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.17
© Science Publishing Group
Isolation and Identification of Rhizospheric Bacteria in Acrisols of Maize (Zea Mays L.) in the Eastern of South Vietnam
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.18
Rhizobacterial diversity and population dynamics in the Acrisol rhizosphere of maize grown in the eastern of South Vietnam was studied. Soil rhizosphere samples were taken in three provinces of this region. Physical and chemical characteristics of soil samples and total nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria counts were determined by drop plate count method together with 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from DNA using eubacterial universal primers (8F and 1492R). A total of 149 isolates were isolated on two media (Burk’s N-free and NBRIP) and all of them have ability of nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization together with IAA biosynthesis. Population of rhizobacteria correlated with soil pH and organic matter content in soil closely (P<0.05). The sequences from selected rhizobacteria (24 isolates) showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references strains (between 97% and 99%). From 24 isolates,13 belonged to Beta-Proteobacteria, while 11 were Firimicutes and Actinobacteria. Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), rhizobacteria (PGPR) group in Tay Ninh province had higher than rhizobacteria (PGPR) group in Baria-Vungtau province with the highest Theta value (per site). From these results showed that three strains (Burkholderia vietnamiensis VDN6a, VDB6a and VDN7c) revealed promising candidates with multiple beneficial characteristics and they have the potential for application as inoculants adapted to poor soils and local crops because they are not only famous strains but also are safety strains for agricultural sustainable
Rhizobacterial diversity and population dynamics in the Acrisol rhizosphere of maize grown in the eastern of South Vietnam was studied. Soil rhizosphere samples were taken in three provinces of this region. Physical and chemical characteristics of soil samples and total nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria counts were determined by drop plate count method together with 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from DNA using eubacterial universal primers (8F and 1492R). A total of 149 isolates were isolated on two media (Burk’s N-free and NBRIP) and all of them have ability of nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization together with IAA biosynthesis. Population of rhizobacteria correlated with soil pH and organic matter content in soil closely (P<0.05). The sequences from selected rhizobacteria (24 isolates) showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references strains (between 97% and 99%). From 24 isolates,13 belonged to Beta-Proteobacteria, while 11 were Firimicutes and Actinobacteria. Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), rhizobacteria (PGPR) group in Tay Ninh province had higher than rhizobacteria (PGPR) group in Baria-Vungtau province with the highest Theta value (per site). From these results showed that three strains (Burkholderia vietnamiensis VDN6a, VDB6a and VDN7c) revealed promising candidates with multiple beneficial characteristics and they have the potential for application as inoculants adapted to poor soils and local crops because they are not only famous strains but also are safety strains for agricultural sustainable
Isolation and Identification of Rhizospheric Bacteria in Acrisols of Maize (Zea Mays L.) in the Eastern of South Vietnam
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.18
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-04-11
© Science Publishing Group
Dang Thi Ngoc Thanh
Cao Ngoc Diep
Isolation and Identification of Rhizospheric Bacteria in Acrisols of Maize (Zea Mays L.) in the Eastern of South Vietnam
2
2
89
89
2014-04-11
2014-04-11
10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.18
© Science Publishing Group
Extensive Practice Improves Adaptation to Predictable Perturbations in a Sequential Coincidente Timing Task
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.19
The levels of learning in motor tasks have been investigated by means of extensive practice (i.e., practice that is continued beyond the achievement of performance stabilization), which shows better performance than practice until performance stabilization when facing situations that require adaptation. However, the better performance of extensive practice has been tested with unpredictable perturbation, in which changes are necessary after the movement onset, but not with predictable perturbation, which allows planning a new organization of the action before the movement onset. The present study investigated adaptation to predictable perturbation, comparing no performance stabilization at all, practice until performance stabilization and practice beyond performance stabilization, i.e., extensive practice, in a coincident timing task. This task required the performance of a sequence of movements in accordance with a visual stimulus. Forty-five self-reported right-handed volunteers participated in this study, and they were randomly divided into three groups during the first phase of the study: Pre-Stabilization (PG), Stabilization (SG) and Extensive Practice (EG), which were operationally defined as 10 trials, three trials in a row with absolute error (AE) < 30 msec and six blocks of three trials in a row with AE < 30 msec, respectively. In the second phase, the velocity of the visual stimulus changed, causing a perceptual perturbation. The results showed that adaptation is easier after performance stabilization and that the variability observed after performance stabilization could be a source of adaptability. In general, these results indicate that the process of motor learning continues beyond performance stabilization
The levels of learning in motor tasks have been investigated by means of extensive practice (i.e., practice that is continued beyond the achievement of performance stabilization), which shows better performance than practice until performance stabilization when facing situations that require adaptation. However, the better performance of extensive practice has been tested with unpredictable perturbation, in which changes are necessary after the movement onset, but not with predictable perturbation, which allows planning a new organization of the action before the movement onset. The present study investigated adaptation to predictable perturbation, comparing no performance stabilization at all, practice until performance stabilization and practice beyond performance stabilization, i.e., extensive practice, in a coincident timing task. This task required the performance of a sequence of movements in accordance with a visual stimulus. Forty-five self-reported right-handed volunteers participated in this study, and they were randomly divided into three groups during the first phase of the study: Pre-Stabilization (PG), Stabilization (SG) and Extensive Practice (EG), which were operationally defined as 10 trials, three trials in a row with absolute error (AE) < 30 msec and six blocks of three trials in a row with AE < 30 msec, respectively. In the second phase, the velocity of the visual stimulus changed, causing a perceptual perturbation. The results showed that adaptation is easier after performance stabilization and that the variability observed after performance stabilization could be a source of adaptability. In general, these results indicate that the process of motor learning continues beyond performance stabilization
Extensive Practice Improves Adaptation to Predictable Perturbations in a Sequential Coincidente Timing Task
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.19
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-04-11
© Science Publishing Group
Herbert Ugrinowitsch
Rodolfo Novellino Benda
Umberto Cesar Corrêa
Go Tani
Extensive Practice Improves Adaptation to Predictable Perturbations in a Sequential Coincidente Timing Task
2
2
95
95
2014-04-11
2014-04-11
10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.19
© Science Publishing Group
Insulin Resistance Study in Diabetes Mellitus Type II and Its Correlation with Obesity
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.20
Background: The earliest detectable abnormality in diabetes mellitus type II (DM II) is the impairment of body’s ability to respond to insulin, necessitating extra insulin secretion in an attempt to stimulate the desensitized cells. Obesity is considered as the single most important, reversible, causative environmental factor for insulin resistance (IR) aggravating the metabolic disturbance in DM II. Objectives: We aimed the study to evaluate the association of IR with DM II (its major outcome) and obesity (its main causative factor) in Pakistani diaspora. We measured IR in insulin resistance syndrome (IRS), DM II and obesity by using parameters namely fasting insulin level (FIL), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and quick insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), and evaluated their credibility. Materials and Methods: The study included 156 subjects (76 males and 80 females), out of which 101 were diabetics (with 59 on insulin, and 42 on oral hypoglycemics) with different duration of time in years, and 55 were non-diabetics. The data was analyzed after further subdividing the diabetics and non-diabetics into those having body mass index (BMI)<25, and those with BMI≥25. 101 had BMI≥25 (overweight/obese) [57 with BMI=25-29.9 (overweight), and 44 with BMI≥30 (obese)] and 55 had BMI= 18- 24.9 (normal weight). The individuals were then classified as those having insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) and those not having it. On the basis of NCEP criteria the associations between DM II, IRS, and obesity were evaluated. The credibility of three IR measuring parameters, namely, fasting insulin level (FIL), homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) and quick insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) was then assessed. Results: It was found that IRS prevailed up to 85% in diabetics and 76% in subjects with BMI≥25 out of which 84% IRS cases existed among obese (with BMI≥30). Similarly, 82% IRS cases were found diabetic and 72.4% with BMI≥25. FIL and HOMA showed significantly raised insulin and QUICKI showed significantly lower in IRS cases. But unlike FIL and HOMA, QUICKI did not show any significance when different subgroups of IRS cases were inter-compared. FIL and HOMA were also significantly raised in overweight/ obese individuals. QUICKI however showed significant but weak correlations with BMI. HOMA and QUICKI were significant in diabetics but FIL did not show significant difference. Conclusion: The results revealed strong correlation of obesity, IRS and DM II. HOMA was found better and sensitive index for evaluating IR in diabetes, IRS and obesity, than FIL alone or with QUICKI
Background: The earliest detectable abnormality in diabetes mellitus type II (DM II) is the impairment of body’s ability to respond to insulin, necessitating extra insulin secretion in an attempt to stimulate the desensitized cells. Obesity is considered as the single most important, reversible, causative environmental factor for insulin resistance (IR) aggravating the metabolic disturbance in DM II. Objectives: We aimed the study to evaluate the association of IR with DM II (its major outcome) and obesity (its main causative factor) in Pakistani diaspora. We measured IR in insulin resistance syndrome (IRS), DM II and obesity by using parameters namely fasting insulin level (FIL), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and quick insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), and evaluated their credibility. Materials and Methods: The study included 156 subjects (76 males and 80 females), out of which 101 were diabetics (with 59 on insulin, and 42 on oral hypoglycemics) with different duration of time in years, and 55 were non-diabetics. The data was analyzed after further subdividing the diabetics and non-diabetics into those having body mass index (BMI)<25, and those with BMI≥25. 101 had BMI≥25 (overweight/obese) [57 with BMI=25-29.9 (overweight), and 44 with BMI≥30 (obese)] and 55 had BMI= 18- 24.9 (normal weight). The individuals were then classified as those having insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) and those not having it. On the basis of NCEP criteria the associations between DM II, IRS, and obesity were evaluated. The credibility of three IR measuring parameters, namely, fasting insulin level (FIL), homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) and quick insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) was then assessed. Results: It was found that IRS prevailed up to 85% in diabetics and 76% in subjects with BMI≥25 out of which 84% IRS cases existed among obese (with BMI≥30). Similarly, 82% IRS cases were found diabetic and 72.4% with BMI≥25. FIL and HOMA showed significantly raised insulin and QUICKI showed significantly lower in IRS cases. But unlike FIL and HOMA, QUICKI did not show any significance when different subgroups of IRS cases were inter-compared. FIL and HOMA were also significantly raised in overweight/ obese individuals. QUICKI however showed significant but weak correlations with BMI. HOMA and QUICKI were significant in diabetics but FIL did not show significant difference. Conclusion: The results revealed strong correlation of obesity, IRS and DM II. HOMA was found better and sensitive index for evaluating IR in diabetes, IRS and obesity, than FIL alone or with QUICKI
Insulin Resistance Study in Diabetes Mellitus Type II and Its Correlation with Obesity
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.20
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-04-18
© Science Publishing Group
Saima Usman
Saghir Ahmad Jafri
Insulin Resistance Study in Diabetes Mellitus Type II and Its Correlation with Obesity
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102
102
2014-04-18
2014-04-18
10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.20
© Science Publishing Group
Fatty acids Compositions in Male’s Gonads of the Red Sea Fish Rhabdosargus sarba During the Spawning Season
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.21
A total of 27 fatty acids (FAs) were identified in testis throughout the spawning season of male R. sarba. In male gonad saturated fatty acids (SFA) were the main fatty acid group in total lipid in testis (34%) followed by PUFA (29.1%) and MUFA (11.6%). In all maturation stages SFA were the main fatty acid group in testis (30.4-35.4%). Of individual fatty acid, the major constituents of SFA were Palmitic acid C16:0 (18. 5%) and Stearic acid C18:0 (8.5%) in nearly ripe and ripe stages respectively. Oleic acid C18:1 (8.8%) was found to be the main MUFA in ripe stage and Linoleic acid C18:2 (10.8%) was the main PUFA in nearly ripe stage. During spawning and maturation stages there were a significant differences in total SFA and MUFA (P<0.05).
A total of 27 fatty acids (FAs) were identified in testis throughout the spawning season of male R. sarba. In male gonad saturated fatty acids (SFA) were the main fatty acid group in total lipid in testis (34%) followed by PUFA (29.1%) and MUFA (11.6%). In all maturation stages SFA were the main fatty acid group in testis (30.4-35.4%). Of individual fatty acid, the major constituents of SFA were Palmitic acid C16:0 (18. 5%) and Stearic acid C18:0 (8.5%) in nearly ripe and ripe stages respectively. Oleic acid C18:1 (8.8%) was found to be the main MUFA in ripe stage and Linoleic acid C18:2 (10.8%) was the main PUFA in nearly ripe stage. During spawning and maturation stages there were a significant differences in total SFA and MUFA (P<0.05).
Fatty acids Compositions in Male’s Gonads of the Red Sea Fish Rhabdosargus sarba During the Spawning Season
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.21
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-04-24
© Science Publishing Group
Suhaila A. Qari
Samia G. Moharram
Safaa A. Alowaidi
Fatty acids Compositions in Male’s Gonads of the Red Sea Fish Rhabdosargus sarba During the Spawning Season
2
2
107
107
2014-04-24
2014-04-24
10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.21
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.21
© Science Publishing Group
Psychiatric Disorders Seen in Correlation with Epileptic Seizures
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.22
Psychiatric morbidity in cases of epilepsy are frequently seen in our clinical practice. Epileptic seizures and subsequent sequelae leave behind triggers for development of psychiatric disorders. Among the commonly seen psychiatric disorders are depression, psychosis, personality disorders and various other phenomenology’s which is cited in this article.
Psychiatric morbidity in cases of epilepsy are frequently seen in our clinical practice. Epileptic seizures and subsequent sequelae leave behind triggers for development of psychiatric disorders. Among the commonly seen psychiatric disorders are depression, psychosis, personality disorders and various other phenomenology’s which is cited in this article.
Psychiatric Disorders Seen in Correlation with Epileptic Seizures
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.22
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Amitabh Saha
Psychiatric Disorders Seen in Correlation with Epileptic Seizures
2
2
116
116
2014-05-06
2014-05-06
10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.22
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140202.22
© Science Publishing Group
Isolation, Charcaterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Endophytic Bacteria in Rice Plant Cultivated on Soil of Phu Yen Province, Vietnam
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.11
Endophytic bacterial diversity in Rice plant cultivated on soil of Phu Yen province, Vietnam was studied. Rice plant samples were taken in eight sites (districts) of Phu Yen provinces of this region. Endophytic bacteria were isolated in three kinds of medium (LGI, NFb, RMR) together with 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from DNA using eubacterial universal primers (p515FPL and p13B). A total of 561 isolates were isolated on three media and all of them have ability of nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization together with IAA biosynthesis but there were 73 isolates having the best characteristics and they were identified as rice endophytes and nifH gene. The sequences from selected endophytic bacteria (73 isolates) showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references strains (between 97% and 100%). From 73 isolates, 23 isolates belonged to Bacillus (31.54%), 44 isolates were Proteobacteria (60.24%), while 6 isolates were Bacteroides (8.22%). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), Bacteroides group had the highest theta values in comparison of three groups and Theta values (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism were calculated for each group and Bacteroides group had the highest values in comparison of three group. From these results showed that thirteen strains (Bacillus megaterium TANa5, Bacillus methylotrophicus TAN17, Bacillus megaterium TALa14, Pseudomonas putida TAL1, Bacillus subtilis TAL4, Burkholderia kururiensis TAL22, Azospirillum amazonense SHL70, Bacillus subtilis DXL 136, Burkholderia kururiensis PHL87, Burkholderia vietnamiensis PHL103, Bacillus megaterium PHL105, Bacillus megaterium DHL154 and Bacillus subtilis SHIM60) revealed promising candidates with multiple beneficial characteristics and they have the potential for application as inoculants or bio-fertilizer adapted to poor soils and high-yielding rice because they are not only famous strains but also are safety strains for agricultural sustainable.
Endophytic bacterial diversity in Rice plant cultivated on soil of Phu Yen province, Vietnam was studied. Rice plant samples were taken in eight sites (districts) of Phu Yen provinces of this region. Endophytic bacteria were isolated in three kinds of medium (LGI, NFb, RMR) together with 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from DNA using eubacterial universal primers (p515FPL and p13B). A total of 561 isolates were isolated on three media and all of them have ability of nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization together with IAA biosynthesis but there were 73 isolates having the best characteristics and they were identified as rice endophytes and nifH gene. The sequences from selected endophytic bacteria (73 isolates) showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references strains (between 97% and 100%). From 73 isolates, 23 isolates belonged to Bacillus (31.54%), 44 isolates were Proteobacteria (60.24%), while 6 isolates were Bacteroides (8.22%). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), Bacteroides group had the highest theta values in comparison of three groups and Theta values (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism were calculated for each group and Bacteroides group had the highest values in comparison of three group. From these results showed that thirteen strains (Bacillus megaterium TANa5, Bacillus methylotrophicus TAN17, Bacillus megaterium TALa14, Pseudomonas putida TAL1, Bacillus subtilis TAL4, Burkholderia kururiensis TAL22, Azospirillum amazonense SHL70, Bacillus subtilis DXL 136, Burkholderia kururiensis PHL87, Burkholderia vietnamiensis PHL103, Bacillus megaterium PHL105, Bacillus megaterium DHL154 and Bacillus subtilis SHIM60) revealed promising candidates with multiple beneficial characteristics and they have the potential for application as inoculants or bio-fertilizer adapted to poor soils and high-yielding rice because they are not only famous strains but also are safety strains for agricultural sustainable.
Isolation, Charcaterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Endophytic Bacteria in Rice Plant Cultivated on Soil of Phu Yen Province, Vietnam
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-05-26
© Science Publishing Group
Van Thi Phuong Nhu
Cao Ngoc Diep
Isolation, Charcaterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Endophytic Bacteria in Rice Plant Cultivated on Soil of Phu Yen Province, Vietnam
2
3
127
127
2014-05-26
2014-05-26
10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.11
© Science Publishing Group
Ameliorating Effects of Curcumin and Propolis against the Reproductive Toxicity of Gentamicin in Adult Male Guinea Pigs: Quantitative Analysis and Morphological Study
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.13
Infertility is a growing worldwide problem and about half of the causes could be traced in male partner. Aim of the work: the present work aimed to study propolis and curcumin for their potential ameliorative effects on reproductive toxicity induced by gentamicin in guinea pigs from morphological and quantitative aspects. Materials and methods: 36 guinea pigs were used for this study and divided into 6 groups. The first 3 groups were control (normal control, curcumin administered, and propolis administered), the 4th group was the experimental and administered gentamicin at a dose of 5 mg/kg body wt for 10 days, and in the 5th and 6th groups, gentamicin was co-administered with propolis and curcumin at the doses of 50 mg, and 10 mg/kg body wt respectively. The animals were sacrificed and the testes were dissected out from which specimens were obtained. The specimens were processed for light microscopic examinations and quantitative analysis. Blood samples were obtained for assessment of plasma testosterone level. Results: Structurally, in gentamicin treated animals, the seminiferous tubules showed sloughing of the germinal epithelium into lumen where sperms were few. The basement membrane appeared thick, irregular and degenerated. Wide interstitial spaces with few Leydig cells were observed. From the quantitative aspect, the percent of volume density and absolute volume of seminiferous tubules were significantly reduced. Also, the diameter, total length, and total surface area of seminiferous tubules were significantly reduced. The numbers of Sertoli cells, round spermatids and daily sperm production per testis and per gram of testicular tissue were significantly decreased in gentamicin treated guinea pigs. As regard to endocrine part of the testis, the percent of volume density of Leydig cell nuclei, the total number of Leydig cells, and plasma testosterone level were significantly decreased in gentamicin treated guinea pigs. With co-administration of propolis and curcumin, the structure of seminiferous tubules improved and their lumens were full of bundles of sperms. Also, all the parameters of seminiferous tubules and total numbers of Sertoli cells, round spermatids, daily sperm production and Leydig cells were ameliorated significantly as compared to gentamicin treated animals. Also, the testosterone level was improved. Conclusion: It can be concluded that, the gentamicin even at therapeutic dose can have adverse impacts on male reproduction. Administration of propolis or curcumin can ameliorate these effects. So, the patients while treated by gentamicin should be advised to use one of them.
Infertility is a growing worldwide problem and about half of the causes could be traced in male partner. Aim of the work: the present work aimed to study propolis and curcumin for their potential ameliorative effects on reproductive toxicity induced by gentamicin in guinea pigs from morphological and quantitative aspects. Materials and methods: 36 guinea pigs were used for this study and divided into 6 groups. The first 3 groups were control (normal control, curcumin administered, and propolis administered), the 4th group was the experimental and administered gentamicin at a dose of 5 mg/kg body wt for 10 days, and in the 5th and 6th groups, gentamicin was co-administered with propolis and curcumin at the doses of 50 mg, and 10 mg/kg body wt respectively. The animals were sacrificed and the testes were dissected out from which specimens were obtained. The specimens were processed for light microscopic examinations and quantitative analysis. Blood samples were obtained for assessment of plasma testosterone level. Results: Structurally, in gentamicin treated animals, the seminiferous tubules showed sloughing of the germinal epithelium into lumen where sperms were few. The basement membrane appeared thick, irregular and degenerated. Wide interstitial spaces with few Leydig cells were observed. From the quantitative aspect, the percent of volume density and absolute volume of seminiferous tubules were significantly reduced. Also, the diameter, total length, and total surface area of seminiferous tubules were significantly reduced. The numbers of Sertoli cells, round spermatids and daily sperm production per testis and per gram of testicular tissue were significantly decreased in gentamicin treated guinea pigs. As regard to endocrine part of the testis, the percent of volume density of Leydig cell nuclei, the total number of Leydig cells, and plasma testosterone level were significantly decreased in gentamicin treated guinea pigs. With co-administration of propolis and curcumin, the structure of seminiferous tubules improved and their lumens were full of bundles of sperms. Also, all the parameters of seminiferous tubules and total numbers of Sertoli cells, round spermatids, daily sperm production and Leydig cells were ameliorated significantly as compared to gentamicin treated animals. Also, the testosterone level was improved. Conclusion: It can be concluded that, the gentamicin even at therapeutic dose can have adverse impacts on male reproduction. Administration of propolis or curcumin can ameliorate these effects. So, the patients while treated by gentamicin should be advised to use one of them.
Ameliorating Effects of Curcumin and Propolis against the Reproductive Toxicity of Gentamicin in Adult Male Guinea Pigs: Quantitative Analysis and Morphological Study
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-05-30
© Science Publishing Group
Fathy Ahmed Fetouh
Azab El Saied Azab
Ameliorating Effects of Curcumin and Propolis against the Reproductive Toxicity of Gentamicin in Adult Male Guinea Pigs: Quantitative Analysis and Morphological Study
2
3
149
149
2014-05-30
2014-05-30
10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.13
© Science Publishing Group
Darwin’s Theory is the Mixture of Malthus’s Theory and Lyell’s Theory and Darwin Use Wrong Lamarck’s Theory as Well as Believe as a Mechanism of Evolution
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.12
Darwin’s theory of natural selection is a mixture of Lyell’s theory and Malthus’s theory and Darwin used wrong Lamarck’s theory, theme of sociologist Herbert Spencer ‘survival of the fittest’ plus believes as the mechanism of evolution. Evidences are provided form his paper 1858, ‘Origin of Species’ and ‘Descent of Man’ his autobiography and different text books. Diverse literatures showed that Lyell declared in ‘Principle of Geology’ that the earth was evolved from the simple to the modern stage by slow and gradual (he utilized gradual 170 times) process by natural forces during millions of years. Darwin applied this view to natural selection. But he used ‘living organisms’ in lieu of the ‘earth surface’ and confirmed that all the living organisms evolved by slow and gradual process from a few previous simple organisms over millions of years. Furthermore, Darwin used Lyell’s name and his idea gradual 27 times in ‘Origin of Species’ and 9 times in ‘Descent of Man’. Malthus argued in ‘Principle of population’ geometrical increasing of human population and confirmed that as many more individuals are born can possibly survive. So, there is often struggle for existence and competition is compulsory. Darwin adopted this idea in his theory of natural selection but he used ‘all living organisms’ instead of ‘Human’. Additionally, Darwin applied Malthus thought geometrical increase 11 times, struggle 84 times, existence 69 and competition 44 times in ‘Origin of Species’. Thus, Darwin synthesized natural selection by the mixture of Malthus theory and Lyell’s theory in 1889. Moreover, he applied wrong Lamarck’s theory disuse 41 places in ‘Origin of Species’ and 15 places in ‘Descent of Man’. He acknowledged that principles of natural selection is shadowed of forth principles of Lamarck and the problem of human evolution can never be solved by science. Man is considered with other some ancient, lower, and extinct form, Lamarck long ago came to this conclusion. Six classical World renowned persons (Darwin, Wallace, Malthus, Lyell, Lamarck and Spencer) direct related to development of ‘natural selection’ (Origin Species and Descent of Man) but four persons are academically nonscientist (Darwin, Malthus, Lyell and Spencer) even two main persons are academically clergyman man (Darwin and Malthus). Even, Darwin applied unscientific idea ‘I believe’ and similar theme 372 times in ‘Origin of Species’ and 264 times in ‘Descent of Man’. However, believe is not science as believe in God is not science.
Darwin’s theory of natural selection is a mixture of Lyell’s theory and Malthus’s theory and Darwin used wrong Lamarck’s theory, theme of sociologist Herbert Spencer ‘survival of the fittest’ plus believes as the mechanism of evolution. Evidences are provided form his paper 1858, ‘Origin of Species’ and ‘Descent of Man’ his autobiography and different text books. Diverse literatures showed that Lyell declared in ‘Principle of Geology’ that the earth was evolved from the simple to the modern stage by slow and gradual (he utilized gradual 170 times) process by natural forces during millions of years. Darwin applied this view to natural selection. But he used ‘living organisms’ in lieu of the ‘earth surface’ and confirmed that all the living organisms evolved by slow and gradual process from a few previous simple organisms over millions of years. Furthermore, Darwin used Lyell’s name and his idea gradual 27 times in ‘Origin of Species’ and 9 times in ‘Descent of Man’. Malthus argued in ‘Principle of population’ geometrical increasing of human population and confirmed that as many more individuals are born can possibly survive. So, there is often struggle for existence and competition is compulsory. Darwin adopted this idea in his theory of natural selection but he used ‘all living organisms’ instead of ‘Human’. Additionally, Darwin applied Malthus thought geometrical increase 11 times, struggle 84 times, existence 69 and competition 44 times in ‘Origin of Species’. Thus, Darwin synthesized natural selection by the mixture of Malthus theory and Lyell’s theory in 1889. Moreover, he applied wrong Lamarck’s theory disuse 41 places in ‘Origin of Species’ and 15 places in ‘Descent of Man’. He acknowledged that principles of natural selection is shadowed of forth principles of Lamarck and the problem of human evolution can never be solved by science. Man is considered with other some ancient, lower, and extinct form, Lamarck long ago came to this conclusion. Six classical World renowned persons (Darwin, Wallace, Malthus, Lyell, Lamarck and Spencer) direct related to development of ‘natural selection’ (Origin Species and Descent of Man) but four persons are academically nonscientist (Darwin, Malthus, Lyell and Spencer) even two main persons are academically clergyman man (Darwin and Malthus). Even, Darwin applied unscientific idea ‘I believe’ and similar theme 372 times in ‘Origin of Species’ and 264 times in ‘Descent of Man’. However, believe is not science as believe in God is not science.
Darwin’s Theory is the Mixture of Malthus’s Theory and Lyell’s Theory and Darwin Use Wrong Lamarck’s Theory as Well as Believe as a Mechanism of Evolution
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-05-30
© Science Publishing Group
Md. Abdul Ahad
Darwin’s Theory is the Mixture of Malthus’s Theory and Lyell’s Theory and Darwin Use Wrong Lamarck’s Theory as Well as Believe as a Mechanism of Evolution
2
3
137
137
2014-05-30
2014-05-30
10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Effect of Exposure to Suspended Sediment in Mortality of Corbicula Fluminea (Müller, 1774) (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.14
The erosion of rural watersheds, especially in the rainy season, deposit sediments in the waterways, and subsequently brings about one of the most important physicochemical changes in our water resources: the rise in their turbidity parameters. For freshwater bivalves, changes in water turbidity have a significant impact because they are filter feeders and depend on stable water conditions to regulate their physiological functions. Our preliminary studies have already demonstrated Corbicula fluminea`s (Müller 1774) intolerance to increases the turbidity of the water. In the current paper, we conducted research in the watersheds of the Pardo and Mogi rivers (State of São Paulo - Brazil). Under laboratory conditions, we did not observe statistical differences in the mortality rate of C. fluminea to turbidity levels of 150, 200 and 250 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). Mortality rates of approximately 50% were observed when the specimens were exposed to these conditions for 96 to 120 hours. Results indicate that the species is sensitive or even intolerant to changes in turbidity, caused by suspended sediment, which explains the high mortality and the seasonal decline in the population of this species during rainy periods. The methodology used in this research, supported by the results produced, may indicate a new way of studying the decline of molluscan biodiversity that has been observed throughout Brazil.
The erosion of rural watersheds, especially in the rainy season, deposit sediments in the waterways, and subsequently brings about one of the most important physicochemical changes in our water resources: the rise in their turbidity parameters. For freshwater bivalves, changes in water turbidity have a significant impact because they are filter feeders and depend on stable water conditions to regulate their physiological functions. Our preliminary studies have already demonstrated Corbicula fluminea`s (Müller 1774) intolerance to increases the turbidity of the water. In the current paper, we conducted research in the watersheds of the Pardo and Mogi rivers (State of São Paulo - Brazil). Under laboratory conditions, we did not observe statistical differences in the mortality rate of C. fluminea to turbidity levels of 150, 200 and 250 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). Mortality rates of approximately 50% were observed when the specimens were exposed to these conditions for 96 to 120 hours. Results indicate that the species is sensitive or even intolerant to changes in turbidity, caused by suspended sediment, which explains the high mortality and the seasonal decline in the population of this species during rainy periods. The methodology used in this research, supported by the results produced, may indicate a new way of studying the decline of molluscan biodiversity that has been observed throughout Brazil.
The Effect of Exposure to Suspended Sediment in Mortality of Corbicula Fluminea (Müller, 1774) (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae)
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-06-09
© Science Publishing Group
Neves Fernando F.
Lavrador Marco A. S.
Costa Álvaro S.
Avelar Wagner E. P.
The Effect of Exposure to Suspended Sediment in Mortality of Corbicula Fluminea (Müller, 1774) (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae)
2
3
154
154
2014-06-09
2014-06-09
10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.14
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of Questionnaires Surveys and Overviews On the Gaps of Past Research Causing Plant Disease and People Health Hazards in the Sundarbans
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.15
Coastal belts render energy & operative support to people and natural resources (Awal, M.A.2007). But the Sundarbans is being contaminated by various environmental factors such as heavy metal contaminations in soil and water as well as people health (Awal, M.A. 2014). So, a questionnaire survey was conducted among different groups of people inside and outside of Sundarbans to explore local perceptions as to the possible causes of disease of plants in Sundarbans (Awal, M.A.2009). This confirmed the increase in top-dying prevalence. Despite various hypotheses as to the causes of this top-dying, the underlying causes are still not well understood. The present work has explored some of the possible factors involved, focussing particularly on the relationship among the amount of top-dying in different places and the human destruction of Sundarbans ecosystem as well as abnormal concentrations of a number of chemical elements present in the soil, in order to test the hypothesis that ecological pollution, along with chemical pollution might be responsible. Of the hypotheses previously put forward to explain top-dying, the present results do not support enhanced salinity as the cause. It is likely that several of the above-mentioned environmental factors interact with each other to induce top dying in Sundri (Awal, M.A. 2004). However, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, soil pH, Pb, Zn and Ni could be directly linked with top-dying disease of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans, probably particularly by weakening the vigour of the trees and people and allowing other factors such as pathological agents to attack the plants and surrounding people in Sundarbans, Bangladesh (Awal, 2014).
Coastal belts render energy & operative support to people and natural resources (Awal, M.A.2007). But the Sundarbans is being contaminated by various environmental factors such as heavy metal contaminations in soil and water as well as people health (Awal, M.A. 2014). So, a questionnaire survey was conducted among different groups of people inside and outside of Sundarbans to explore local perceptions as to the possible causes of disease of plants in Sundarbans (Awal, M.A.2009). This confirmed the increase in top-dying prevalence. Despite various hypotheses as to the causes of this top-dying, the underlying causes are still not well understood. The present work has explored some of the possible factors involved, focussing particularly on the relationship among the amount of top-dying in different places and the human destruction of Sundarbans ecosystem as well as abnormal concentrations of a number of chemical elements present in the soil, in order to test the hypothesis that ecological pollution, along with chemical pollution might be responsible. Of the hypotheses previously put forward to explain top-dying, the present results do not support enhanced salinity as the cause. It is likely that several of the above-mentioned environmental factors interact with each other to induce top dying in Sundri (Awal, M.A. 2004). However, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, soil pH, Pb, Zn and Ni could be directly linked with top-dying disease of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans, probably particularly by weakening the vigour of the trees and people and allowing other factors such as pathological agents to attack the plants and surrounding people in Sundarbans, Bangladesh (Awal, 2014).
Analysis of Questionnaires Surveys and Overviews On the Gaps of Past Research Causing Plant Disease and People Health Hazards in the Sundarbans
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-06-12
© Science Publishing Group
Awal, Mohd Abdul
Analysis of Questionnaires Surveys and Overviews On the Gaps of Past Research Causing Plant Disease and People Health Hazards in the Sundarbans
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2014-06-12
2014-06-12
10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.15
© Science Publishing Group
Mapsin Expression in Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma and Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.18
Salivary gland tumors comprise a significant proportion of oral tumors. Maspin is a non-inhibitory serine protease inhibitor (serpin). It is supposed to suppress tumor-induced angiogenesis, tumor cell motility, invasion and metastasis. Objectives: To evaluate salivary gland tumors clinically, investigate the immunoexpression of maspin in mucoepidermoid and adenocystic carcinoma of the salivary gland tumors and to detect the correlation of maspin expression with biological behavior of these tumors.Materials and methods: Fourteen cases of malignant salivary gland tumors were retrieved from the Oral Pathology files of Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Egypt. The study included eight cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, six cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma. Two specimens of normal salivary tissue were taken as control.Results: The difference in mean optical density of maspin expression between low-grade and high-grade MEC was calculated. Optical density was higher in low-grade type compared to the high grade one with a significant difference (P< 0.05).Moreover, the results of this study showed difference between the MOD of adenoid cystic carcinoma subtypes, with the solid subtype expressing the lowest percentage. Conclusion: Maspin protein is overexpressed in low grade malignant salivary gland tumors, and decrease as the histological malignancy rises so it can be used as prognostic marker in salivary gland carcinoma. In addition, maspin could serve as a therapeutic target in salivary gland tumors including recombinant protein or gene therapy.
Salivary gland tumors comprise a significant proportion of oral tumors. Maspin is a non-inhibitory serine protease inhibitor (serpin). It is supposed to suppress tumor-induced angiogenesis, tumor cell motility, invasion and metastasis. Objectives: To evaluate salivary gland tumors clinically, investigate the immunoexpression of maspin in mucoepidermoid and adenocystic carcinoma of the salivary gland tumors and to detect the correlation of maspin expression with biological behavior of these tumors.Materials and methods: Fourteen cases of malignant salivary gland tumors were retrieved from the Oral Pathology files of Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Egypt. The study included eight cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, six cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma. Two specimens of normal salivary tissue were taken as control.Results: The difference in mean optical density of maspin expression between low-grade and high-grade MEC was calculated. Optical density was higher in low-grade type compared to the high grade one with a significant difference (P< 0.05).Moreover, the results of this study showed difference between the MOD of adenoid cystic carcinoma subtypes, with the solid subtype expressing the lowest percentage. Conclusion: Maspin protein is overexpressed in low grade malignant salivary gland tumors, and decrease as the histological malignancy rises so it can be used as prognostic marker in salivary gland carcinoma. In addition, maspin could serve as a therapeutic target in salivary gland tumors including recombinant protein or gene therapy.
Mapsin Expression in Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma and Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.18
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-06-30
© Science Publishing Group
Sahar Mohamed El-Sheikh
Amani Noureldin Abd El-Latif
Mapsin Expression in Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma and Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
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189
2014-06-30
2014-06-30
10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.18
© Science Publishing Group
To Investigate the Correlation of Proton Leak and Current Produced from Animal Cells by Microbial Fuel Cells
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.17
Proton leak has been implicated in various chronic diseases like diabetes and cancer. In this study, current from intact cells, including mice liver cells, pig blood cells and human breast cancer cell MCF-7 were measured by microbial fuel cells (MFC). Positive current change in normal liver cells were induced by either 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) or Piceatonnol. The effect of DNP in enhancing the proton conductivity would increase the degree of positive current change, while Piceatonnol in improving the mitochondria membrane potential would support the sustainability of the positive current change with time. Piceatonnol was found to be more effective in inducing positive current change in cancer cells than in liver cells. The higher effectiveness of Piceatonnol to cancer cells would be explained by the high proton leak condition of the cells, and so increased the current production. Little positive current change could be induced in red blood cell by either DNP or Piceatonnol. Results supported the hypothesis of the high mitochondria membrane potential to support the positive current change in cells with time, while the proton conductivity determined the degree of positive current change. The condition of proton leak of cells seemed to be the limiting factor for the positive current change in cells.
Proton leak has been implicated in various chronic diseases like diabetes and cancer. In this study, current from intact cells, including mice liver cells, pig blood cells and human breast cancer cell MCF-7 were measured by microbial fuel cells (MFC). Positive current change in normal liver cells were induced by either 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) or Piceatonnol. The effect of DNP in enhancing the proton conductivity would increase the degree of positive current change, while Piceatonnol in improving the mitochondria membrane potential would support the sustainability of the positive current change with time. Piceatonnol was found to be more effective in inducing positive current change in cancer cells than in liver cells. The higher effectiveness of Piceatonnol to cancer cells would be explained by the high proton leak condition of the cells, and so increased the current production. Little positive current change could be induced in red blood cell by either DNP or Piceatonnol. Results supported the hypothesis of the high mitochondria membrane potential to support the positive current change in cells with time, while the proton conductivity determined the degree of positive current change. The condition of proton leak of cells seemed to be the limiting factor for the positive current change in cells.
To Investigate the Correlation of Proton Leak and Current Produced from Animal Cells by Microbial Fuel Cells
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.17
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-06-30
© Science Publishing Group
Karen Poon
Tse Chiu Chung
Chang Xu
Ruihua Wang
To Investigate the Correlation of Proton Leak and Current Produced from Animal Cells by Microbial Fuel Cells
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2014-06-30
2014-06-30
10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.17
© Science Publishing Group
Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Tracts of Persons in a Semi-Urban Area of Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12
Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the most important opportunistic bacterial pathogens of man and strains resistant to available drug classes have become more and more prevalent in clinical and community settings. The aim of this study was to determine the nasal carriage rates of multidrug – resistant (MDR) Staph aureus in food vendors and hospital workers in Ekpoma, Nigeria, and to assess whether resistance was plasmid – mediated. With the use of sterile swab sticks (Sterilin, UK), one hundred nasal swabs were obtained from consenting volunteers. Each swab was streaked on mannitol salt agar (Difco, Detroit MI) and incubated at 370C for 24hrs. Colonies growing on medium were Gram – stained and tested for catalase, coagulase and mannitol fermentation. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique, and results were interpreted using the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute’s guidelines. Results showed that 32 (32%) of the 100 specimens screened yielded Staph aureus, with 18 (36%) and 14 (28%) of the isolates recovered from hospital workers and food vendors, respectively. The prevalence rate in males (40%) compared with females (24%) was not statistically significant (P>0.05), using Student’s t-test analysis. All the Staph aureus isolates were susceptible to Augmentin. The highest resistance rates of 65.6%, 59.3% and 50.0% were recorded for Amoxycillin, Ofloxacin and Oxacillin respectively, while low resistance rates were recorded for Gentamicin (9.38%) and Cefuroxime (15.6%). Of the 17 (53%) MDR isolates of Staph aureus, only 4 (23.5%) remained MDR after curing with 0.1mg/ml acridine orange solution. Observance of personal hygiene can reduce the level of contamination or infection of carriers thereby reducing the risk of infection for others in the community, while rational use of antibiotics by health professionals and end users could help to curb the rising trend of antibiotic resistance within the community.
Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the most important opportunistic bacterial pathogens of man and strains resistant to available drug classes have become more and more prevalent in clinical and community settings. The aim of this study was to determine the nasal carriage rates of multidrug – resistant (MDR) Staph aureus in food vendors and hospital workers in Ekpoma, Nigeria, and to assess whether resistance was plasmid – mediated. With the use of sterile swab sticks (Sterilin, UK), one hundred nasal swabs were obtained from consenting volunteers. Each swab was streaked on mannitol salt agar (Difco, Detroit MI) and incubated at 370C for 24hrs. Colonies growing on medium were Gram – stained and tested for catalase, coagulase and mannitol fermentation. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique, and results were interpreted using the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute’s guidelines. Results showed that 32 (32%) of the 100 specimens screened yielded Staph aureus, with 18 (36%) and 14 (28%) of the isolates recovered from hospital workers and food vendors, respectively. The prevalence rate in males (40%) compared with females (24%) was not statistically significant (P>0.05), using Student’s t-test analysis. All the Staph aureus isolates were susceptible to Augmentin. The highest resistance rates of 65.6%, 59.3% and 50.0% were recorded for Amoxycillin, Ofloxacin and Oxacillin respectively, while low resistance rates were recorded for Gentamicin (9.38%) and Cefuroxime (15.6%). Of the 17 (53%) MDR isolates of Staph aureus, only 4 (23.5%) remained MDR after curing with 0.1mg/ml acridine orange solution. Observance of personal hygiene can reduce the level of contamination or infection of carriers thereby reducing the risk of infection for others in the community, while rational use of antibiotics by health professionals and end users could help to curb the rising trend of antibiotic resistance within the community.
Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Tracts of Persons in a Semi-Urban Area of Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-08-05
© Science Publishing Group
Jonathan Osariemen Isibor
Ehima Otabor
Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Tracts of Persons in a Semi-Urban Area of Nigeria
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204
204
2014-08-05
2014-08-05
10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.12
© Science Publishing Group
Standarizing in Planta Agrobacterium Tumefacience Mediated Genetic Transformation Protocol to Develop New Events by Transforming G. Hirsutum Cotton based on Cry1Ac-Cry1Ec Genes
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.11
Cotton breeding for insect resistance has been limited by a lack of sufficient genetic variation in the existing germplasms. Therefore, genetic engineering provides the possibility of creating varieties carrying new properties coming even from heterologous source. Exogenous pesticidal transgenes can be introduced into plants. Agrobacterium mediated plant transformation offers advantages like reducing copy number of the transgene and little co-suppression. Inter specific hybrids are known to be more susceptible to biotic stress. It is hence important to develop Bt version for inter specific hybrid. Presently, the Bt gene commercialized are owned by private sector. It is necessary to develop public sector’s Bt event and commercialize them. UAS Dharwad is involved in developing public sector Bt cotton genotypes. One variety, RCR4 (Gossypium hirsutum, L.) was used in the present investigation. Cry1Ac-Cry1Ec genes are to control Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura. The seedlings in pots were co-cultivated with solid Agrobacterium culture after cutting the meristematic tip with sharp knife. The number of seedlings co-cultivated, number of seedlings established and the number of seedlings showing transformed status are presented in this study. PCR was performed to confirm the presence of the transgene in the plants that were selected to be advanced further. The results showed that non of plants had trangenes Cry1Ac- Cry1Ec as detected through PCR amplification. In planta genetic transformation was carried out and the plants were tested in T0 generation by means of PCR amplification for the genes Cry1Ac- Cry1Ec. The results obtained were not amplified the Cry1Ac- Cry1Ec. Hence the transformation of the genes was not up to mark and the plants of T1 generation are also not confirmed.
Cotton breeding for insect resistance has been limited by a lack of sufficient genetic variation in the existing germplasms. Therefore, genetic engineering provides the possibility of creating varieties carrying new properties coming even from heterologous source. Exogenous pesticidal transgenes can be introduced into plants. Agrobacterium mediated plant transformation offers advantages like reducing copy number of the transgene and little co-suppression. Inter specific hybrids are known to be more susceptible to biotic stress. It is hence important to develop Bt version for inter specific hybrid. Presently, the Bt gene commercialized are owned by private sector. It is necessary to develop public sector’s Bt event and commercialize them. UAS Dharwad is involved in developing public sector Bt cotton genotypes. One variety, RCR4 (Gossypium hirsutum, L.) was used in the present investigation. Cry1Ac-Cry1Ec genes are to control Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura. The seedlings in pots were co-cultivated with solid Agrobacterium culture after cutting the meristematic tip with sharp knife. The number of seedlings co-cultivated, number of seedlings established and the number of seedlings showing transformed status are presented in this study. PCR was performed to confirm the presence of the transgene in the plants that were selected to be advanced further. The results showed that non of plants had trangenes Cry1Ac- Cry1Ec as detected through PCR amplification. In planta genetic transformation was carried out and the plants were tested in T0 generation by means of PCR amplification for the genes Cry1Ac- Cry1Ec. The results obtained were not amplified the Cry1Ac- Cry1Ec. Hence the transformation of the genes was not up to mark and the plants of T1 generation are also not confirmed.
Standarizing in Planta Agrobacterium Tumefacience Mediated Genetic Transformation Protocol to Develop New Events by Transforming G. Hirsutum Cotton based on Cry1Ac-Cry1Ec Genes
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-08-05
© Science Publishing Group
Yanal A. Alkuddsi
Shreekanth S. Patil
S. M. Manjula
K. J. Pranesh
B. C. Patil
Standarizing in Planta Agrobacterium Tumefacience Mediated Genetic Transformation Protocol to Develop New Events by Transforming G. Hirsutum Cotton based on Cry1Ac-Cry1Ec Genes
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2014-08-05
2014-08-05
10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.11
© Science Publishing Group
Histopathological Alterations in the Gill, Liver and Brain of Cyprinus Carpio on Exposure to Quinalphos
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.14
Study was conducted to assess the histopathological damage of Gill, Liver and Brain in common carp, Cyprinus carpio after sublethal exposure to Quinalphos. Exposed to sublethal concentration (One tenth (1/10th, 0.75 μl/L) of commercial grade quinalphos (25% Emulsified Concentration) for 1, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days and a parallel control was run simultaneously. Gill, Liver and Brain of exposed individuals exhibited some remarkable changes in their histology in comparison to control. Prominent changes include shrinkage of the glomerulus, and dilation of tubular lumen. Vacuolization, desquamation, hydropic swelling and hyaline degeneration of tubular epithelium is also observed. Cyst formation and hemorrhage also appear in certain specimens. Duration of exposure appears to have a profound effect on Gill, Liver and Brain as with increasing duration of exposure histopathological damages become more severe.
Study was conducted to assess the histopathological damage of Gill, Liver and Brain in common carp, Cyprinus carpio after sublethal exposure to Quinalphos. Exposed to sublethal concentration (One tenth (1/10th, 0.75 μl/L) of commercial grade quinalphos (25% Emulsified Concentration) for 1, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days and a parallel control was run simultaneously. Gill, Liver and Brain of exposed individuals exhibited some remarkable changes in their histology in comparison to control. Prominent changes include shrinkage of the glomerulus, and dilation of tubular lumen. Vacuolization, desquamation, hydropic swelling and hyaline degeneration of tubular epithelium is also observed. Cyst formation and hemorrhage also appear in certain specimens. Duration of exposure appears to have a profound effect on Gill, Liver and Brain as with increasing duration of exposure histopathological damages become more severe.
Histopathological Alterations in the Gill, Liver and Brain of Cyprinus Carpio on Exposure to Quinalphos
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-08-24
© Science Publishing Group
Ramesh Raju Chamarthi
Manjunatha Bangeppagari
Jaffer Mohiddin Gooty
Srinivasulu Mandala
Juan Ortiz Tirado
Shambanagouda R. Marigoudar
Histopathological Alterations in the Gill, Liver and Brain of Cyprinus Carpio on Exposure to Quinalphos
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2014-08-24
2014-08-24
10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.14
© Science Publishing Group
TNF-α Genetic Polymorphisms and its Expression in Egyptian Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.17
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex, multifactorial, inflammatory disease that affects more than 1.5 million adults. The current study aimed to investigate whether there is an association between either -376 G/A or -238 G/A polymorphisms of TNF-α promoter and the risk of RA in Egyptian patients, and investigate whether these polymorphisms are linked to TNF-α expression. DNA from 54 clinically confirmed RA patients and 24 apparently healthy individuals was genotyped by RFLP technique. Some samples were selected for semi-quantitative measurement of TNF-α mRNA expression. For the -376 polymorphism, no polymorphism was recorded in this site neither in RA patients nor in the apparently healthy individuals. This indicated the wide distribution of the wild type GG genotype among Egyptians. For the -238 G/A polymorphism, data indicated that 77.8% of RA patients were of the genotype GG and 22.2% were heterozygous (GA), while 91.7% of the apparently healthy individuals were of the genotype GG and 8.3% were heterozygous (GA). The homozygous genotype AA was not recorded in any RA or healthy subject. There was no statistically significant difference in the genotype distribution between RA patients and the apparently healthy individuals. Also, there was no statistically significant difference in either the G or A allele distribution between the RA group and the group of healthy subjects. Semi-quantitative PCR on some samples revealed a statistically significant increase in the relative expression of TNF-α mRNA in RA patients compared to healthy subjects. Based on these data, we conclude that -238 G/A and -376 G/A polymorphisms can not be considered as risk factors for RA among Egyptians and the increased expression of TNF-α in Egyptian RA patients is not linked to these polymorphisms. Therefore, Egyptian RA patients may have different genetic or environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of RA and further studies are necessary to search for other genetic polymorphisms and/or genes that contribute to the increased expression of TNF-α and hence the pathogenesis of RA in Egyptian patients.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex, multifactorial, inflammatory disease that affects more than 1.5 million adults. The current study aimed to investigate whether there is an association between either -376 G/A or -238 G/A polymorphisms of TNF-α promoter and the risk of RA in Egyptian patients, and investigate whether these polymorphisms are linked to TNF-α expression. DNA from 54 clinically confirmed RA patients and 24 apparently healthy individuals was genotyped by RFLP technique. Some samples were selected for semi-quantitative measurement of TNF-α mRNA expression. For the -376 polymorphism, no polymorphism was recorded in this site neither in RA patients nor in the apparently healthy individuals. This indicated the wide distribution of the wild type GG genotype among Egyptians. For the -238 G/A polymorphism, data indicated that 77.8% of RA patients were of the genotype GG and 22.2% were heterozygous (GA), while 91.7% of the apparently healthy individuals were of the genotype GG and 8.3% were heterozygous (GA). The homozygous genotype AA was not recorded in any RA or healthy subject. There was no statistically significant difference in the genotype distribution between RA patients and the apparently healthy individuals. Also, there was no statistically significant difference in either the G or A allele distribution between the RA group and the group of healthy subjects. Semi-quantitative PCR on some samples revealed a statistically significant increase in the relative expression of TNF-α mRNA in RA patients compared to healthy subjects. Based on these data, we conclude that -238 G/A and -376 G/A polymorphisms can not be considered as risk factors for RA among Egyptians and the increased expression of TNF-α in Egyptian RA patients is not linked to these polymorphisms. Therefore, Egyptian RA patients may have different genetic or environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of RA and further studies are necessary to search for other genetic polymorphisms and/or genes that contribute to the increased expression of TNF-α and hence the pathogenesis of RA in Egyptian patients.
TNF-α Genetic Polymorphisms and its Expression in Egyptian Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.17
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-08-29
© Science Publishing Group
Afaf K. Mousa
Ahmed M. Ghoneim
Noha B. El-Mashad
Ahmed E. El-Ghobashy
TNF-α Genetic Polymorphisms and its Expression in Egyptian Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
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2014-08-29
2014-08-29
10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.17
© Science Publishing Group
Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Endophytic Bacteria in Maize (Zea Mays L.) Cultivated on Acrisols of the Southeast of Vietnam
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.16
Endophytic bacterial diversity in Maize plant cultivated on Acrisols of the Eastern of South Vietnam was studied. Maize material was collected from five sites (provinces/cities) of this region. Endophytic bacteria were isolated in two kinds of medium (LGI, NFb) together with 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from DNA using eubacterial universal primers (p515FPL and p13B). A total of 301 isolates were isolated and all of them have ability of nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization together with IAA biosynthesis but there were 30 isolates having the best characteristics and they were identified as maize endophytes and nifH gene owners. The sequences from selected endophytic bacteria (30 isolates) showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references strains (between 97% and 100%). Among the selected isolates were 6 isolates belong to Bacillus (20.00%) and 24 isolates belong to Proteobacteria (80.00%) including 2 alpha-proteobacteria (7%), 6 beta-proteobacteria (20%), and 16 gamma-proteobacteria (53%). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), Proteobacteria group had the highest Theta values and Theta values (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism were calculated for each group and Proteobacteria group had the highest values in comparison of two groups. From these results showed that 3 isolates including DTN1b (Azotobacter vinelandii), VTN2b (Bacillus subtilis) and VTN7 (Enterobacter cloacae) proposed as potential microbial inoculants or biofertilizers for sustainable corn production in poor Acrisols in Vietnam because of their benefit and biosafety.
Endophytic bacterial diversity in Maize plant cultivated on Acrisols of the Eastern of South Vietnam was studied. Maize material was collected from five sites (provinces/cities) of this region. Endophytic bacteria were isolated in two kinds of medium (LGI, NFb) together with 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from DNA using eubacterial universal primers (p515FPL and p13B). A total of 301 isolates were isolated and all of them have ability of nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization together with IAA biosynthesis but there were 30 isolates having the best characteristics and they were identified as maize endophytes and nifH gene owners. The sequences from selected endophytic bacteria (30 isolates) showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references strains (between 97% and 100%). Among the selected isolates were 6 isolates belong to Bacillus (20.00%) and 24 isolates belong to Proteobacteria (80.00%) including 2 alpha-proteobacteria (7%), 6 beta-proteobacteria (20%), and 16 gamma-proteobacteria (53%). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), Proteobacteria group had the highest Theta values and Theta values (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism were calculated for each group and Proteobacteria group had the highest values in comparison of two groups. From these results showed that 3 isolates including DTN1b (Azotobacter vinelandii), VTN2b (Bacillus subtilis) and VTN7 (Enterobacter cloacae) proposed as potential microbial inoculants or biofertilizers for sustainable corn production in poor Acrisols in Vietnam because of their benefit and biosafety.
Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Endophytic Bacteria in Maize (Zea Mays L.) Cultivated on Acrisols of the Southeast of Vietnam
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.16
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-08-29
© Science Publishing Group
Dang Thi Ngoc Thanh
Cao Ngoc Diep
Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Endophytic Bacteria in Maize (Zea Mays L.) Cultivated on Acrisols of the Southeast of Vietnam
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2014-08-29
2014-08-29
10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.16
© Science Publishing Group
Expression of O6 Methyl Guanine Methyl Transferase (Mgmt) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients in Alexandria, Egypt (Smokers and Non-Smokers)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.15
Objectives: O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) removes mutagenic, carcinogenic, and cytotoxic adducts from O6-methylguanine in DNA through a direct reversal mechanism. Decreased expression of MGMT has been reported in a variety of human malignant tumors. The purpose of this study was to clarify the correlation of MGMT expression levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and cigarette smoking. Study Design: MGMT protein expression in 22 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma by immunohistochemistry was investigated. Correlation with detailed tobacco history was then tested by statistical analysis. Results: All the non smoker OSCC cases showed positive immunoexpression. However 3 cases of the smoker patient revealed a weak positive immunostaining with only sporadic cells at the periphery. Conclusion: The results suggest that the absence of MGMT expression is related strongly to tobacco smoking and, thus, might be a significant event in oral carcinogenesis.
Objectives: O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) removes mutagenic, carcinogenic, and cytotoxic adducts from O6-methylguanine in DNA through a direct reversal mechanism. Decreased expression of MGMT has been reported in a variety of human malignant tumors. The purpose of this study was to clarify the correlation of MGMT expression levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and cigarette smoking. Study Design: MGMT protein expression in 22 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma by immunohistochemistry was investigated. Correlation with detailed tobacco history was then tested by statistical analysis. Results: All the non smoker OSCC cases showed positive immunoexpression. However 3 cases of the smoker patient revealed a weak positive immunostaining with only sporadic cells at the periphery. Conclusion: The results suggest that the absence of MGMT expression is related strongly to tobacco smoking and, thus, might be a significant event in oral carcinogenesis.
Expression of O6 Methyl Guanine Methyl Transferase (Mgmt) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients in Alexandria, Egypt (Smokers and Non-Smokers)
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-08-29
© Science Publishing Group
Hend Mohamed Helmy
Taissir Ali Omar
Sahar Mohamed ElSheikh
Ahmed Serag Habib
Expression of O6 Methyl Guanine Methyl Transferase (Mgmt) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients in Alexandria, Egypt (Smokers and Non-Smokers)
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2014-08-29
2014-08-29
10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.15
© Science Publishing Group
Protective Effect of Aspirin on γ Radiation-Induced Sperm Malformations in Swiss Albino Male Mice
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.13
This study evaluated the effects of γ radiation on spermatozoa based on the morphological characteristics of sperm in the caudal epididymis of SWR/J mice. In this study, various abnormal sperm shapes (amorphous heads, hook-less, mid-piece defect, pinheads, coiled tails, and tail-less) were observed after exposure to γirradiation (2 or 4 Gy)and after treatment with aspirin (ASA) and γ-irradiation (0.5 mg/kg + 2 or 4 Gy, 5 mg/kg + 2 or 4 Gy and 50 mg/kg + 2 or 4 Gy). The higher rate of abnormal sperm forms was observed in the γ-irradiated mice compared with the aspirin + γ-irradiation-treated mice. In addition, the numberof sperm with amorphous heads and coiled tails wassignificantly increasedafter irradiation. This study suggests that ASA can effectively reducethe effects of 2to4-Gy radiationin sperm. However, further studies are needed elucidate the mechanisms underlying the antioxidant effect of ASA.
This study evaluated the effects of γ radiation on spermatozoa based on the morphological characteristics of sperm in the caudal epididymis of SWR/J mice. In this study, various abnormal sperm shapes (amorphous heads, hook-less, mid-piece defect, pinheads, coiled tails, and tail-less) were observed after exposure to γirradiation (2 or 4 Gy)and after treatment with aspirin (ASA) and γ-irradiation (0.5 mg/kg + 2 or 4 Gy, 5 mg/kg + 2 or 4 Gy and 50 mg/kg + 2 or 4 Gy). The higher rate of abnormal sperm forms was observed in the γ-irradiated mice compared with the aspirin + γ-irradiation-treated mice. In addition, the numberof sperm with amorphous heads and coiled tails wassignificantly increasedafter irradiation. This study suggests that ASA can effectively reducethe effects of 2to4-Gy radiationin sperm. However, further studies are needed elucidate the mechanisms underlying the antioxidant effect of ASA.
Protective Effect of Aspirin on γ Radiation-Induced Sperm Malformations in Swiss Albino Male Mice
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-08-19
© Science Publishing Group
Marowa Mansour AlMathkour
Entissar Suliman AlSuhaibani
Protective Effect of Aspirin on γ Radiation-Induced Sperm Malformations in Swiss Albino Male Mice
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2014-08-19
2014-08-19
10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.13
© Science Publishing Group
Ramipril and Valsartan as Protective Agents against Some Complications of an Experimentally Induced Obesity in Rats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.18
Objectives: Our work aimed to study the effect of experimentally induced obesity on the rate of advanced glycated end products (AGEs) formation and the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and its relation to oxidative stress and also to evaluate the protective effect of ramipril (an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor), valsartan [an angiotensin II blocker; AT1 receptor blocker), and their combination on these obese animals. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on ten female albino rats fed on standard chow as a control group and fifty obese animals received for sixteen weeks high fat diet alone or in concomitant combination with either ramipril (2 mg/kg/day or 0.25 mg/kg) or valsartan (0.30 mg/kg/day) or the combination of both drugs (0.25 mg/kg of ramipril and 0.30 mg/kg of valsartan daily for sixteen weeks). Blood, kidney and aortic AGEs, ACE activity and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) were measured. Results: The obtained results showed increase in triacylglycerols (TGs) levels (p<0.043) in the obese animals versus the control group. The total blood cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, also, were significantly higher (p<0.0001) in obese animals compared to the corresponding values in controls, with a significant reduction in their levels in all treated groups except in group IV (p=.041) when compared to the control group. On the other hand, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lower (p<0.0001) in the obese animals compared to its level in the controls. The obese animals showed significant increase in their blood glucose and serum insulin levels when compared to the controls [(p<0.037) and (p<0.045), respectively]. The results, also, revealed that obesity was associated with a statistically significant increase in the blood, kidney and aortic tissue levels of AGEs, ACE and AOPPs compared to their corresponding values in the control group. Treatment with ramipril, valsartan and their combination caused significant reduction in serum and tissue levels of both AGEs and AOPPs when compared with the obese group. On the other hand, ACE activity was markedly reduced following the administration of ramipril alone or when it is combined with valsartan, while the administration of valsartan alone showed no significant effect on the activity of ACE when compared to the obese group. Moreover, combination of ramipril (at a submaximal antihypertensive dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day) with valsartan produce a marked reduction in all parameters examined compared to valsartan alone. Conclusion: combination of ramipril and valsartan showed more therapeutic effect compared to individual therapy with ACE inhibitor or AT1 receptor blocker.
Objectives: Our work aimed to study the effect of experimentally induced obesity on the rate of advanced glycated end products (AGEs) formation and the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and its relation to oxidative stress and also to evaluate the protective effect of ramipril (an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor), valsartan [an angiotensin II blocker; AT1 receptor blocker), and their combination on these obese animals. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on ten female albino rats fed on standard chow as a control group and fifty obese animals received for sixteen weeks high fat diet alone or in concomitant combination with either ramipril (2 mg/kg/day or 0.25 mg/kg) or valsartan (0.30 mg/kg/day) or the combination of both drugs (0.25 mg/kg of ramipril and 0.30 mg/kg of valsartan daily for sixteen weeks). Blood, kidney and aortic AGEs, ACE activity and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) were measured. Results: The obtained results showed increase in triacylglycerols (TGs) levels (p<0.043) in the obese animals versus the control group. The total blood cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, also, were significantly higher (p<0.0001) in obese animals compared to the corresponding values in controls, with a significant reduction in their levels in all treated groups except in group IV (p=.041) when compared to the control group. On the other hand, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lower (p<0.0001) in the obese animals compared to its level in the controls. The obese animals showed significant increase in their blood glucose and serum insulin levels when compared to the controls [(p<0.037) and (p<0.045), respectively]. The results, also, revealed that obesity was associated with a statistically significant increase in the blood, kidney and aortic tissue levels of AGEs, ACE and AOPPs compared to their corresponding values in the control group. Treatment with ramipril, valsartan and their combination caused significant reduction in serum and tissue levels of both AGEs and AOPPs when compared with the obese group. On the other hand, ACE activity was markedly reduced following the administration of ramipril alone or when it is combined with valsartan, while the administration of valsartan alone showed no significant effect on the activity of ACE when compared to the obese group. Moreover, combination of ramipril (at a submaximal antihypertensive dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day) with valsartan produce a marked reduction in all parameters examined compared to valsartan alone. Conclusion: combination of ramipril and valsartan showed more therapeutic effect compared to individual therapy with ACE inhibitor or AT1 receptor blocker.
Ramipril and Valsartan as Protective Agents against Some Complications of an Experimentally Induced Obesity in Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.18
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-09-05
© Science Publishing Group
Said Al-Dalaen
Aiman Al-Qtaitat
Samir Mahgoub
Nedal Alnawaiseh
Jehad Al-Shuneigat
Samih Sarayreh
Yousef Sarayreh
Ramipril and Valsartan as Protective Agents against Some Complications of an Experimentally Induced Obesity in Rats
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250
250
2014-09-05
2014-09-05
10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140204.18
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Levels on Growth and Development of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) at Bore District, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.12
Fertilizer requirement of crops vary from location to location owing to several factors. Thus there is a need to determine site specific fertilizer recommendation for specific crops. Accordingly, an experiment was conducted on the effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer levels on yield and yield components of barley at south eastern Oromia, Bore, in 2009 cropping season. The barley variety Biftu was used as test crop. It is a newly released variety from Sinana Agricultural Research Center. The experiment contained factorial combination of five levels of N (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 Kg ha-1) and four levels of P (0, 23, 46 and 69 Kg ha-1) laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications. Application of N significantly prolonged number of days to heading and maturity and grain filling period. Number of fertile tillers, total biomass and straw yield were significantly increased by application of N. However, the effect of N on plant height and number of total tillers was not significant. On the other hand, P application significantly influenced all the parameters of growth and development. Contrary to N, increase in P significantly shortened number of days to heading and maturity and grain filling period. Number of fertile tillers was significantly increased by P application. The interaction effect of N and P was significant on days to heading and number of fertile tillers. Therefore, balanced amount of N and P is very essential for appropriate growth of barley.
Fertilizer requirement of crops vary from location to location owing to several factors. Thus there is a need to determine site specific fertilizer recommendation for specific crops. Accordingly, an experiment was conducted on the effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer levels on yield and yield components of barley at south eastern Oromia, Bore, in 2009 cropping season. The barley variety Biftu was used as test crop. It is a newly released variety from Sinana Agricultural Research Center. The experiment contained factorial combination of five levels of N (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 Kg ha-1) and four levels of P (0, 23, 46 and 69 Kg ha-1) laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications. Application of N significantly prolonged number of days to heading and maturity and grain filling period. Number of fertile tillers, total biomass and straw yield were significantly increased by application of N. However, the effect of N on plant height and number of total tillers was not significant. On the other hand, P application significantly influenced all the parameters of growth and development. Contrary to N, increase in P significantly shortened number of days to heading and maturity and grain filling period. Number of fertile tillers was significantly increased by P application. The interaction effect of N and P was significant on days to heading and number of fertile tillers. Therefore, balanced amount of N and P is very essential for appropriate growth of barley.
Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Levels on Growth and Development of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) at Bore District, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-09-30
© Science Publishing Group
Wakene Tigre
Walelign Worku
Wassie Haile
Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Levels on Growth and Development of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) at Bore District, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia
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2014-09-30
2014-09-30
10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.12
© Science Publishing Group
Cardiovascular Calcification in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: Contributors Interplay
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.11
Traditional cardiovascular risk factors are common among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However the high prevalence of atherosclerosis and arterial calcification in CKD is far beyond the explanation by common cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of cardiovascular calcification and its relation to demographic data, hemodialysis data and laboratory biomarkers and to evaluate the cardiovascular risk of atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients. Fourty CKD patients on regular hemodialysis and twenty healthy volunteers were subjected to echocardiography, carotid ultrasound and laboratory studies including serum parathrmone (PTH), 25(OH) vitamin D, feutin and osteoprotegerin levels (OPG). The echocardiographic data showed a statistically significant increase in interventricular septum thickness (IVST), posterior wall thickness (PWT) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in patients group compared to the controls. Thirty patients (75%) had valvular calcification. There was significant increase in carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in patients group. Serum levels of Ph, PTH and Osteoprotegerin were significantly increased, however, serum levels of Ca, Vitamin D and Feutin were significantly decreased in patients group. Serum level of Ph, and Osteoprotogerin were significantly increased while Vitamin D and feutin were significantly decreased in patients with valvular calcification compared to patients without valvular calcifications. The level of Vitamin D and Fetuin were negatively correlated with creatinine, PTH and osteoprotogerin. While, the level of osteoprotogerin and PTH were positively correlated with creatinine and with each other, they were negatively correlated with HDL-c and eGFR. CIMT was positively correlated with LVMI, PWT, urea, creatinine, CRP, Ca and was negatively correlated with EF%, eGFR, HDL-c, vitamin D and Feutin. We concluded that hemodialysis patients with valvular calcifications were older in age, with a longer hemodialysis duration and showed higher Ph level, Ca x P product and OPG level and lower 25(OH)-vitamin D and fetuin A level. Also, they showed lower EF % and were on lower doses of alphacalcidol and higher doses of calcium compared to patients without valvular calcifications. So, our study points to the importance of administration of active vitamin D derivatives to decrease the risk of valvular calcification and atherosclerosis. Serum fetuin A and osteoprotegerin can be used as a simple, easily performed biomarkers mirroring valvular calcification in hemodialysis patients. Further studies should be done to assess trials for the addition of fetuin A in the treatment of CKD patients to prevent the occurrence of calcification.
Traditional cardiovascular risk factors are common among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However the high prevalence of atherosclerosis and arterial calcification in CKD is far beyond the explanation by common cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of cardiovascular calcification and its relation to demographic data, hemodialysis data and laboratory biomarkers and to evaluate the cardiovascular risk of atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients. Fourty CKD patients on regular hemodialysis and twenty healthy volunteers were subjected to echocardiography, carotid ultrasound and laboratory studies including serum parathrmone (PTH), 25(OH) vitamin D, feutin and osteoprotegerin levels (OPG). The echocardiographic data showed a statistically significant increase in interventricular septum thickness (IVST), posterior wall thickness (PWT) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in patients group compared to the controls. Thirty patients (75%) had valvular calcification. There was significant increase in carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in patients group. Serum levels of Ph, PTH and Osteoprotegerin were significantly increased, however, serum levels of Ca, Vitamin D and Feutin were significantly decreased in patients group. Serum level of Ph, and Osteoprotogerin were significantly increased while Vitamin D and feutin were significantly decreased in patients with valvular calcification compared to patients without valvular calcifications. The level of Vitamin D and Fetuin were negatively correlated with creatinine, PTH and osteoprotogerin. While, the level of osteoprotogerin and PTH were positively correlated with creatinine and with each other, they were negatively correlated with HDL-c and eGFR. CIMT was positively correlated with LVMI, PWT, urea, creatinine, CRP, Ca and was negatively correlated with EF%, eGFR, HDL-c, vitamin D and Feutin. We concluded that hemodialysis patients with valvular calcifications were older in age, with a longer hemodialysis duration and showed higher Ph level, Ca x P product and OPG level and lower 25(OH)-vitamin D and fetuin A level. Also, they showed lower EF % and were on lower doses of alphacalcidol and higher doses of calcium compared to patients without valvular calcifications. So, our study points to the importance of administration of active vitamin D derivatives to decrease the risk of valvular calcification and atherosclerosis. Serum fetuin A and osteoprotegerin can be used as a simple, easily performed biomarkers mirroring valvular calcification in hemodialysis patients. Further studies should be done to assess trials for the addition of fetuin A in the treatment of CKD patients to prevent the occurrence of calcification.
Cardiovascular Calcification in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: Contributors Interplay
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-09-30
© Science Publishing Group
Ashraf Abd El-Khalik Barakat
Manar Abd El-Rouf Raafat Ameen
Amna Ahmed Metwaly
Fatma Mohammed Nasr
Nevine Sherif Ali Khalil
Iris Nessim
Cardiovascular Calcification in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: Contributors Interplay
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2014-09-30
2014-09-30
10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.11
© Science Publishing Group
Toxicity, Anti-Lipid Peroxidation, Invitro and Invivo Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Annona Muricata Ethanol Stem Bark Extract
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.14
The presence of natural antioxidant capacity in plants has been well documented world over. There is an increasing demand for natural antioxidant to replace synthetic additives in the food and pharmacologicals. The objective of this study is to evaluate the invivo antioxidant potential of ethanol extract of Annona muricata against CCl4- induced toxicity in rats as well as its invitro antioxidant effect and lipid peroxidation. The extract was prepared by cold maceration using absolute ethanol. The invitro antioxidant properties of the extract was determined using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl) radical and invivo antioxidant enzymes were assayed to evaluate the biological activities of the extract. The polyphenol content of the extract was determined and it contained alkaloids, tannin, flavonoids, phenol in appreciable amount. In the invivo studies, the animals were grouped into three (3) groups of 15 rats each. Group 1 served as control and received 1ml/kg b.w of olive oil orally for 28 days. Group 2 rats were orally administered 1ml/kg CCl4 mixed with olive oil (1:10) daily for 28 days while group 3 rats were administered 1ml/kg CCl4 and 200 mg/kg b.w of Annona muricata stem extract. Three of the rats from each group were sacrificed on days 1, 8, 15, 22 and 28. The plant extract showed remarkable hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced oxidative stress as revealed from serum enzyme markers. CCl4 induced a significant rise (p<0.001) in aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and MDA (malondialdehyde) level in the serum with a reduction in catalase activity. Treatment of rats with the plant extract (200mg/kg b.w) significantly altered both serum enzymes activities and oxidant levels to near normal against CCl4 – treated rats. The invivo and invitro rapid radical scavenging studies were positive for the stem bark extract. This study suggests that the possible mechanism of the exhibited biological activities of the extract may be due to free radical scavenging owing to the presence of polyphenols in the extract. The plant extract possesses, antioxidant, anti-lipid peroxidation effect and is hepatoprotective. These may be the rationale for its folkloric uses and pharmacological effects.
The presence of natural antioxidant capacity in plants has been well documented world over. There is an increasing demand for natural antioxidant to replace synthetic additives in the food and pharmacologicals. The objective of this study is to evaluate the invivo antioxidant potential of ethanol extract of Annona muricata against CCl4- induced toxicity in rats as well as its invitro antioxidant effect and lipid peroxidation. The extract was prepared by cold maceration using absolute ethanol. The invitro antioxidant properties of the extract was determined using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl) radical and invivo antioxidant enzymes were assayed to evaluate the biological activities of the extract. The polyphenol content of the extract was determined and it contained alkaloids, tannin, flavonoids, phenol in appreciable amount. In the invivo studies, the animals were grouped into three (3) groups of 15 rats each. Group 1 served as control and received 1ml/kg b.w of olive oil orally for 28 days. Group 2 rats were orally administered 1ml/kg CCl4 mixed with olive oil (1:10) daily for 28 days while group 3 rats were administered 1ml/kg CCl4 and 200 mg/kg b.w of Annona muricata stem extract. Three of the rats from each group were sacrificed on days 1, 8, 15, 22 and 28. The plant extract showed remarkable hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced oxidative stress as revealed from serum enzyme markers. CCl4 induced a significant rise (p<0.001) in aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and MDA (malondialdehyde) level in the serum with a reduction in catalase activity. Treatment of rats with the plant extract (200mg/kg b.w) significantly altered both serum enzymes activities and oxidant levels to near normal against CCl4 – treated rats. The invivo and invitro rapid radical scavenging studies were positive for the stem bark extract. This study suggests that the possible mechanism of the exhibited biological activities of the extract may be due to free radical scavenging owing to the presence of polyphenols in the extract. The plant extract possesses, antioxidant, anti-lipid peroxidation effect and is hepatoprotective. These may be the rationale for its folkloric uses and pharmacological effects.
Toxicity, Anti-Lipid Peroxidation, Invitro and Invivo Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Annona Muricata Ethanol Stem Bark Extract
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-10-20
© Science Publishing Group
Sanni Olakunle
Obidoa Onyechi
Omale James
Toxicity, Anti-Lipid Peroxidation, Invitro and Invivo Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Annona Muricata Ethanol Stem Bark Extract
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277
277
2014-10-20
2014-10-20
10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.14
© Science Publishing Group
The Effect of Aqueous Extract of Allium Sativum (Garlic) on Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility in Normal and Sickle Cell
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.15
Allium sativa (garlic) is a bulbous herb used as food item, spice and medicine in different parts of the world. The effect of garlic (Allium Sativa) on the osmotic fragility of red blood cells in normal and sickle cell patients was assessed in vitro. The study comprised four sets of fourteen centrifuge tubes each containing 5ml of graduated concentrations of normal saline. To the first set of tubes, 20μl of blood from normal subjects was added using a micropipette, while to the second, 0.75mg of garlic and 20μl of blood from normal subjects were added. To the third set of tubes, 20μl of blood from sickle cell patient was added, and to the fourth 20μl of blood from sickle cell patient and 0.75mg of garlic were added. Percentage hemolysis was determined by spectrophotometry. It was observed that the degree of hemolysis was greater (P<0.05) in the sickle cell compared to the normal blood. This observation was also recorded in the samples treated with garlic. It is concluded that the degree of hemolysis in sickle cell is higher (P<0.05) than normal cell. Treatment with garlic increased fragility in both normal and sickle cell blood however this effect was more pronounced in sickle cell blood. It is recommended that the consumption of garlic in patients with sickle cell anemia should be continuously monitored and carefully regulated.
Allium sativa (garlic) is a bulbous herb used as food item, spice and medicine in different parts of the world. The effect of garlic (Allium Sativa) on the osmotic fragility of red blood cells in normal and sickle cell patients was assessed in vitro. The study comprised four sets of fourteen centrifuge tubes each containing 5ml of graduated concentrations of normal saline. To the first set of tubes, 20μl of blood from normal subjects was added using a micropipette, while to the second, 0.75mg of garlic and 20μl of blood from normal subjects were added. To the third set of tubes, 20μl of blood from sickle cell patient was added, and to the fourth 20μl of blood from sickle cell patient and 0.75mg of garlic were added. Percentage hemolysis was determined by spectrophotometry. It was observed that the degree of hemolysis was greater (P<0.05) in the sickle cell compared to the normal blood. This observation was also recorded in the samples treated with garlic. It is concluded that the degree of hemolysis in sickle cell is higher (P<0.05) than normal cell. Treatment with garlic increased fragility in both normal and sickle cell blood however this effect was more pronounced in sickle cell blood. It is recommended that the consumption of garlic in patients with sickle cell anemia should be continuously monitored and carefully regulated.
The Effect of Aqueous Extract of Allium Sativum (Garlic) on Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility in Normal and Sickle Cell
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-10-22
© Science Publishing Group
Salami Hamza Adegoke
Gadaka Madu Adamu
John Adeolu Ige
Babagana Fatima
Odirachukwu Rita
The Effect of Aqueous Extract of Allium Sativum (Garlic) on Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility in Normal and Sickle Cell
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2014-10-22
2014-10-22
10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.15
© Science Publishing Group
Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Phosphate- and Potassium- Solubilizing Bacteria from Weathered Materials of Granite Rock Mountain, That Son, an Giang Province, Vietnam
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.16
Two hundred and thirty-seven bacterial isolates from 118 sample soils/weathered granite rock of That Son Mountain, An Giang province, Vietnam were isolated on Aleksandrov medium. Their colonies were round or irregular, white to yellow and their shape was rod, motile. Thirty four of two hundred and thirty-seven bacterial isolates were capable of dissolving both phosphate and potassium and seven strains had high phosphate and potassium dissolution capacity (>15 mg l-1 P2O5 and >10 mg l-1 K2O). These thirty four strains were identified by using PCR technique with specific primers fd1 and rP and DNA sequencing. The results of DNAsequencing were compared with GenBank database of NCBI by BLAST N software. The sequences from selected phosphate and potassium isolates (34 isolates) showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references (between 99% and 100%). Among these sequenced isolates, 8 isolates belong to Bacilli (23.53%) and 26 isolates belong to Proteobacteria (76.47%) including 21 alpha-proteobacteria (61.76%) and 5 gamma-proteobacteria (14.71%). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), Proteobacteria group had the highest Theta values and Theta values (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism were calculated for each group and AlphaProteobacteria group had the highest values in comparistion with two groups. These results showed that 3 strains including CA09 (Agrobacterium tumefaciens), CA29 (Rhizobium tropici) and K16B (Azotobacter tropicalis) proposed as potential microbial inoculants or biofertilizers for sustainable crop production in sandy acid soil in Vietnam because of their benefits and biosafety.
Two hundred and thirty-seven bacterial isolates from 118 sample soils/weathered granite rock of That Son Mountain, An Giang province, Vietnam were isolated on Aleksandrov medium. Their colonies were round or irregular, white to yellow and their shape was rod, motile. Thirty four of two hundred and thirty-seven bacterial isolates were capable of dissolving both phosphate and potassium and seven strains had high phosphate and potassium dissolution capacity (>15 mg l-1 P2O5 and >10 mg l-1 K2O). These thirty four strains were identified by using PCR technique with specific primers fd1 and rP and DNA sequencing. The results of DNAsequencing were compared with GenBank database of NCBI by BLAST N software. The sequences from selected phosphate and potassium isolates (34 isolates) showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references (between 99% and 100%). Among these sequenced isolates, 8 isolates belong to Bacilli (23.53%) and 26 isolates belong to Proteobacteria (76.47%) including 21 alpha-proteobacteria (61.76%) and 5 gamma-proteobacteria (14.71%). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), Proteobacteria group had the highest Theta values and Theta values (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism were calculated for each group and AlphaProteobacteria group had the highest values in comparistion with two groups. These results showed that 3 strains including CA09 (Agrobacterium tumefaciens), CA29 (Rhizobium tropici) and K16B (Azotobacter tropicalis) proposed as potential microbial inoculants or biofertilizers for sustainable crop production in sandy acid soil in Vietnam because of their benefits and biosafety.
Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Phosphate- and Potassium- Solubilizing Bacteria from Weathered Materials of Granite Rock Mountain, That Son, an Giang Province, Vietnam
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.16
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-10-27
© Science Publishing Group
Nguyen Thi Don
Cao Ngoc Diep
Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Phosphate- and Potassium- Solubilizing Bacteria from Weathered Materials of Granite Rock Mountain, That Son, an Giang Province, Vietnam
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2014-10-27
2014-10-27
10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.16
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of Topical and Dietary Use of Shea Butter on Animals
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.18
Shea butter is the fat extracted from the nut of Africa Shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa). It is used in cosmetic formulations and as a substitute for Cocoa butter in chocolate industries. It is edible and used cooking fat in Africa. The saponifiable fraction of Shea butter is composed primarily of stearic and oleic acids with lesser amounts of palmitic, linoleic and arachidic acids while the unsaponifiable fraction of Shea butter is composed of bioactive substances that are responsible for Shea butter’s medicinal properties. Shea butter is a solid at room temperature and melts at body temperature. It is therefore useful for skin care as it has sun screening properties and acts as an emollient and skin moisturizer. Topical use of Shea butter has also demonstrated anti-aging and anti-inflammatory properties. Dietary intake of Shea butter has hypocholesterolemic effect and reduces serum and organ protein concentrations.
Shea butter is the fat extracted from the nut of Africa Shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa). It is used in cosmetic formulations and as a substitute for Cocoa butter in chocolate industries. It is edible and used cooking fat in Africa. The saponifiable fraction of Shea butter is composed primarily of stearic and oleic acids with lesser amounts of palmitic, linoleic and arachidic acids while the unsaponifiable fraction of Shea butter is composed of bioactive substances that are responsible for Shea butter’s medicinal properties. Shea butter is a solid at room temperature and melts at body temperature. It is therefore useful for skin care as it has sun screening properties and acts as an emollient and skin moisturizer. Topical use of Shea butter has also demonstrated anti-aging and anti-inflammatory properties. Dietary intake of Shea butter has hypocholesterolemic effect and reduces serum and organ protein concentrations.
Effects of Topical and Dietary Use of Shea Butter on Animals
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.18
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-10-29
© Science Publishing Group
Malachi Oluwaseyi Israel
Effects of Topical and Dietary Use of Shea Butter on Animals
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2014-10-29
2014-10-29
10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.18
© Science Publishing Group
A Comparative Study of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents in Different Parts of Helicteres isora L.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.17
Helicteres isora L., commonly known as Indian Screw Tree is a highly valued medicinal plant in South-East Asia. The various phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids and other antioxidants that impart the medicinal properties in this plant, vary in their composition and concentration in different plant parts. In the present research, the total phenolic content, total flavonoids content and free radical scavenging activity (FRAP and DPPH assay) in fresh and dry sample extracts of leaf, bark, fruit and root of H. isora L., prepared in four different solvents (distilled water, ethanol, methanol and acetone) were studied, and their results compared using Pearson’s Correlation. The plant extracts were also subjected to RP-HPLC for detection and quantitation of naturally occurring phenolic compounds using six phenolic standards (Gallic acid, Vanillin, Catechol, Ferrulic acid, p-coumaric acid and Caffeic acid). The highest total phenolic content (7.22 mg/g GAE) and FRAP value (64.98 mg/g TE) were observed in aqueous dry root extract. The acetone extract of fresh leaf (57.08 mg/g of RE) was found richest in total flavonoids, while the methanolic extract of fresh fruit uniquely exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity as evidenced by the low IC50 value (34.37 mg/ml) in DPPH assay. The RP-HPLC analysis revealed that Catechol and Gallic acid were most abundantly found phenolic compounds in extracts of H. isora L. The total phenolic content showed strong positive correlation with free radical scavenging activity (FRAP and DPPH assays) in both fresh and dry plant parts, suggesting that phenols are the main compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity. The root of H. isora L. was found rich in phenolics and antioxidant capacity indicating its strong potential for medicinal use, followed by fruit, leaf and bark.
Helicteres isora L., commonly known as Indian Screw Tree is a highly valued medicinal plant in South-East Asia. The various phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids and other antioxidants that impart the medicinal properties in this plant, vary in their composition and concentration in different plant parts. In the present research, the total phenolic content, total flavonoids content and free radical scavenging activity (FRAP and DPPH assay) in fresh and dry sample extracts of leaf, bark, fruit and root of H. isora L., prepared in four different solvents (distilled water, ethanol, methanol and acetone) were studied, and their results compared using Pearson’s Correlation. The plant extracts were also subjected to RP-HPLC for detection and quantitation of naturally occurring phenolic compounds using six phenolic standards (Gallic acid, Vanillin, Catechol, Ferrulic acid, p-coumaric acid and Caffeic acid). The highest total phenolic content (7.22 mg/g GAE) and FRAP value (64.98 mg/g TE) were observed in aqueous dry root extract. The acetone extract of fresh leaf (57.08 mg/g of RE) was found richest in total flavonoids, while the methanolic extract of fresh fruit uniquely exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity as evidenced by the low IC50 value (34.37 mg/ml) in DPPH assay. The RP-HPLC analysis revealed that Catechol and Gallic acid were most abundantly found phenolic compounds in extracts of H. isora L. The total phenolic content showed strong positive correlation with free radical scavenging activity (FRAP and DPPH assays) in both fresh and dry plant parts, suggesting that phenols are the main compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity. The root of H. isora L. was found rich in phenolics and antioxidant capacity indicating its strong potential for medicinal use, followed by fruit, leaf and bark.
A Comparative Study of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents in Different Parts of Helicteres isora L.
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.17
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-10-29
© Science Publishing Group
Amita Jain
Rashmi Ranade
Prem Pritam
Neelu Joshi
Sirisha Lakshmi Vavilala
Ankita Jain
A Comparative Study of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents in Different Parts of Helicteres isora L.
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2014-10-29
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.17
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Effect of Sesamum indicum L. Seed oil Supplementation on Hepatic and Renal Mineral Concentrations of Hypercholesterolemic Rats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.19
Twenty four male rats weighing between 120-130g were randomly assigned into four groups. Group A was fed normal diet; Group B, C and D were fed hypercholesterolemic diet (i.e. 20% fat + 1% cholesterol) for two weeks to establish hypercholesterolemia. Thereafter, Group B were maintained on hyper diet, while C and D were fed 5% and 10% Sesamum indicum seed oil supplemented diet for four weeks. The liver and kidney were removed, dried and powdered. The concentrations of iron, zinc, cobalt, manganese, calcium, potassium, magnesium, potassium and sodium were analyzed in both liver and kidney samples with the use of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Hypercholesterolemia reduced both the hepatic and renal concentrations of sodium, potassium, Phosphorus, magnesium and calcium but reduced the hepatic and not the renal concentrations of manganese and zinc. Supplementation with 5% but not 10% Sesamum indicum seed oil reversed the effects and restored the reduced ions concentrations. The hepatic and renal concentrations of Iron and Cobalt ions were not affected by hypercholesterolemia nor by supplementation with Sesamum indicum seed oil.
Twenty four male rats weighing between 120-130g were randomly assigned into four groups. Group A was fed normal diet; Group B, C and D were fed hypercholesterolemic diet (i.e. 20% fat + 1% cholesterol) for two weeks to establish hypercholesterolemia. Thereafter, Group B were maintained on hyper diet, while C and D were fed 5% and 10% Sesamum indicum seed oil supplemented diet for four weeks. The liver and kidney were removed, dried and powdered. The concentrations of iron, zinc, cobalt, manganese, calcium, potassium, magnesium, potassium and sodium were analyzed in both liver and kidney samples with the use of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Hypercholesterolemia reduced both the hepatic and renal concentrations of sodium, potassium, Phosphorus, magnesium and calcium but reduced the hepatic and not the renal concentrations of manganese and zinc. Supplementation with 5% but not 10% Sesamum indicum seed oil reversed the effects and restored the reduced ions concentrations. The hepatic and renal concentrations of Iron and Cobalt ions were not affected by hypercholesterolemia nor by supplementation with Sesamum indicum seed oil.
Effect of Sesamum indicum L. Seed oil Supplementation on Hepatic and Renal Mineral Concentrations of Hypercholesterolemic Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.19
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-10-29
© Science Publishing Group
Ajayi Olubunmi Bolanle
Malachi Oluwaseyi Israel
Effect of Sesamum indicum L. Seed oil Supplementation on Hepatic and Renal Mineral Concentrations of Hypercholesterolemic Rats
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2014-10-29
2014-10-29
10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.19
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Alcoholism: A Social Deadly Disease of the Society
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.20
Alcoholism as a lightning has become a major deadly social disease of the society. Many lives and properties have been lost and many have been permanently deformed as a result of heavy consumption of alcoholic drinks. This paper therefore, examined the concept, patterns, types of and psycho-social reasons for alcoholism. The paper also investigated the dimensional problems or consequences associated with alcoholism as a deadly disease. It discussed the treatment of alcohol drinking problems and the role of health educators as regards alcoholism. Towards its reduction in the society, it is therefore, recommended that mass education on alcoholism should be encouraged, health education should be made a compulsory subject for all students in all educational institutions, and there should be a formation of Alcoholics Anonymous group for the peers or young in the society.
Alcoholism as a lightning has become a major deadly social disease of the society. Many lives and properties have been lost and many have been permanently deformed as a result of heavy consumption of alcoholic drinks. This paper therefore, examined the concept, patterns, types of and psycho-social reasons for alcoholism. The paper also investigated the dimensional problems or consequences associated with alcoholism as a deadly disease. It discussed the treatment of alcohol drinking problems and the role of health educators as regards alcoholism. Towards its reduction in the society, it is therefore, recommended that mass education on alcoholism should be encouraged, health education should be made a compulsory subject for all students in all educational institutions, and there should be a formation of Alcoholics Anonymous group for the peers or young in the society.
Alcoholism: A Social Deadly Disease of the Society
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.20
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-10-31
© Science Publishing Group
Johnson Adetunji Olanipekun
Alcoholism: A Social Deadly Disease of the Society
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2014-10-31
10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.20
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Ex-Vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activities of the Leaves of Bauhinia acuminata
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.13
In present study, the methanol extracts and all fractions of leaves of Bauhinia acuminata were subjected to various biological screening such as membrane stabilizing activity and antimicrobial screening. This investigation suggested that, leaves of Bauhinia acuminata were highly effective in the membrane stabilizing activity as the extractives prevented the lysis of erythrocyte by hypotonic solution and heat induced. In hypotonic solution induced condition the highest membrane stabilizing activity was exhibited by the Pet ether soluble fraction (PESF-418.26%) followed by carbon tetra chlororide soluble fraction (CTCSF-418.26%). Significant amount of membrane stabilizing activity were also present in methanol soluble fraction (MESF-13.46%) and aqueous soluble fraction (AQSF-167.30%). On the other hand, heat induced condition the maximum membrane stabilizing activity was exhibited by the carbon tetra chlororide soluble fraction (CTCSF-853.3%) followed by Methanol soluble fraction (MESF-423.88%). Significant amount of membrane stabilizing activity were also present in Pet ether soluble fraction (PESF-81.77%) and aqueous soluble fraction (AQSF-40.46%). In this study, the antimicrobial activity, among all extractives of leaves of Bauhinia acuminate was found to be negligible.
In present study, the methanol extracts and all fractions of leaves of Bauhinia acuminata were subjected to various biological screening such as membrane stabilizing activity and antimicrobial screening. This investigation suggested that, leaves of Bauhinia acuminata were highly effective in the membrane stabilizing activity as the extractives prevented the lysis of erythrocyte by hypotonic solution and heat induced. In hypotonic solution induced condition the highest membrane stabilizing activity was exhibited by the Pet ether soluble fraction (PESF-418.26%) followed by carbon tetra chlororide soluble fraction (CTCSF-418.26%). Significant amount of membrane stabilizing activity were also present in methanol soluble fraction (MESF-13.46%) and aqueous soluble fraction (AQSF-167.30%). On the other hand, heat induced condition the maximum membrane stabilizing activity was exhibited by the carbon tetra chlororide soluble fraction (CTCSF-853.3%) followed by Methanol soluble fraction (MESF-423.88%). Significant amount of membrane stabilizing activity were also present in Pet ether soluble fraction (PESF-81.77%) and aqueous soluble fraction (AQSF-40.46%). In this study, the antimicrobial activity, among all extractives of leaves of Bauhinia acuminate was found to be negligible.
Ex-Vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activities of the Leaves of Bauhinia acuminata
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-10-15
© Science Publishing Group
Md. Reyad-Ul-Ferdous
Sayma Akhter
Md. Zahirul Islam Khan
Md. Eshak Khan
Md. Atiqul Islam
Md. Sharif Ullah
Ex-Vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activities of the Leaves of Bauhinia acuminata
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2014-10-15
2014-10-15
10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.13
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Phenotypic Variations of Endophytic Bacteria Associated with Carob Tree (Ceratonia Siliqua L.)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.22
We aimed to characterize 83 endophytic bacteria isolated from roots (73 isolates coded IRC) and epicotyls (11 isolates coded IEC) of young Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) seedlings. These seedlings were obtained from seeds collected in several regions in Morocco. 30 IRC and 4 IEC were selected on the basis of PCR-Pep for the further analyses. All the strains exhibited a wide tolerance to NaCl and 30 % tolerated well concentration up to 11 % NaCl. Strains showed also a wide tolerance to the variable pH. 60 % of strains grew well at pH4. Most of the strains were resistant to different antibiotics but were sensitive to kanamycin and tetracycline. The strains showed a resistance to heavy metals except mercury chloride that was toxic at a low concentration 50 µg.ml-1. According to their phenotypical features, the associative bacteria were very similar to eight symbiotic bacteria previously identified by Missbah in 1996 and used in this work.
We aimed to characterize 83 endophytic bacteria isolated from roots (73 isolates coded IRC) and epicotyls (11 isolates coded IEC) of young Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) seedlings. These seedlings were obtained from seeds collected in several regions in Morocco. 30 IRC and 4 IEC were selected on the basis of PCR-Pep for the further analyses. All the strains exhibited a wide tolerance to NaCl and 30 % tolerated well concentration up to 11 % NaCl. Strains showed also a wide tolerance to the variable pH. 60 % of strains grew well at pH4. Most of the strains were resistant to different antibiotics but were sensitive to kanamycin and tetracycline. The strains showed a resistance to heavy metals except mercury chloride that was toxic at a low concentration 50 µg.ml-1. According to their phenotypical features, the associative bacteria were very similar to eight symbiotic bacteria previously identified by Missbah in 1996 and used in this work.
Phenotypic Variations of Endophytic Bacteria Associated with Carob Tree (Ceratonia Siliqua L.)
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.22
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-11-14
© Science Publishing Group
Ibrahim Konate
Annick Koulibaly
Mathurin Koffi
Amina Sorouri
El Bekkay Berraho
Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf
Phenotypic Variations of Endophytic Bacteria Associated with Carob Tree (Ceratonia Siliqua L.)
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2014-11-14
2014-11-14
10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.22
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.22
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The Study of Plant Density and Planting Methods on Some Growth Characteristics, Seed and Oil Yield of Medicinal Pumpkin (Cucurbita Pepo Var. Styriaca, Cv. ‘Kaki)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.21
The effect of plant densities (2.5, 3, 3.5 plant/m2) and two methods of planting (transplanting and direct seeding) were investigated on some growth characteristics, seed and oil yield of medicinal pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca, cv. ‘Kaki). The experiment was carried out in a factorial trial based on complete randomized block design, with three replicates during spring and summer 2013. When the weather condition became suitable and seedlings were at true four leaves stage, both seeds and seedlings were planted at the same time in the farm. The results showed 2.5 plant/m2 density had significant effect on plant lenght, leaf number, node number and sub branch number. Planting method also affected significantly on plant growth, so that the highest node number was achieved by using transplanting method. Plant density and planting method had significant effect on the oil content, so that the highest oil content was achieved by transplanting method with 2.5 plant/m2 density. Also the most seed and oil yield obtained from transplanting method. Thus transplanting method had higher yields and its may be as a more reliable production method.
The effect of plant densities (2.5, 3, 3.5 plant/m2) and two methods of planting (transplanting and direct seeding) were investigated on some growth characteristics, seed and oil yield of medicinal pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca, cv. ‘Kaki). The experiment was carried out in a factorial trial based on complete randomized block design, with three replicates during spring and summer 2013. When the weather condition became suitable and seedlings were at true four leaves stage, both seeds and seedlings were planted at the same time in the farm. The results showed 2.5 plant/m2 density had significant effect on plant lenght, leaf number, node number and sub branch number. Planting method also affected significantly on plant growth, so that the highest node number was achieved by using transplanting method. Plant density and planting method had significant effect on the oil content, so that the highest oil content was achieved by transplanting method with 2.5 plant/m2 density. Also the most seed and oil yield obtained from transplanting method. Thus transplanting method had higher yields and its may be as a more reliable production method.
The Study of Plant Density and Planting Methods on Some Growth Characteristics, Seed and Oil Yield of Medicinal Pumpkin (Cucurbita Pepo Var. Styriaca, Cv. ‘Kaki)
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.21
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-11-11
© Science Publishing Group
Mahnaz Bahlgerdi
Hossein Aroiee
Majid Azizi
The Study of Plant Density and Planting Methods on Some Growth Characteristics, Seed and Oil Yield of Medicinal Pumpkin (Cucurbita Pepo Var. Styriaca, Cv. ‘Kaki)
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2014-11-11
2014-11-11
10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.21
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.21
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The Effect of the Rising Abdominal Perfusion Pressure on Kidney Function Assessed by the RIFLE Criteria in Critically Ill Patients with Multiorgan Dysfunction
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.11
Abdominal perfusion pressure (APP) is a novel, clinically measurable parameter to explain the circulatory compromise in the abdominal cavity, defined as the difference between the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the intrabdominal pressure (IAP). Kidneys are especially vulnerable intrabdominal organ to the circulatory compromise and the third spacing in multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) patients. And this study was to evaluate the relationship of the APP to AKI assessed by RIFLE Patients and methods: 106 MODS patients were included in the study, routine laboratory investigations and vital signs were recorded and APP and RIFLE score were assessed daily for the first three days. Results: AKI patients had lower APP (86.3 ± 9.0 vs 78.4 ± 18.5 P 0.009). Patients with APP < 60mmHg showed worse RIFLE scores (0=0/18, R=1/6, I=2/27, F=13/39 p=0.03). APP was significantly correlated with urine output (r=0.239 P 0.013). Conclusion Low APP causes deterioration of kidney function and oliguria is the first and sensitive predictor.
Abdominal perfusion pressure (APP) is a novel, clinically measurable parameter to explain the circulatory compromise in the abdominal cavity, defined as the difference between the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the intrabdominal pressure (IAP). Kidneys are especially vulnerable intrabdominal organ to the circulatory compromise and the third spacing in multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) patients. And this study was to evaluate the relationship of the APP to AKI assessed by RIFLE Patients and methods: 106 MODS patients were included in the study, routine laboratory investigations and vital signs were recorded and APP and RIFLE score were assessed daily for the first three days. Results: AKI patients had lower APP (86.3 ± 9.0 vs 78.4 ± 18.5 P 0.009). Patients with APP < 60mmHg showed worse RIFLE scores (0=0/18, R=1/6, I=2/27, F=13/39 p=0.03). APP was significantly correlated with urine output (r=0.239 P 0.013). Conclusion Low APP causes deterioration of kidney function and oliguria is the first and sensitive predictor.
The Effect of the Rising Abdominal Perfusion Pressure on Kidney Function Assessed by the RIFLE Criteria in Critically Ill Patients with Multiorgan Dysfunction
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-11-17
© Science Publishing Group
Hatem H. Elatroush
Nashwa Abed
Amna A. Metwaly
Mohamed I. Afify
Mayada M. Hussien
The Effect of the Rising Abdominal Perfusion Pressure on Kidney Function Assessed by the RIFLE Criteria in Critically Ill Patients with Multiorgan Dysfunction
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2014-11-17
2014-11-17
10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.11
© Science Publishing Group
Isolation and Characterization of Proteases Enzyme from Locally Isolated Bacillus sp.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.12
A bacterium was isolated from the natural source. Gram staining & spore staining showed that the organism is gram positive and forms spore during adverse condition in the growth medium. After various tests it was suggested and the features agreed with the description of Bacillus sp in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology [24]. It was also identified as Bacillus sp with 99.9% identity by API 50 CHB. In growth curve determination showed that the growth of the organism is increased with the increase of incubation period and the growth reached maximum at around 24 hours of incubation and the protease activity was the maximum of the 26 hours culture. This microbe has grown at high temperature and pressure. Its optimum pH and temperature were 8.5 and 60°C. It secretes an extracellular protease in the growth medium. The enzyme hydrolyses a number of proteins including azocasein which suggests that that it is an extracellular protease. The enzyme seems to be alkaline protease which is capable of De-Hairing from skin and hides. A number of companies such as NOVO chemicals started to produce NOVOzymes for tannery industries. The potential for use of microbial enzymes in leather processing lies mainly in areas in which pollution-causing chemicals are being used.
A bacterium was isolated from the natural source. Gram staining & spore staining showed that the organism is gram positive and forms spore during adverse condition in the growth medium. After various tests it was suggested and the features agreed with the description of Bacillus sp in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology [24]. It was also identified as Bacillus sp with 99.9% identity by API 50 CHB. In growth curve determination showed that the growth of the organism is increased with the increase of incubation period and the growth reached maximum at around 24 hours of incubation and the protease activity was the maximum of the 26 hours culture. This microbe has grown at high temperature and pressure. Its optimum pH and temperature were 8.5 and 60°C. It secretes an extracellular protease in the growth medium. The enzyme hydrolyses a number of proteins including azocasein which suggests that that it is an extracellular protease. The enzyme seems to be alkaline protease which is capable of De-Hairing from skin and hides. A number of companies such as NOVO chemicals started to produce NOVOzymes for tannery industries. The potential for use of microbial enzymes in leather processing lies mainly in areas in which pollution-causing chemicals are being used.
Isolation and Characterization of Proteases Enzyme from Locally Isolated Bacillus sp.
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-11-19
© Science Publishing Group
Md. Ekhlas Uddin
Pulak Maitra
Hossain Md. Faruquee
Md. Firoz Alam
Isolation and Characterization of Proteases Enzyme from Locally Isolated Bacillus sp.
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2014-11-19
2014-11-19
10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.12
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Genome-Wide Screen for Escherichia coli Genes Involved in Repressing Cell-To-Cell Transfer of a Nonconjugative pSC101-Derived Plasmid
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.13
Acquiring new genetic traits by lateral gene transfer is a bacterial strategy for environmental adaptations. We previously showed that Escherichia coli laterally transmits nonconjugative plasmids in cocultures that contain strains with or without the plasmid. Using a pMB1-derived plasmid and the Keio collection, a comprehensive library of E. coli knockout mutants for nonessential genes, we recently screened for genes responsible for promoting or repressing cell-to-cell plasmid transfer in recipient cells. In this study, we used a pSC101-derived plasmid, instead of a pMB1-derived plasmid, to screen for repressing genes and identified 29 “transfer-up” mutants. Among these, four mutants are common to those previously screened using a pMB1-derived plasmid. Although the roles of the 29 gene products in plasmid transfer mechanism remain uncertain, it is interesting that 28 of the 29 screened genes map to two limited regions on the E. coli chromosome: 18 genes at 34.25–35.31 min and 10 genes at 12.62–13.35 min. Because these two regions commonly contain termination (Ter) sites for DNA replication (TerC: 34.64 min and TerH: 12.91 min), it is possible that chromosomal mutations around specific Ter sites may affect plasmid acquisition in the recipient cells.
Acquiring new genetic traits by lateral gene transfer is a bacterial strategy for environmental adaptations. We previously showed that Escherichia coli laterally transmits nonconjugative plasmids in cocultures that contain strains with or without the plasmid. Using a pMB1-derived plasmid and the Keio collection, a comprehensive library of E. coli knockout mutants for nonessential genes, we recently screened for genes responsible for promoting or repressing cell-to-cell plasmid transfer in recipient cells. In this study, we used a pSC101-derived plasmid, instead of a pMB1-derived plasmid, to screen for repressing genes and identified 29 “transfer-up” mutants. Among these, four mutants are common to those previously screened using a pMB1-derived plasmid. Although the roles of the 29 gene products in plasmid transfer mechanism remain uncertain, it is interesting that 28 of the 29 screened genes map to two limited regions on the E. coli chromosome: 18 genes at 34.25–35.31 min and 10 genes at 12.62–13.35 min. Because these two regions commonly contain termination (Ter) sites for DNA replication (TerC: 34.64 min and TerH: 12.91 min), it is possible that chromosomal mutations around specific Ter sites may affect plasmid acquisition in the recipient cells.
Genome-Wide Screen for Escherichia coli Genes Involved in Repressing Cell-To-Cell Transfer of a Nonconjugative pSC101-Derived Plasmid
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-11-22
© Science Publishing Group
Yuka Shibata
Akiko Matsumoto
Mutsumi Horino
Akiko Hirabayashi
Kozue Shirota
Chinatsu Kawano
Sumio Maeda
Genome-Wide Screen for Escherichia coli Genes Involved in Repressing Cell-To-Cell Transfer of a Nonconjugative pSC101-Derived Plasmid
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2014-11-22
2014-11-22
10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.13
© Science Publishing Group
Microbiological Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnant Women in a Resource Limited Setting in North Central Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.15
Bacterial vaginosis or vaginal bacteriosis is a disease of the vagina caused by bacteria. Bacterial vaginosis is an extremely prevalent vaginal condition and the number one cause of bacteria vaginosis among both pregnant and non pregnant women. It has been associated with a significant number of obstetric and gynaecologic complications such as preterm labour and delivery, premature rupture of membranes, spontaneous abortion, chorioamnionitis, postpartum endometritis, post-caesarean delivery, wound infections, post surgical infections, and subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease. Aim: The study was to determine the prevalence of bacteria vaginosis in pregnant women and to relate them to age groups, occupation and also to identify other agents of vagina infection in the studied population. Methods: A total of 226 pregnant women attending Plateau state specialist hospital with suspected cases of bacteria vaginosis between the months of January to December, 2012 were studied. High vaginal swabs (HVS) were collected using aseptic procedure and processed within 30mins of collection using standard procedures. A drop of 10% KOH was placed over the specimen on the speculum and the odour was noted. The PH of the specimen was determined using PH indicator paper. A wet preparation and Gram stain was carried and examine under the microscope. Result: Of the 226 specimen examined 53 (23.5%) were positive for bacteria vaginosis. Thirty six within 16-20 years 8 (22.2%) positive, 41 within 21 to 25 years 14 (34.1%) positive, 26-30 years had 53, 19(35.8%) positive, 42 of 31-35 6(14.3%) positive, 35 of 36-40years 4(11.4%) positive and 19 above 40 years 2(10.5%) positive (P>0.05). Second trimester had the highest prevalence of 25(30.1) and least 11(25.9%) recorded by the first trimester (P<0.05), Subjects with tertiary educational status had the highest prevalent of 14(41.2% while those at primary level recorded the least the prevalent of 13(17.3%). For civil servants had the highest prevalent of 10(52.6%) while the least was house wife 7 (19.4%). Other vagina infections were Candida species (45.4%), Gardnerella vaginalis (38.7%) and Trichomonas vaginalis (16.0%). Conclusion: Bacteria vaginosis is very prevalent among pregnant women in the study area, its diagnosis and treatment should be included in the routine antenatal care of pregnant women.
Bacterial vaginosis or vaginal bacteriosis is a disease of the vagina caused by bacteria. Bacterial vaginosis is an extremely prevalent vaginal condition and the number one cause of bacteria vaginosis among both pregnant and non pregnant women. It has been associated with a significant number of obstetric and gynaecologic complications such as preterm labour and delivery, premature rupture of membranes, spontaneous abortion, chorioamnionitis, postpartum endometritis, post-caesarean delivery, wound infections, post surgical infections, and subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease. Aim: The study was to determine the prevalence of bacteria vaginosis in pregnant women and to relate them to age groups, occupation and also to identify other agents of vagina infection in the studied population. Methods: A total of 226 pregnant women attending Plateau state specialist hospital with suspected cases of bacteria vaginosis between the months of January to December, 2012 were studied. High vaginal swabs (HVS) were collected using aseptic procedure and processed within 30mins of collection using standard procedures. A drop of 10% KOH was placed over the specimen on the speculum and the odour was noted. The PH of the specimen was determined using PH indicator paper. A wet preparation and Gram stain was carried and examine under the microscope. Result: Of the 226 specimen examined 53 (23.5%) were positive for bacteria vaginosis. Thirty six within 16-20 years 8 (22.2%) positive, 41 within 21 to 25 years 14 (34.1%) positive, 26-30 years had 53, 19(35.8%) positive, 42 of 31-35 6(14.3%) positive, 35 of 36-40years 4(11.4%) positive and 19 above 40 years 2(10.5%) positive (P>0.05). Second trimester had the highest prevalence of 25(30.1) and least 11(25.9%) recorded by the first trimester (P<0.05), Subjects with tertiary educational status had the highest prevalent of 14(41.2% while those at primary level recorded the least the prevalent of 13(17.3%). For civil servants had the highest prevalent of 10(52.6%) while the least was house wife 7 (19.4%). Other vagina infections were Candida species (45.4%), Gardnerella vaginalis (38.7%) and Trichomonas vaginalis (16.0%). Conclusion: Bacteria vaginosis is very prevalent among pregnant women in the study area, its diagnosis and treatment should be included in the routine antenatal care of pregnant women.
Microbiological Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnant Women in a Resource Limited Setting in North Central Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-12-02
© Science Publishing Group
Damen James Garba
Suleiman Shina Zabaze
Vem Silas Tabitha
Goltong James
Kahansim Makshwar
Microbiological Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnant Women in a Resource Limited Setting in North Central Nigeria
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360
360
2014-12-02
2014-12-02
10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.15
© Science Publishing Group
A Review of Non-Collagenous Proteins; their Role in Bone
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.14
One of the unique aspects of the bone formation process is the biological mineralization of the proteinaceous matrix. The physicochemical process of mineralization is closely regulated; the precise nature of this regulation is not completely understood. The mineralization process is influenced by matrix proteins, some of which act as inhibitors and some as enhancers. Such factors include collagen mainly types I, III and VI, extracellular matrix proteins and cell attachment proteins, in addition to systemic hormones.
One of the unique aspects of the bone formation process is the biological mineralization of the proteinaceous matrix. The physicochemical process of mineralization is closely regulated; the precise nature of this regulation is not completely understood. The mineralization process is influenced by matrix proteins, some of which act as inhibitors and some as enhancers. Such factors include collagen mainly types I, III and VI, extracellular matrix proteins and cell attachment proteins, in addition to systemic hormones.
A Review of Non-Collagenous Proteins; their Role in Bone
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-12-02
© Science Publishing Group
Aiman I. Al-Qtaitat
Saed M. Aldalaen
A Review of Non-Collagenous Proteins; their Role in Bone
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355
355
2014-12-02
2014-12-02
10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.14
© Science Publishing Group
Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Endophytic Bacteria in Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) Cultivated on Soils of the Dong Nai Province, Southeast of Vietnam
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.16
Endophytic bacterial diversity in sugarcane plant cultivated on Latosols and Acrisols of the Eastern of South Vietnam was studied. Sugarcane plant samples were taken in four sites (districts/towns) (Xuanloc, Dinhquan, Vinhc uu and Trangbom) of Dong Nai province. Endophytic bacteria were isolated in LGI medium together with 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from DNA using eubacterial universal primers (p515FPL and p13B). A total of 27 isolates were isolated on LGI medium and all of them have ability of nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization together with IAA biosynthesis but there were 10 isolates having the best characteristics. The sequences from selected endophytic bacteria (10 isolates) showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references strains (between 98% and 99%). All of them are Proteobacteria (gram-negative bacteria) and 3 isolates belonged to Alpha-proteobacteria (30%), 2 isolates were Beta-proteobacteria (20%), 5 isolates were Gamma-proteobacteria (50%). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), Gamma-proteobacteria group had the highest theta values and Theta values (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism were calculated for each group and Gamma-proteobacteria group had the highest values in comparison of two groups. From these results showed that Enterobacter oryzae LT7, Achromobacter xylosoxidans T16, Achromobacter insolitus R15b and Pantoea agglomerans T12 revealed promising candidates with multiple beneficial characteristics and they have the potential for application as inoculants or bio-fertilizer adapted to poor latosols and acrisols because they are not only famous strains but also are safety strains for sustainable agriculture.
Endophytic bacterial diversity in sugarcane plant cultivated on Latosols and Acrisols of the Eastern of South Vietnam was studied. Sugarcane plant samples were taken in four sites (districts/towns) (Xuanloc, Dinhquan, Vinhc uu and Trangbom) of Dong Nai province. Endophytic bacteria were isolated in LGI medium together with 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from DNA using eubacterial universal primers (p515FPL and p13B). A total of 27 isolates were isolated on LGI medium and all of them have ability of nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization together with IAA biosynthesis but there were 10 isolates having the best characteristics. The sequences from selected endophytic bacteria (10 isolates) showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references strains (between 98% and 99%). All of them are Proteobacteria (gram-negative bacteria) and 3 isolates belonged to Alpha-proteobacteria (30%), 2 isolates were Beta-proteobacteria (20%), 5 isolates were Gamma-proteobacteria (50%). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), Gamma-proteobacteria group had the highest theta values and Theta values (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism were calculated for each group and Gamma-proteobacteria group had the highest values in comparison of two groups. From these results showed that Enterobacter oryzae LT7, Achromobacter xylosoxidans T16, Achromobacter insolitus R15b and Pantoea agglomerans T12 revealed promising candidates with multiple beneficial characteristics and they have the potential for application as inoculants or bio-fertilizer adapted to poor latosols and acrisols because they are not only famous strains but also are safety strains for sustainable agriculture.
Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Endophytic Bacteria in Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) Cultivated on Soils of the Dong Nai Province, Southeast of Vietnam
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.16
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-12-19
© Science Publishing Group
Hoang Minh Tam
Cao Ngoc Diep
Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Endophytic Bacteria in Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) Cultivated on Soils of the Dong Nai Province, Southeast of Vietnam
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368
368
2014-12-19
2014-12-19
10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.16
© Science Publishing Group
Ecological and Climatic Attribute Analysis for Egyptian Hypericum sinaicum
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.17
Conservation of globally endangered plant resources is a critical ecological, cultural and economic issue. The undertaking of ecological study focusing on the distribution, abundance and population structures of target species is fundamental to the assessment of the conservation status of wild populations. A study was carried out on the wild herb Hypericum sinaicum (Family: Hypericaceae) in Saint Katherine Protectorate (SKP), South Sinai, Egypt, where 22 sites presenting different habitats in SKP were surveyed for: (1) investigate the floristic composition, vegetation types and H. sinaicum distribution in the area, (2) define the ecological status of H. sinaicum and characterize this range by its size, shape, boundaries and internal structure, (3) clearly identify conservation priorities and suggest appropriate strategies for H. sinaicum conservation, (4) detect the effect of environmental factors on the distribution of H. sinaicum in order to use it as first step for conservation by rehabilitation or restoration, (5) determine the effect of spatial variation on plant community and H. sinaicum productivity, and (6) to determine the ecological and climatic requirements for this species and detect their effect on the species distribution. A total of 113 species were recorded in total within the 237 sites. 37 families were recorded within the study area; Asteraceae (15%) and Lamiaceae (11.5%) presented the dominant families in this area, while the Hypercaceae family which represented the target species (H. sinaicum) was recorded only once. H. sinaicum was recorded as dominant species in only 12 sites from 237 with 5%. Morphological attributes for Hypericum showed great variation due to the variation in the edaphic features of different locations. Finally it’s was observed that vegetation constitutes an organized whole, it operates at a higher level of integration than the separate species and may possess emergent properties not necessarily found in individual themselves. Most of the H. sinaicum populations were small and the plants occurred sporadically in space, as little groups conjugated with wet soil. At the micro-site level, H. sinaicum plants occupied most of high altitude habitats in SKP such as cliffs, Wadi bed, terrace, gorge, slope and cave habitats. H. sinaicum prefers the wet and shady places like gorges, slopes and cliffs with continuous water supply. There is an urgent need to integrate the knowledge derived from ecological, demographic and climatic approaches to species conservation in order to be able to formulate management strategies that take into account all different considerations.
Conservation of globally endangered plant resources is a critical ecological, cultural and economic issue. The undertaking of ecological study focusing on the distribution, abundance and population structures of target species is fundamental to the assessment of the conservation status of wild populations. A study was carried out on the wild herb Hypericum sinaicum (Family: Hypericaceae) in Saint Katherine Protectorate (SKP), South Sinai, Egypt, where 22 sites presenting different habitats in SKP were surveyed for: (1) investigate the floristic composition, vegetation types and H. sinaicum distribution in the area, (2) define the ecological status of H. sinaicum and characterize this range by its size, shape, boundaries and internal structure, (3) clearly identify conservation priorities and suggest appropriate strategies for H. sinaicum conservation, (4) detect the effect of environmental factors on the distribution of H. sinaicum in order to use it as first step for conservation by rehabilitation or restoration, (5) determine the effect of spatial variation on plant community and H. sinaicum productivity, and (6) to determine the ecological and climatic requirements for this species and detect their effect on the species distribution. A total of 113 species were recorded in total within the 237 sites. 37 families were recorded within the study area; Asteraceae (15%) and Lamiaceae (11.5%) presented the dominant families in this area, while the Hypercaceae family which represented the target species (H. sinaicum) was recorded only once. H. sinaicum was recorded as dominant species in only 12 sites from 237 with 5%. Morphological attributes for Hypericum showed great variation due to the variation in the edaphic features of different locations. Finally it’s was observed that vegetation constitutes an organized whole, it operates at a higher level of integration than the separate species and may possess emergent properties not necessarily found in individual themselves. Most of the H. sinaicum populations were small and the plants occurred sporadically in space, as little groups conjugated with wet soil. At the micro-site level, H. sinaicum plants occupied most of high altitude habitats in SKP such as cliffs, Wadi bed, terrace, gorge, slope and cave habitats. H. sinaicum prefers the wet and shady places like gorges, slopes and cliffs with continuous water supply. There is an urgent need to integrate the knowledge derived from ecological, demographic and climatic approaches to species conservation in order to be able to formulate management strategies that take into account all different considerations.
Ecological and Climatic Attribute Analysis for Egyptian Hypericum sinaicum
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.17
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-12-26
© Science Publishing Group
Karim Abdelhai Omar
Ecological and Climatic Attribute Analysis for Egyptian Hypericum sinaicum
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381
381
2014-12-26
2014-12-26
10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.17
© Science Publishing Group
Isolation and Characterization of Lipid-Degrading Bacteria in Wastewater of Food Processing Plants and Restaurants in Can Tho City, Vietnam
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.18
High lipid (fats and oils) concentration contained in wastewater inhibits the activity of microbes in biological wastewater treatment systems. The lipids degradation capability of lipid-degrading bacteria was investigated for possible application in treatment of lipids-contaminated wastewater. One hundred and two bacterial isolates were isolated from 43 vegetable oil- contaminated wastewater samples of many food processing plants and restaurants in 5 districts of Can Tho city, Vietnam on LB medium. There were sixty-one isolates produced clear zones on Tw20 medium, only eleven of which were found to have the high ability to degrade vegetable oil in the contaminated wastewater. These eleven isolates were identified by PCR technique and DNA sequencing. The results of DNA sequencing were compared with GenBank database of NCBI by BLAT N software. The sequences from selected isolates showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references (between 97% and 99%). Two isolates belonged to Bacilli (18.18%) and nine isolates belonged to Gammaproteobacteria (81.82%). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), Gammaproteobacteria group had the highest Theta values. Theta value (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism were calculated for each group and 11 strains of lipid-degrading bacteria had high genetic diversity. The results propose Acinetobacteria soli strain AL3 a potential bioproduct for wastewater treatment because of its high ability of lipid degradation and biosafety.
High lipid (fats and oils) concentration contained in wastewater inhibits the activity of microbes in biological wastewater treatment systems. The lipids degradation capability of lipid-degrading bacteria was investigated for possible application in treatment of lipids-contaminated wastewater. One hundred and two bacterial isolates were isolated from 43 vegetable oil- contaminated wastewater samples of many food processing plants and restaurants in 5 districts of Can Tho city, Vietnam on LB medium. There were sixty-one isolates produced clear zones on Tw20 medium, only eleven of which were found to have the high ability to degrade vegetable oil in the contaminated wastewater. These eleven isolates were identified by PCR technique and DNA sequencing. The results of DNA sequencing were compared with GenBank database of NCBI by BLAT N software. The sequences from selected isolates showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references (between 97% and 99%). Two isolates belonged to Bacilli (18.18%) and nine isolates belonged to Gammaproteobacteria (81.82%). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), Gammaproteobacteria group had the highest Theta values. Theta value (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism were calculated for each group and 11 strains of lipid-degrading bacteria had high genetic diversity. The results propose Acinetobacteria soli strain AL3 a potential bioproduct for wastewater treatment because of its high ability of lipid degradation and biosafety.
Isolation and Characterization of Lipid-Degrading Bacteria in Wastewater of Food Processing Plants and Restaurants in Can Tho City, Vietnam
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.18
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-12-31
© Science Publishing Group
Ngo Thanh Phong
Nguyen Thanh Duyen
Cao Ngoc Diep
Isolation and Characterization of Lipid-Degrading Bacteria in Wastewater of Food Processing Plants and Restaurants in Can Tho City, Vietnam
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388
388
2014-12-31
2014-12-31
10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.18
© Science Publishing Group
Population and Spatial Dynamics Mangrove Jellyfish Cassiopeia sp at Kenya’s Gazi Bay
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.20
Cassiopeia, the upside-down or mangrove jellyfish is a bottom-dwelling, shallow water marine sycophozoan of the phylum Cnidaria. It is commonly referred to as jellyfish because of its jelly like appearance. The medusa is the dominant phase in its life history. They have a radial symmetry and occur in shallow, tropical lagoons, mangrove swamps and sandy mud falls in tropical and temperate regions. In coastal Kenya, they are found only in one specific location in the Gazi Bay of the south coast. There are no documented studies on this species in Kenya. The objective of this study was to quantify the spatial and size-class distribution, and recruitment of Cassiopeia at the Gazi Bay. Ten 50mx50m quadrats were randomly placed in an estimated study area of 6.4ha to cover about 40 percent of the total study area. A total of 1043 individual upside-down jellyfish were sampled. In each quadrat, all jellyfish encountered were sampled individually. For each individual jellyfish, the diameter was determined using a standard ruler. The colour and number of tentacles on each individual was determined and its activity at the time, recorded. Because jellyfish occurred in tidal pools, the number of individuals in each pool was determined. The percentage vegetation cover in each pool was estimated and recorded to the nearest whole number. There were predominantly more light brown individuals followed by dark brown with the least number of individuals being grey. Majority of the individuals were feeding. Most individuals had a mean diameter of 8.0-8.9 cm. Individuals were well represented in the size-classes 4.0-4.9cm; 5.0-5.9; 6.0-6.9cm and 7.0-7.9cm. Very few individuals occurred in the 12.0-12.9cm class. More individuals were found in clumps than singly more so where the sea grass dominated. If the diameter of the jellyfish correlates with the age, then the population structure of the jellyfish at Gazi Bay is that of a growing population. Diameter appears to have been the single most factors that influenced spacing. The smaller the individuals, the more likely they were to be found in clumps compared to larger individuals. It is possible that clumping was also related to the size of the tidal pools. This study is significant in being the first study to document the population biology of the jellyfish at the Kenyan coast. Future studies are recommended to determine factors that restrict the distribution of this species to a specific location at the south coast of Kenya. The presence of Cassiopeia at the Gazi lagoon adds value to tourism attraction of the area.
Cassiopeia, the upside-down or mangrove jellyfish is a bottom-dwelling, shallow water marine sycophozoan of the phylum Cnidaria. It is commonly referred to as jellyfish because of its jelly like appearance. The medusa is the dominant phase in its life history. They have a radial symmetry and occur in shallow, tropical lagoons, mangrove swamps and sandy mud falls in tropical and temperate regions. In coastal Kenya, they are found only in one specific location in the Gazi Bay of the south coast. There are no documented studies on this species in Kenya. The objective of this study was to quantify the spatial and size-class distribution, and recruitment of Cassiopeia at the Gazi Bay. Ten 50mx50m quadrats were randomly placed in an estimated study area of 6.4ha to cover about 40 percent of the total study area. A total of 1043 individual upside-down jellyfish were sampled. In each quadrat, all jellyfish encountered were sampled individually. For each individual jellyfish, the diameter was determined using a standard ruler. The colour and number of tentacles on each individual was determined and its activity at the time, recorded. Because jellyfish occurred in tidal pools, the number of individuals in each pool was determined. The percentage vegetation cover in each pool was estimated and recorded to the nearest whole number. There were predominantly more light brown individuals followed by dark brown with the least number of individuals being grey. Majority of the individuals were feeding. Most individuals had a mean diameter of 8.0-8.9 cm. Individuals were well represented in the size-classes 4.0-4.9cm; 5.0-5.9; 6.0-6.9cm and 7.0-7.9cm. Very few individuals occurred in the 12.0-12.9cm class. More individuals were found in clumps than singly more so where the sea grass dominated. If the diameter of the jellyfish correlates with the age, then the population structure of the jellyfish at Gazi Bay is that of a growing population. Diameter appears to have been the single most factors that influenced spacing. The smaller the individuals, the more likely they were to be found in clumps compared to larger individuals. It is possible that clumping was also related to the size of the tidal pools. This study is significant in being the first study to document the population biology of the jellyfish at the Kenyan coast. Future studies are recommended to determine factors that restrict the distribution of this species to a specific location at the south coast of Kenya. The presence of Cassiopeia at the Gazi lagoon adds value to tourism attraction of the area.
Population and Spatial Dynamics Mangrove Jellyfish Cassiopeia sp at Kenya’s Gazi Bay
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.20
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-01-04
© Science Publishing Group
Tsingalia H. M.
Population and Spatial Dynamics Mangrove Jellyfish Cassiopeia sp at Kenya’s Gazi Bay
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6
399
399
2015-01-04
2015-01-04
10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.20
© Science Publishing Group
Therapeutic Efficiency of spirulina against Lead Acetate Toxicity on the Fresh Water Fish Labeo rohita
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.19
The release of heavy metals in to the aquatic environment causes water pollution problems because of their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation. Lead has no known role to play in the human body that is physiologically relevant, and its harmful effects are myriad. Lead from the atmosphere and soil ends up in water bodies thus affecting the aquatic organisms. This situation has thus prompted numerous investigators to study on the effects of this heavy metal on the biological functions of aquatic organisms, particularly on the antioxidant enzyme activity in fish. In the present investigation the effect of lead acetate (heavy metal) on antioxidant enzyme activity was evaluated in the fresh water fish Labeo rohita. The experimental fish were treated with sub lethal concentration of lead acetate (0.015 mg/ L) for 120 hrs. Spirulina was used as supplementary feed during the experimental period. We observed various lead induced lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) changes and Spirulina supplementary feed therapeutic efficiency was observed in the gill and liver tissues of the fish. All the experimental data are statistically significant at p<0.05% level. The present study was under taken the toxic effect of lead acetate on Labeo rohita fish and chelating property of Spirulina.
The release of heavy metals in to the aquatic environment causes water pollution problems because of their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation. Lead has no known role to play in the human body that is physiologically relevant, and its harmful effects are myriad. Lead from the atmosphere and soil ends up in water bodies thus affecting the aquatic organisms. This situation has thus prompted numerous investigators to study on the effects of this heavy metal on the biological functions of aquatic organisms, particularly on the antioxidant enzyme activity in fish. In the present investigation the effect of lead acetate (heavy metal) on antioxidant enzyme activity was evaluated in the fresh water fish Labeo rohita. The experimental fish were treated with sub lethal concentration of lead acetate (0.015 mg/ L) for 120 hrs. Spirulina was used as supplementary feed during the experimental period. We observed various lead induced lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) changes and Spirulina supplementary feed therapeutic efficiency was observed in the gill and liver tissues of the fish. All the experimental data are statistically significant at p<0.05% level. The present study was under taken the toxic effect of lead acetate on Labeo rohita fish and chelating property of Spirulina.
Therapeutic Efficiency of spirulina against Lead Acetate Toxicity on the Fresh Water Fish Labeo rohita
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.19
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-01-04
© Science Publishing Group
Manjunatha Bangeppagari
Jaffer Mohiddin Gooty
Juan Ortiz Tirado
Selvanayagam Mariadoss
Selvaraj Thangaswamy
Naga Raju Maddela
Darwin Rueda Ortiz
Therapeutic Efficiency of spirulina against Lead Acetate Toxicity on the Fresh Water Fish Labeo rohita
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6
394
394
2015-01-04
2015-01-04
10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.19
© Science Publishing Group
Expression of Bone Matrix Protein (Osteopontin) in Dentogingival Junction in Periodontal Disease
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.21
Recent breakthrough studies gave a considerable interest on the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, particularly, the critical role of cytokines. Cytokines have dual roles; they could be mediators of host defense against the microbial challenge, or mediators for periodontal tissue alteration. Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycosylated phosphoprotein, it functions as a Th 1 (T – helper 1) cytokine, promotes cell-mediated immune responses and plays a role in chronic inflammatory diseases. To assess OPN expression in dentogingival junction (DGJ) in chronic periodontitis, ten 13–16 months old, beagle dogs were used. Animals were distributed randomly into two equal groups: Group I: animals had healthy periodontium. Group II: chronic periodontitis was induced in animals. Four weeks after induction, dogs were sacrificed and specimens were prepared for immunohistochemical staining using OPN monoclonal antibody. Intensity of OPN reactions was recorded by image J and t-test was used to compare between the two groups. Healthy periodontium showed a mild OPN reaction. While, in chronic periodontitis, moderate to intense extracellular reaction was seen in DGJ. Also, sporadic nuclear OPN reactions of inflammatory cells were noticed in chronic periodontitis. T-test revealed a significant difference between normal and chronic periodontitis groups. In conclusion, OPN may play a role in chronic inflammation and can be considered as a biomarker of periodontal disease progression.
Recent breakthrough studies gave a considerable interest on the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, particularly, the critical role of cytokines. Cytokines have dual roles; they could be mediators of host defense against the microbial challenge, or mediators for periodontal tissue alteration. Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycosylated phosphoprotein, it functions as a Th 1 (T – helper 1) cytokine, promotes cell-mediated immune responses and plays a role in chronic inflammatory diseases. To assess OPN expression in dentogingival junction (DGJ) in chronic periodontitis, ten 13–16 months old, beagle dogs were used. Animals were distributed randomly into two equal groups: Group I: animals had healthy periodontium. Group II: chronic periodontitis was induced in animals. Four weeks after induction, dogs were sacrificed and specimens were prepared for immunohistochemical staining using OPN monoclonal antibody. Intensity of OPN reactions was recorded by image J and t-test was used to compare between the two groups. Healthy periodontium showed a mild OPN reaction. While, in chronic periodontitis, moderate to intense extracellular reaction was seen in DGJ. Also, sporadic nuclear OPN reactions of inflammatory cells were noticed in chronic periodontitis. T-test revealed a significant difference between normal and chronic periodontitis groups. In conclusion, OPN may play a role in chronic inflammation and can be considered as a biomarker of periodontal disease progression.
Expression of Bone Matrix Protein (Osteopontin) in Dentogingival Junction in Periodontal Disease
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.21
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-01-06
© Science Publishing Group
Olfat Mohamed Gab Allah
Mona Assem Abd-Elmotelb
Reda Gaber Saleh
Expression of Bone Matrix Protein (Osteopontin) in Dentogingival Junction in Periodontal Disease
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6
405
405
2015-01-06
2015-01-06
10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.21
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.21
© Science Publishing Group
Attenuation of Gastrointestinal Tract Propulsion in Rats by Zinc Acetate: Investigation into Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Mechanisms
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.22
This study evaluated the influence of orally administered zinc acetate on gastrointestinal tract propulsion of rats. It also evaluated the effects of the salt on faecal output and gastrointestinal transit time in the rats. The effects of zinc acetate on feeding as well as water intake were determined. The dose of zinc acetate which produced the maximal effect was used to investigate the receptors involved in the alteration of gastrointestinal motility by the salts. All the three doses of zinc acetate (50 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg and 110 mg/kg) produced a significant reduction in the number of total faecal pellets produced in eight hours of study (2.67 ± 0.67, 10.75 ± 0.60, 5 ± 0.52) respectively when compared with the control group (15.67 ± 0.52). Also, the three doses of zinc acetate produced a dose-dependent significant reduction in the faecal mass (1.23 ± 0.08g, 0.96 ± 0.07g, 0.59 ± 0.07g) respectively when compared with control group (3.39 ± 0.25g).The total transit time in rats treated with 50 mg/kg of zinc acetate (746.2 ± 5.95 minutes) increased significantly compared to the control group (251.2 ± 5.48 minutes). The three doses of zinc acetate produced a dose-dependent reduction (p < 0.05) in food intake (9.67 ± 0.61, 9.17 ± 0.62 and 5.00 ± 0.39) respectively compared to the control group (18.33 ± 0.67). Pre-treatment with metoclopramide (5HT3 & D2 blocker/5HT4 serotonergic agonist) significantly increased faecal pellet output in zinc acetate treated rats (4.80 ± 0.20) when compared with rats treated with zinc acetate alone (2.67 ± 0.67).The study concluded that zinc acetate reduced gastrointestinal tract propulsion in rats evidenced as increased intestinal transit time of rats and reduced faecal pellet output via stimulation of 5HT3 and 5HT4 serotonergic and dopaminergic receptors.
This study evaluated the influence of orally administered zinc acetate on gastrointestinal tract propulsion of rats. It also evaluated the effects of the salt on faecal output and gastrointestinal transit time in the rats. The effects of zinc acetate on feeding as well as water intake were determined. The dose of zinc acetate which produced the maximal effect was used to investigate the receptors involved in the alteration of gastrointestinal motility by the salts. All the three doses of zinc acetate (50 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg and 110 mg/kg) produced a significant reduction in the number of total faecal pellets produced in eight hours of study (2.67 ± 0.67, 10.75 ± 0.60, 5 ± 0.52) respectively when compared with the control group (15.67 ± 0.52). Also, the three doses of zinc acetate produced a dose-dependent significant reduction in the faecal mass (1.23 ± 0.08g, 0.96 ± 0.07g, 0.59 ± 0.07g) respectively when compared with control group (3.39 ± 0.25g).The total transit time in rats treated with 50 mg/kg of zinc acetate (746.2 ± 5.95 minutes) increased significantly compared to the control group (251.2 ± 5.48 minutes). The three doses of zinc acetate produced a dose-dependent reduction (p < 0.05) in food intake (9.67 ± 0.61, 9.17 ± 0.62 and 5.00 ± 0.39) respectively compared to the control group (18.33 ± 0.67). Pre-treatment with metoclopramide (5HT3 & D2 blocker/5HT4 serotonergic agonist) significantly increased faecal pellet output in zinc acetate treated rats (4.80 ± 0.20) when compared with rats treated with zinc acetate alone (2.67 ± 0.67).The study concluded that zinc acetate reduced gastrointestinal tract propulsion in rats evidenced as increased intestinal transit time of rats and reduced faecal pellet output via stimulation of 5HT3 and 5HT4 serotonergic and dopaminergic receptors.
Attenuation of Gastrointestinal Tract Propulsion in Rats by Zinc Acetate: Investigation into Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Mechanisms
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.22
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-01-06
© Science Publishing Group
Rufus Ojo Akomolafe
Olusoji Adeola Adalumo
Kayode Dominion Samuel Bamitale
Attenuation of Gastrointestinal Tract Propulsion in Rats by Zinc Acetate: Investigation into Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Mechanisms
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6
412
412
2015-01-06
2015-01-06
10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.22
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.22
© Science Publishing Group
Variations in Biochemical Attributes of Cassia tora L. and C. auriculata L. under Temperature Stress
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.14
Plants continuously struggle for survival under various environmental abiotic stress conditions, specifically high temperature. Fourteen-day-old seedlings of Cassia tora and Cassia auriculata were subjected to differential temperature stress treatments at 30ºC, 37ºC, 42°C and 44°C for 16 h each. Various biochemical parameters viz reducing sugars, total protein, chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme system were assessed and found to be increased under high temperature stress. The amount of reducing sugars, total protein and chlorophyll were remarkably increased in both the Cassia species at 42ºC. The POX activity was more profound in C. tora (0.41 U/mg) than C. auriculata (0.24 U/mg) at 42°C. However, the activity of Catalase in both the species recorded a similar effect with a maximum value of 0.39 and 0.43 U/mg in C. tora and C. auriculata respectively. Similarly, SOD percentage inhibition activity increased significantly at 42°C for C. tora and C. auriculata showing a noticeable trend of inhibition of 85.23% and 86.89% respectively. Thus it can be concluded that various osmolytes and an efficient antioxidative system play a key role in generating tolerance against temperature stress and maintaining homeostasis to withstand the maximum range for survival at 42ºC in Cassia seedlings.
Plants continuously struggle for survival under various environmental abiotic stress conditions, specifically high temperature. Fourteen-day-old seedlings of Cassia tora and Cassia auriculata were subjected to differential temperature stress treatments at 30ºC, 37ºC, 42°C and 44°C for 16 h each. Various biochemical parameters viz reducing sugars, total protein, chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme system were assessed and found to be increased under high temperature stress. The amount of reducing sugars, total protein and chlorophyll were remarkably increased in both the Cassia species at 42ºC. The POX activity was more profound in C. tora (0.41 U/mg) than C. auriculata (0.24 U/mg) at 42°C. However, the activity of Catalase in both the species recorded a similar effect with a maximum value of 0.39 and 0.43 U/mg in C. tora and C. auriculata respectively. Similarly, SOD percentage inhibition activity increased significantly at 42°C for C. tora and C. auriculata showing a noticeable trend of inhibition of 85.23% and 86.89% respectively. Thus it can be concluded that various osmolytes and an efficient antioxidative system play a key role in generating tolerance against temperature stress and maintaining homeostasis to withstand the maximum range for survival at 42ºC in Cassia seedlings.
Variations in Biochemical Attributes of Cassia tora L. and C. auriculata L. under Temperature Stress
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-09-17
© Science Publishing Group
Geetika Pant
Sibi G.
Sangeetha Annie George
Shubha Bhadran
Ugam Chauhan
Variations in Biochemical Attributes of Cassia tora L. and C. auriculata L. under Temperature Stress
2
6
21
21
2014-09-17
2014-09-17
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.14
© Science Publishing Group
Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Hypolipidemic Activities of Plumeria alba L. and Plumeria rubra L.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.13
Methanolic flower extracts of Plumeria alba and P. rubra were tested for in vitro antioxidant potential, cytotoxicity and hypolipidemic activities. DPPH assay of methanolic extract of Plumeria revealed that 81% and 72% inhibition by P. alba and P. rubra respectively and the total phenolic content was found as 173.9 µg ml-1 and 167.3 µg ml-1. Significant free radical scavenging activities of 1.74 mg ml-1and 1.67 mg ml-1 were observed due to the higher phenolic content. Anti-chlolesterol assay of the extracts demonstrated P. rubra has highest hypolipidemic activity (60%) followed by P. alba (52%). MTT assay using HCT 116 cell lines revealed the antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities of P. alba with an IC50 value of 259.9 µg ml-1. Plumeria species could be a new source of drugs for the treatment of colon cancer and hyperlipidemic conditions due to higher antioxidant potential and phenolic content which was revealed from the study.
Methanolic flower extracts of Plumeria alba and P. rubra were tested for in vitro antioxidant potential, cytotoxicity and hypolipidemic activities. DPPH assay of methanolic extract of Plumeria revealed that 81% and 72% inhibition by P. alba and P. rubra respectively and the total phenolic content was found as 173.9 µg ml-1 and 167.3 µg ml-1. Significant free radical scavenging activities of 1.74 mg ml-1and 1.67 mg ml-1 were observed due to the higher phenolic content. Anti-chlolesterol assay of the extracts demonstrated P. rubra has highest hypolipidemic activity (60%) followed by P. alba (52%). MTT assay using HCT 116 cell lines revealed the antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities of P. alba with an IC50 value of 259.9 µg ml-1. Plumeria species could be a new source of drugs for the treatment of colon cancer and hyperlipidemic conditions due to higher antioxidant potential and phenolic content which was revealed from the study.
Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Hypolipidemic Activities of Plumeria alba L. and Plumeria rubra L.
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-09-17
© Science Publishing Group
Hafizur Rahman
Vijaya Badra Reddy
Soumya Ghosh
Sandeep Kumar Mistry
Geetika Pant
Sibi G.
Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Hypolipidemic Activities of Plumeria alba L. and Plumeria rubra L.
2
6
15
15
2014-09-17
2014-09-17
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.13
© Science Publishing Group
Antagonistic Activity and Biofilm Studies on Streptomyces Species towards Nigrospora Sp
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.16
Plants, in contrast with vertebrates, have no immune system. So they are affected by pathogens easily leading to remarkable yield loss altogether. Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the agriculture sector, and harmful and costly chemical fungicides are nowhere a match to them. A detailed study was performed to screen the cooperative role of Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces halstedii towards the fungal pathogen Nigrospora, a predominant pathogen of banana plantation. Many works were published stating the antagonistic activity of the Streptomyces species. For the first time we tried to study against the Nigrospora, which is a predominant pathogen of banana plant. Moreover we tried to find out the cooperative role of both the species towards the fungal pathogen. Biofilm formation studies were done using the ethanol method, and Chitinase activity was quantified using DNS method. Free radical scavenging activity was quantified using the standard DPPH method. The antioxidant profiles were screened using the TLC plate in mobile phase (5:4:3 (v/v/v) n-butanol/Methanol/16% aqueous ammonia). The antagonistic screening test done using the cup plate method proved the cooperative role of both the species. The activity of chitinase was observed for all the groups. Both the species showed chitinase activity, but when they are co cultured the activity was found to be enhanced. Even the co culture study also proved of the strong biofilm formation. Previous literature also showed of the exhibition of biofilm formation of the Streptomyces species. The increase or stability in the values proves of the possible cooperative role of both the species in the antagonistic activity against the Nigrospora species. A one way ANOVA was done to show the significance in the formation of biofilms. Peculiar results were obtained in the TLC. The Rf values obtained were compared with the standard antioxidant Rf values. The Rf values of 0.12 match with the catechin, and 0.4 match with the Quercetin, 06 match with Caffeic acid.
Plants, in contrast with vertebrates, have no immune system. So they are affected by pathogens easily leading to remarkable yield loss altogether. Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the agriculture sector, and harmful and costly chemical fungicides are nowhere a match to them. A detailed study was performed to screen the cooperative role of Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces halstedii towards the fungal pathogen Nigrospora, a predominant pathogen of banana plantation. Many works were published stating the antagonistic activity of the Streptomyces species. For the first time we tried to study against the Nigrospora, which is a predominant pathogen of banana plant. Moreover we tried to find out the cooperative role of both the species towards the fungal pathogen. Biofilm formation studies were done using the ethanol method, and Chitinase activity was quantified using DNS method. Free radical scavenging activity was quantified using the standard DPPH method. The antioxidant profiles were screened using the TLC plate in mobile phase (5:4:3 (v/v/v) n-butanol/Methanol/16% aqueous ammonia). The antagonistic screening test done using the cup plate method proved the cooperative role of both the species. The activity of chitinase was observed for all the groups. Both the species showed chitinase activity, but when they are co cultured the activity was found to be enhanced. Even the co culture study also proved of the strong biofilm formation. Previous literature also showed of the exhibition of biofilm formation of the Streptomyces species. The increase or stability in the values proves of the possible cooperative role of both the species in the antagonistic activity against the Nigrospora species. A one way ANOVA was done to show the significance in the formation of biofilms. Peculiar results were obtained in the TLC. The Rf values obtained were compared with the standard antioxidant Rf values. The Rf values of 0.12 match with the catechin, and 0.4 match with the Quercetin, 06 match with Caffeic acid.
Antagonistic Activity and Biofilm Studies on Streptomyces Species towards Nigrospora Sp
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.16
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-10-15
© Science Publishing Group
Sudhakar Malla
Bathula Christopher
Yacharam shivakumar
Kakarapalli Nagalakshmi
Antagonistic Activity and Biofilm Studies on Streptomyces Species towards Nigrospora Sp
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34
34
2014-10-15
2014-10-15
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.16
© Science Publishing Group
In Vitro Studies on Antioxidant, Hypolipidemic and Cytotoxic Potential of Parmelia Perlata
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.12
New drug preparations of natural origin are in need due to the numerous side effects and resistance development through the continuous and uncontrolled use of synthetic drugs. Lichens are reported to have manifold biological activities and in this study, antioxidant, hypolipidemic and cytotoxic potential of Parmelia perlata were assessed. Methanolic extract of P. perlata was prepared and used in DPPH assay, total phenolic content and total antioxidant potential assays. In vitro anti-cholesterol and cytotoxic assay using HCT 116 cell lines were performed. The results revealed that P. perlata contain high phenolic contents and antioxidant potential. Simvastatin was used as standard drug and the extracts demonstrated 48% anti-cholesterol activity. MTT assay using colon cancer cell lines (HCT 116) produced dose dependent cytotoxic effect with an IC50 value of 202.1 µg ml-1.
New drug preparations of natural origin are in need due to the numerous side effects and resistance development through the continuous and uncontrolled use of synthetic drugs. Lichens are reported to have manifold biological activities and in this study, antioxidant, hypolipidemic and cytotoxic potential of Parmelia perlata were assessed. Methanolic extract of P. perlata was prepared and used in DPPH assay, total phenolic content and total antioxidant potential assays. In vitro anti-cholesterol and cytotoxic assay using HCT 116 cell lines were performed. The results revealed that P. perlata contain high phenolic contents and antioxidant potential. Simvastatin was used as standard drug and the extracts demonstrated 48% anti-cholesterol activity. MTT assay using colon cancer cell lines (HCT 116) produced dose dependent cytotoxic effect with an IC50 value of 202.1 µg ml-1.
In Vitro Studies on Antioxidant, Hypolipidemic and Cytotoxic Potential of Parmelia Perlata
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-08-24
© Science Publishing Group
Hafizur Rahman
Vijaya B
Soumya Ghosh
Geetika Pant
Sibi G
In Vitro Studies on Antioxidant, Hypolipidemic and Cytotoxic Potential of Parmelia Perlata
2
6
10
10
2014-08-24
2014-08-24
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.12
© Science Publishing Group
Healing Effects of Wheat Grass (Triticum aestivum L) Extracts on RBC Membrane Damage
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.15
The study was mainly designed to validate the healing effects of wheat grass on RBC membrane damage. RBC membrane damage can be due to several factors, of which the free radical damage takes a major part. Many medicinal herbs have been used in study to find out their potential role in healing effects and at the same time in scavenging the free radicals. Several works were proved of the possible role of the flavonoids and phenols in the healing effects. A detailed study was done on the extracts of wheat grass in relation to its healing effects on the RBC membrane damage. The fractions (Chloroform & Methanol) were initially screened for the Phenolics and Flavonoids and then estimated for the total polyphenols. Further, the fractions were used for tested for the invitro experiments on the rat blood sample. % inhibition of Haemolysis, Chelating activity and SH group measurement are tested with the evaluated fractions. The plant responded positive for both the phytochemicals screened. The results of Folin –Ciocalteu total phenols photometric assay showed that the Methanol fraction was shown to contain more polyphenols (41%), than the chloroform fraction. Both the chloroform and methanol extracts showed the inhibition of haemolysis. Percent inhibition of haemolysis was dose dependent in both the fractions. The IC50 values of chloroform and methanol are 1.689 mg/ml and 2.481 mg/ml respectively. The IC50 values were calculated from the equation of slope (Y=mx+c), where Y is taken as 50. The SH group content showed an abrupt decrease in the presence of the SH group inhibitor Tetrathionate. The control showed a high value normally. When the samples containing Tetrathionate were preincubated with the chloroform and methanol extracts, the values showed an abrupt increase in respect to the Tetrathionate treated samples. This increase in the values from 195 to about 326 and 389 showed the healing effects of the extracts. Methanol extract showed a high healing effect when compared to the chloroform extract. This healing effect might be due to the presence of phenolic in high content. Past studies have been done on Wheat grass in relation to their total phenolics and flavonoids. At the same phenolics were used in studying against the RBC membrane damage. Our study suggests that the wheat grass can be used as a better and novel therapeutic agent in healing the RBC membrane damage induced by free radicals.
The study was mainly designed to validate the healing effects of wheat grass on RBC membrane damage. RBC membrane damage can be due to several factors, of which the free radical damage takes a major part. Many medicinal herbs have been used in study to find out their potential role in healing effects and at the same time in scavenging the free radicals. Several works were proved of the possible role of the flavonoids and phenols in the healing effects. A detailed study was done on the extracts of wheat grass in relation to its healing effects on the RBC membrane damage. The fractions (Chloroform & Methanol) were initially screened for the Phenolics and Flavonoids and then estimated for the total polyphenols. Further, the fractions were used for tested for the invitro experiments on the rat blood sample. % inhibition of Haemolysis, Chelating activity and SH group measurement are tested with the evaluated fractions. The plant responded positive for both the phytochemicals screened. The results of Folin –Ciocalteu total phenols photometric assay showed that the Methanol fraction was shown to contain more polyphenols (41%), than the chloroform fraction. Both the chloroform and methanol extracts showed the inhibition of haemolysis. Percent inhibition of haemolysis was dose dependent in both the fractions. The IC50 values of chloroform and methanol are 1.689 mg/ml and 2.481 mg/ml respectively. The IC50 values were calculated from the equation of slope (Y=mx+c), where Y is taken as 50. The SH group content showed an abrupt decrease in the presence of the SH group inhibitor Tetrathionate. The control showed a high value normally. When the samples containing Tetrathionate were preincubated with the chloroform and methanol extracts, the values showed an abrupt increase in respect to the Tetrathionate treated samples. This increase in the values from 195 to about 326 and 389 showed the healing effects of the extracts. Methanol extract showed a high healing effect when compared to the chloroform extract. This healing effect might be due to the presence of phenolic in high content. Past studies have been done on Wheat grass in relation to their total phenolics and flavonoids. At the same phenolics were used in studying against the RBC membrane damage. Our study suggests that the wheat grass can be used as a better and novel therapeutic agent in healing the RBC membrane damage induced by free radicals.
Healing Effects of Wheat Grass (Triticum aestivum L) Extracts on RBC Membrane Damage
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-10-15
© Science Publishing Group
Sudhakar Malla
Manish Kumar Mourya
Debashree Halder
Fatemeh Gomroki
Hamzah basil Mohammed
Healing Effects of Wheat Grass (Triticum aestivum L) Extracts on RBC Membrane Damage
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6
27
27
2014-10-15
2014-10-15
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.15
© Science Publishing Group
Isolation and Characterization of Antimicrobial Alkaloids from Plumeria alba Flowers against Food Borne Pathogens
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.11
Many plants have been identified for their applications in preventing food pathogens but identification of active compounds are yet to be defined in most cases. The objective of this study was to explore the potential alkaloids from Plumeria alba and their activity against food pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. A total of six food borne pathogens namely Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Salmonella typhimurium MTCC 3224, and Shigella flexneri ATCC 12022 were tested against the alkaloid extract from P. alba flowers under in vitro conditions. Antibacterial assay was evaluated using well diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were tested by broth microdilution method. Alkaloid profile of the extracts was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values revealed that Shigella flexneri ATCC 12022 was found to be the most sensitive organism (7.5 µg ml-1) followed by Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (15 µg ml-1). Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 was more resistant to the extract with an MIC value of > 60 µg ml-1. Examination of the alkaloid profile of Plumeria alba flowers using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry resulted in the presence of 11 alkaloids of which 3 isoquinoline alkaloids, 2 pyridine alkaloids, 1 indole alkaloid, 1 vinca alkaloid and 1 resperine alkaloid were identified. According to the results, S. flexneri was found to be the most susceptible organism and it can be concluded that formulation of antimicrobial drugs containing P. alba flower extract to control food borne pathogens is feasible.
Many plants have been identified for their applications in preventing food pathogens but identification of active compounds are yet to be defined in most cases. The objective of this study was to explore the potential alkaloids from Plumeria alba and their activity against food pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. A total of six food borne pathogens namely Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Salmonella typhimurium MTCC 3224, and Shigella flexneri ATCC 12022 were tested against the alkaloid extract from P. alba flowers under in vitro conditions. Antibacterial assay was evaluated using well diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were tested by broth microdilution method. Alkaloid profile of the extracts was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values revealed that Shigella flexneri ATCC 12022 was found to be the most sensitive organism (7.5 µg ml-1) followed by Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (15 µg ml-1). Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 was more resistant to the extract with an MIC value of > 60 µg ml-1. Examination of the alkaloid profile of Plumeria alba flowers using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry resulted in the presence of 11 alkaloids of which 3 isoquinoline alkaloids, 2 pyridine alkaloids, 1 indole alkaloid, 1 vinca alkaloid and 1 resperine alkaloid were identified. According to the results, S. flexneri was found to be the most susceptible organism and it can be concluded that formulation of antimicrobial drugs containing P. alba flower extract to control food borne pathogens is feasible.
Isolation and Characterization of Antimicrobial Alkaloids from Plumeria alba Flowers against Food Borne Pathogens
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-08-19
© Science Publishing Group
Sibi G.
Apsara Venkategowda
Lepakshi Gowda
Isolation and Characterization of Antimicrobial Alkaloids from Plumeria alba Flowers against Food Borne Pathogens
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6
6
6
2014-08-19
2014-08-19
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.11
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Combination between Bioagents and Antioxidants on Management of Tomato Powdery Mildew
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.14
Isolation of microorganisms occurring on the phyllopane of tomato leaves yielded many Basillus and Trichoderma strains. The isolated Bacillus spp. were purified and identified as B. chitinosporus, B. megaterium, B. pumilus, B. subtilis and B. thuringiensis and the isolated Trichoderma spp. were, T. album, T. hamatum, T. koningii, T. harzianum and T.veredi. All the tested Bacillus and Trichoderma strains caused significant inhibition to the germinated conidia of Leveillula taurica (imperfect stage = Oidiopsis taurica) the causal of tomato powdery mildew compared with control treatment. In addition, B. thuringiensis B. subtilis and B. chitinosporus were the most efficient bacteria in this regard and T. harzianum and T. veredi were the most efficient fungi. The inducer resistance chemicals (IRCs) bion, chitosan, humic acid, salicylic acid and zinc sulphate resulted in significant reduction to the germinated conidia of the causal fungus compared with control treatment. This reduction was gradually increased by increasing the tested concentration. In plastic house experiments, spraying tomato plants with the tested bioagents B. thuringiensis and T. harzianum and the IRC salicylic acid resulted in significant reduction to powdery mildew severity during 2012/2013 and 2013/ 2014 growing seasons. Spraying of the bioagents B.thuringiensis and T. harzianum and the IRC salicylic acid, each alone or in different combinations, resulted in significant reduction to the severity of the disease with significant increase to the produced fruit yield. Furthermore, spraying any of these compounds alone was of less effect in this regard compared with spraying their combinations. However, the fungicide Sumi-8 was the superior in this regard, being 3.7 % disease severity and fruit yield 16.2 k g. / plant followed by the mixture of the three treatments, being 4.6% disease severity and fruit yield 13.7 kg. / plant. The three oxidative-reductive enzymes, i.e. PAL, PO and PPO were greatly increased in the leaves of all sprayed treatments compared with control treatment. In addition, plants sprayed with salicylic acid recorded the highest activity of the three enzymes followed by that sprayed with B. thuringiensis then T. harzianum. Meanwhile, untreated leaves (control) recorded the lowest activity followed by that sprayed with Sumi-8.
Isolation of microorganisms occurring on the phyllopane of tomato leaves yielded many Basillus and Trichoderma strains. The isolated Bacillus spp. were purified and identified as B. chitinosporus, B. megaterium, B. pumilus, B. subtilis and B. thuringiensis and the isolated Trichoderma spp. were, T. album, T. hamatum, T. koningii, T. harzianum and T.veredi. All the tested Bacillus and Trichoderma strains caused significant inhibition to the germinated conidia of Leveillula taurica (imperfect stage = Oidiopsis taurica) the causal of tomato powdery mildew compared with control treatment. In addition, B. thuringiensis B. subtilis and B. chitinosporus were the most efficient bacteria in this regard and T. harzianum and T. veredi were the most efficient fungi. The inducer resistance chemicals (IRCs) bion, chitosan, humic acid, salicylic acid and zinc sulphate resulted in significant reduction to the germinated conidia of the causal fungus compared with control treatment. This reduction was gradually increased by increasing the tested concentration. In plastic house experiments, spraying tomato plants with the tested bioagents B. thuringiensis and T. harzianum and the IRC salicylic acid resulted in significant reduction to powdery mildew severity during 2012/2013 and 2013/ 2014 growing seasons. Spraying of the bioagents B.thuringiensis and T. harzianum and the IRC salicylic acid, each alone or in different combinations, resulted in significant reduction to the severity of the disease with significant increase to the produced fruit yield. Furthermore, spraying any of these compounds alone was of less effect in this regard compared with spraying their combinations. However, the fungicide Sumi-8 was the superior in this regard, being 3.7 % disease severity and fruit yield 16.2 k g. / plant followed by the mixture of the three treatments, being 4.6% disease severity and fruit yield 13.7 kg. / plant. The three oxidative-reductive enzymes, i.e. PAL, PO and PPO were greatly increased in the leaves of all sprayed treatments compared with control treatment. In addition, plants sprayed with salicylic acid recorded the highest activity of the three enzymes followed by that sprayed with B. thuringiensis then T. harzianum. Meanwhile, untreated leaves (control) recorded the lowest activity followed by that sprayed with Sumi-8.
Effect of Combination between Bioagents and Antioxidants on Management of Tomato Powdery Mildew
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-11-25
© Science Publishing Group
Abada K. A.
M. A. Ahmed
Effect of Combination between Bioagents and Antioxidants on Management of Tomato Powdery Mildew
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6
32
32
2014-11-25
2014-11-25
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.14
© Science Publishing Group
A Protocol Suggested for Management of Cantaloupe Downy Mildew
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.11
The inhibitory effect of the fungicides Acrobat copper, Previcure-N and Unilax, the inducer resistance chemicals (IRCs) bion, chitosan, salicylic acid and zinc sulphate and the bioagents Bacillus polymyxa, B. subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens on sporangial germination of fungus like Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the causal of cantaloupe downy mildew was tested in vitro. The role of the tested fungicides, IRCs and bioagents on management of cantaloupe downy mildew was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. In addition, the alternation between the sprayed tested fungicide Unilax, IRC chitosan and bioagent P.fluorescens on management of the disease under field conditions was investigated. The inhibitory effect of the tested fungicides, IRCs and bioagents on sporangial germination of P. cubensis revealed that they caused significant reduction to the germinated sporangia. The tested fungicides were the most efficient ones followed by the bioagents then IRCs. Disease management showed the same trend of in vitro experiment when they sprayed on artificially inoculated cantaloupe plants with the sporangia of the causal fungus like under greenhouse conditions. Under field conditions, spraying cantaloupe plants with the tested fungicide Unilax still the most efficient trial for management the disease during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons compared with spraying any of IRC (chitosan) and the bioagent (P. fluorescens) alone . However, spraying the tested fungicide in alternation with the tested IRC and the bioagent ranked the second efficiency of disease management. Meanwhile, spraying the tested fungicide in alternation with any of the tested IRC and bioagent was of moderate efficiency.
The inhibitory effect of the fungicides Acrobat copper, Previcure-N and Unilax, the inducer resistance chemicals (IRCs) bion, chitosan, salicylic acid and zinc sulphate and the bioagents Bacillus polymyxa, B. subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens on sporangial germination of fungus like Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the causal of cantaloupe downy mildew was tested in vitro. The role of the tested fungicides, IRCs and bioagents on management of cantaloupe downy mildew was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. In addition, the alternation between the sprayed tested fungicide Unilax, IRC chitosan and bioagent P.fluorescens on management of the disease under field conditions was investigated. The inhibitory effect of the tested fungicides, IRCs and bioagents on sporangial germination of P. cubensis revealed that they caused significant reduction to the germinated sporangia. The tested fungicides were the most efficient ones followed by the bioagents then IRCs. Disease management showed the same trend of in vitro experiment when they sprayed on artificially inoculated cantaloupe plants with the sporangia of the causal fungus like under greenhouse conditions. Under field conditions, spraying cantaloupe plants with the tested fungicide Unilax still the most efficient trial for management the disease during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons compared with spraying any of IRC (chitosan) and the bioagent (P. fluorescens) alone . However, spraying the tested fungicide in alternation with the tested IRC and the bioagent ranked the second efficiency of disease management. Meanwhile, spraying the tested fungicide in alternation with any of the tested IRC and bioagent was of moderate efficiency.
A Protocol Suggested for Management of Cantaloupe Downy Mildew
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-09-05
© Science Publishing Group
Abada, K. A.
Kh. E. Eid
A Protocol Suggested for Management of Cantaloupe Downy Mildew
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2014-09-05
2014-09-05
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.11
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Volatile and Non-Volatile Compounds of Trichoderma spp. on Botrytis Fabae the Causative Agent of Faba Bean Chocolate Spot
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.12
Antagonistic fungi naturally occurring on faba bean leaf surface were isolated and evaluated for their activity as bioagents for Botrytis fabae the causative agent of chocolate spot disease. Thirty isolates were purified and identified as 26 isolates of Trichoderma species (Trichoderma album, T. aureoviride , T. hamatum, T. harzianum and T. viride) and 4 isolates belonging to the genera of Cladosporium, Gliocladium, Epicoccum and Paecilomyces. The inhibitory effect of these isolates was assessed in vitro against the growth of B. fabae, which decreased it's mycelial growth on PDA plates. The inhibitory effect of Trichoderma spp. ranged between 51.11 - 77.78%. In addition, T. album (Isolate 2) gave the highest inhibition followed by T. harzianum (Isolate 6). Furthermore, under greenhouse conditions spraying of faba bean plants with any of Trichoderma spp. and Bio- Zeid as a biofungicide, 24 h before inoculation with B. fabae significantly reduced the severity of the disease after 14 days in the range of 3.0 - 4% compared with the control (8.7%). T. album (Isolate 2) was the highest antagonistic isolate (3.0%) followed by T. harzianum (Isolate 6) then T. hamatum (Isolate 6) and T. viride (Isolate 2), being 3.24, 3.30 and 3.40%, respectively. Volatile and non-volatile compounds produced by T. album (Isolate 2) exhibited the highest inhibition to the mycelial growth of B. fabae followed by T. harzianum (Isolate 6).
Antagonistic fungi naturally occurring on faba bean leaf surface were isolated and evaluated for their activity as bioagents for Botrytis fabae the causative agent of chocolate spot disease. Thirty isolates were purified and identified as 26 isolates of Trichoderma species (Trichoderma album, T. aureoviride , T. hamatum, T. harzianum and T. viride) and 4 isolates belonging to the genera of Cladosporium, Gliocladium, Epicoccum and Paecilomyces. The inhibitory effect of these isolates was assessed in vitro against the growth of B. fabae, which decreased it's mycelial growth on PDA plates. The inhibitory effect of Trichoderma spp. ranged between 51.11 - 77.78%. In addition, T. album (Isolate 2) gave the highest inhibition followed by T. harzianum (Isolate 6). Furthermore, under greenhouse conditions spraying of faba bean plants with any of Trichoderma spp. and Bio- Zeid as a biofungicide, 24 h before inoculation with B. fabae significantly reduced the severity of the disease after 14 days in the range of 3.0 - 4% compared with the control (8.7%). T. album (Isolate 2) was the highest antagonistic isolate (3.0%) followed by T. harzianum (Isolate 6) then T. hamatum (Isolate 6) and T. viride (Isolate 2), being 3.24, 3.30 and 3.40%, respectively. Volatile and non-volatile compounds produced by T. album (Isolate 2) exhibited the highest inhibition to the mycelial growth of B. fabae followed by T. harzianum (Isolate 6).
Effect of Volatile and Non-Volatile Compounds of Trichoderma spp. on Botrytis Fabae the Causative Agent of Faba Bean Chocolate Spot
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-09-05
© Science Publishing Group
Barakat F. M.
Abada K. A.
Abou-Zeid N. M.
El-Gammal Y. H. E.
Effect of Volatile and Non-Volatile Compounds of Trichoderma spp. on Botrytis Fabae the Causative Agent of Faba Bean Chocolate Spot
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2014-09-05
2014-09-05
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.12
© Science Publishing Group
Management Fusarium Wilt of Sweet Pepper by Bacillus Strains
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.13
Isolation trials from the roots of wilted sweet pepper plants yielded Alternaria spp., Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium spp., Rhizontonia solani , Sclerotium rolfsii and Trichoderma spp. The isolates of the fungus F. oxysporum were selected to test their pathogenicity and Kalubia isolate was the most virulent one. The fungus was virulent to sweet pepper and low infection was found in case of the other five tested plants. Therefore, the fungus F. oxysporum named Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. capsici. All the five Bacillus strains, i.e. Bacillus chitinosporus ,B. coagulans , B. humilus ,B.subtilis and B. thuringiensis caused significant reduction to the radial growth of F.o.f.sp.capsici compared with control treatment. In addition, the growth of the tested pathogen was completely inhibited by B.subtilis and B.thuringiensis at the concentration of 60%. Furthermore, B.thuringiensis was the most efficient bioagent in this regard followed by B.subtilis then B.pumilus. Adding the three tested bioagents ,i.e.B.pumilus .B.subtilis and B. Thuringiensis to soil infested with F.o.f.sp.capsici resulted in significant reduction to sweet pepper wilt with significant increase to the plant height as well as the number of pods and their weight / plant compared with control treatment. The symptoms of the disease were obvious both on the foliage growth and the xylem vesicles, but the severity of the disease was more higher on the xylem vesicles than on the foliage growth. In addition, plants grown in soil infested with Bacillus strains were of high values of plant height and fruit yield (number and weight / plant) than that grown in the control (uninfested soil). The total phenolic compounds were greatly increased in the bacterial treated plants as compared to untreated plants with the bioagents and that infested with the pathogen only. These results give a potential of these bacterial strains for use as plant protection agents against Fusarium wilt of sweet pepper. This work was performed to investigate the potential of some bacterial bioagents ,i.e. B. humilus , B.subtilis and B. thuringiensis on management of sweet pepper Fusarium wilt and the formation of phenolic compounds in the plants.
Isolation trials from the roots of wilted sweet pepper plants yielded Alternaria spp., Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium spp., Rhizontonia solani , Sclerotium rolfsii and Trichoderma spp. The isolates of the fungus F. oxysporum were selected to test their pathogenicity and Kalubia isolate was the most virulent one. The fungus was virulent to sweet pepper and low infection was found in case of the other five tested plants. Therefore, the fungus F. oxysporum named Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. capsici. All the five Bacillus strains, i.e. Bacillus chitinosporus ,B. coagulans , B. humilus ,B.subtilis and B. thuringiensis caused significant reduction to the radial growth of F.o.f.sp.capsici compared with control treatment. In addition, the growth of the tested pathogen was completely inhibited by B.subtilis and B.thuringiensis at the concentration of 60%. Furthermore, B.thuringiensis was the most efficient bioagent in this regard followed by B.subtilis then B.pumilus. Adding the three tested bioagents ,i.e.B.pumilus .B.subtilis and B. Thuringiensis to soil infested with F.o.f.sp.capsici resulted in significant reduction to sweet pepper wilt with significant increase to the plant height as well as the number of pods and their weight / plant compared with control treatment. The symptoms of the disease were obvious both on the foliage growth and the xylem vesicles, but the severity of the disease was more higher on the xylem vesicles than on the foliage growth. In addition, plants grown in soil infested with Bacillus strains were of high values of plant height and fruit yield (number and weight / plant) than that grown in the control (uninfested soil). The total phenolic compounds were greatly increased in the bacterial treated plants as compared to untreated plants with the bioagents and that infested with the pathogen only. These results give a potential of these bacterial strains for use as plant protection agents against Fusarium wilt of sweet pepper. This work was performed to investigate the potential of some bacterial bioagents ,i.e. B. humilus , B.subtilis and B. thuringiensis on management of sweet pepper Fusarium wilt and the formation of phenolic compounds in the plants.
Management Fusarium Wilt of Sweet Pepper by Bacillus Strains
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-11-25
© Science Publishing Group
Abada K. A.
M. A. Ahmed
Management Fusarium Wilt of Sweet Pepper by Bacillus Strains
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2014-11-25
2014-11-25
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.13
© Science Publishing Group
Controlling of Mango Powdery Mildew by some Salts, Growth Regulators and the Biofungicide AQ10 Compared with Punch Fungicide in Egypt
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.15
Two experiments on 10 years old mango trees, Saddeka cv. (high susceptible cultivar) were conducted under field condition during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons for management of powdery mildew at El Adleia district, Belbees county, El-Sharkia governorate. In these trials, mango trees were sprayed with two potassium phosphate salts , calcium chloride ,three commercial growth regulators ,i.e. Agrotone (NAA), Cultar (paclobutrazol) , and Berelex (GA3), the bio-fungicide AQ10 (Ampelomyces quisqualis) , the commercial systemic fungicide Punch (flusilazole) and an alternate among Cultar ( paclobutrazol ), monobasic phosphate and the fungicide Punch. The aforementioned treatments were applied at 14 days intervals during both growing seasons starting at bud flower burst stage till full bloom stage in order to evaluate their efficiency on management mango powdery mildew disease. The obtained results showed that spraying of mango trees ( Saddeka cv.) during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons with any of the tested treatments significantly reduced the severity of powdery mildew with significant increase to the produced fruit yield compared with control treatment.In addition, results of both seasons revealed that alternation spray among Cultar ( paclobutrazol ), mono basic potassium phosphate and the fungicide Punch was the most superior treatment in reducing severity of the disease and producing the highest fruit yield followed by spraying of the fungicide Punch then spraying of mono basic potassium phosphate . Meanwhile, Brelex was of the lowest efficiency treatment in this regard followed by spraying of Agrotone . The other treatments recorded intermediate figures. Control treatment recorded 44.3 % disease severity and produced poor fruit yield.
Two experiments on 10 years old mango trees, Saddeka cv. (high susceptible cultivar) were conducted under field condition during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons for management of powdery mildew at El Adleia district, Belbees county, El-Sharkia governorate. In these trials, mango trees were sprayed with two potassium phosphate salts , calcium chloride ,three commercial growth regulators ,i.e. Agrotone (NAA), Cultar (paclobutrazol) , and Berelex (GA3), the bio-fungicide AQ10 (Ampelomyces quisqualis) , the commercial systemic fungicide Punch (flusilazole) and an alternate among Cultar ( paclobutrazol ), monobasic phosphate and the fungicide Punch. The aforementioned treatments were applied at 14 days intervals during both growing seasons starting at bud flower burst stage till full bloom stage in order to evaluate their efficiency on management mango powdery mildew disease. The obtained results showed that spraying of mango trees ( Saddeka cv.) during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons with any of the tested treatments significantly reduced the severity of powdery mildew with significant increase to the produced fruit yield compared with control treatment.In addition, results of both seasons revealed that alternation spray among Cultar ( paclobutrazol ), mono basic potassium phosphate and the fungicide Punch was the most superior treatment in reducing severity of the disease and producing the highest fruit yield followed by spraying of the fungicide Punch then spraying of mono basic potassium phosphate . Meanwhile, Brelex was of the lowest efficiency treatment in this regard followed by spraying of Agrotone . The other treatments recorded intermediate figures. Control treatment recorded 44.3 % disease severity and produced poor fruit yield.
Controlling of Mango Powdery Mildew by some Salts, Growth Regulators and the Biofungicide AQ10 Compared with Punch Fungicide in Egypt
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-01-10
© Science Publishing Group
Azza M. K. Azmy
Controlling of Mango Powdery Mildew by some Salts, Growth Regulators and the Biofungicide AQ10 Compared with Punch Fungicide in Egypt
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2015-01-10
2015-01-10
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.15
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Combination among Bioagents, Compost and Soil Solarization on Management of Strawberry Fusarium Wilt
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.16
Isolation trials from strawberry plants showing mainly wilt symptoms grown at Behera, Ismailia, Kalubia and Giza governorates yielded Fusarium oxysporum , F.solani , Macrophomina phaseolina , Pythium ultimum , Phytophthora cactorum , Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii . Pathogenicity test of the four isolates of F.oxysporum revealed that they caused wilt symptoms and Kalubia isolate was the most virulent one. In addition, inoculating different seven plants, i.e. bean, cucumber, eggplant, sweet pepper, strawberry, tomato and water melon with F. oxysporum isolate of Kalubia governorate indicated that it caused wilt symptoms to strawberry plants only. Therefore, it named Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariae Winks & Y.N. Williams. Four isolates of Bacillus spp., i.e. Bacillus coagulans , B.humilus , B.subtils and B. thringiensis and one isolate of Pseudomonas flurescens were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of strawberry plants grown in a field have severe infection by Fusarium wilt were screened for their efficacy against F. o. f.sp. fragariae, in vitro and in vivo. In general, P.flurescens followed by Bacillus subtilis were the most efficient in reducing the linear growth of the pathogenic fungus. Sterilized aqueous filtrate of the tested compost resulted in significant reduction to the linear growth of the tested fungus compared with control treatment. This reduction was gradually increased by increasing it׳s concentration. The combination among the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens, compost and soil solarization resulted in significant reduction to strawberry Fusarium wilt with significant increase to the produced fruits and their total soluble solids (T.S.S.) , either each of them was used alone or in their different combinations, compared with control treatment (infested with the causal fungus).On the other hand, compost was the most efficient in this regard compared with the other three items of disease management, i.e. soil solarization and the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens when each of them was used alone. Moreover, no apparent infection was detected when the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens ,compost and soil solarization were used together and produced fruit yield of T.S.S., to somewhat, similar to control treatment ( uninfested soil with the causal fungus).
Isolation trials from strawberry plants showing mainly wilt symptoms grown at Behera, Ismailia, Kalubia and Giza governorates yielded Fusarium oxysporum , F.solani , Macrophomina phaseolina , Pythium ultimum , Phytophthora cactorum , Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii . Pathogenicity test of the four isolates of F.oxysporum revealed that they caused wilt symptoms and Kalubia isolate was the most virulent one. In addition, inoculating different seven plants, i.e. bean, cucumber, eggplant, sweet pepper, strawberry, tomato and water melon with F. oxysporum isolate of Kalubia governorate indicated that it caused wilt symptoms to strawberry plants only. Therefore, it named Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariae Winks & Y.N. Williams. Four isolates of Bacillus spp., i.e. Bacillus coagulans , B.humilus , B.subtils and B. thringiensis and one isolate of Pseudomonas flurescens were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of strawberry plants grown in a field have severe infection by Fusarium wilt were screened for their efficacy against F. o. f.sp. fragariae, in vitro and in vivo. In general, P.flurescens followed by Bacillus subtilis were the most efficient in reducing the linear growth of the pathogenic fungus. Sterilized aqueous filtrate of the tested compost resulted in significant reduction to the linear growth of the tested fungus compared with control treatment. This reduction was gradually increased by increasing it׳s concentration. The combination among the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens, compost and soil solarization resulted in significant reduction to strawberry Fusarium wilt with significant increase to the produced fruits and their total soluble solids (T.S.S.) , either each of them was used alone or in their different combinations, compared with control treatment (infested with the causal fungus).On the other hand, compost was the most efficient in this regard compared with the other three items of disease management, i.e. soil solarization and the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens when each of them was used alone. Moreover, no apparent infection was detected when the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens ,compost and soil solarization were used together and produced fruit yield of T.S.S., to somewhat, similar to control treatment ( uninfested soil with the causal fungus).
Effect of Combination among Bioagents, Compost and Soil Solarization on Management of Strawberry Fusarium Wilt
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.16
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-02-01
© Science Publishing Group
Abada K. A.
Faten M. Abd-El-Latif
Hala A.M. El-Dakar
Effect of Combination among Bioagents, Compost and Soil Solarization on Management of Strawberry Fusarium Wilt
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2015-02-01
2015-02-01
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020602.16
© Science Publishing Group
Phytochemical and Antibacterial Screening of Crude Extracts from Leaves of Wonderful Kola
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.12
The several antibacterial activities of wonderful kola plant (i.e. Buchholzia coriacea) has necessitated the need for a high-throughput and molecular characterization of all the bioactive components from the plant as a panacea to discovering bioactive compounds which could serve as lead compounds in developing potent and novel antibacterial agents. Microbial resistance to some available antimicrobial agents necessitates the need to search for newer antimicrobial agents that will not be easily amenable to the attack of resistant strains of microorganisms (many of which remain active even in the face of antimicrobial onslaught). This study investigates the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of wonderful kola on pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus strains. Antibacterial activity of the wonderful kola plant extract was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method to determine the zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Phytochemical analysis revealed that wonderful kola leaf contains phlobatannins, carbohydrates, proteins, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. Varying zones of inhibition was produced by the ethanol extract (10-14 mm) and methanol extracts (13-15 mm) against the S. aureus strains. MIC for both the ethanol and methanol extracts was recorded at 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml for some strains of the S. aureus. The results of this study have shown and contributed to the potential of wonderful kola leaf extracts in inhibiting pathogenic strains of S. aureus. Further high-throughput technologies are required to characterize the main bioactive constituents of the wonderful kola plant extracts so that they can be compounded into drug formulations for the treatment of some bacterial related infections in this part of the world.
The several antibacterial activities of wonderful kola plant (i.e. Buchholzia coriacea) has necessitated the need for a high-throughput and molecular characterization of all the bioactive components from the plant as a panacea to discovering bioactive compounds which could serve as lead compounds in developing potent and novel antibacterial agents. Microbial resistance to some available antimicrobial agents necessitates the need to search for newer antimicrobial agents that will not be easily amenable to the attack of resistant strains of microorganisms (many of which remain active even in the face of antimicrobial onslaught). This study investigates the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of wonderful kola on pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus strains. Antibacterial activity of the wonderful kola plant extract was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method to determine the zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Phytochemical analysis revealed that wonderful kola leaf contains phlobatannins, carbohydrates, proteins, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. Varying zones of inhibition was produced by the ethanol extract (10-14 mm) and methanol extracts (13-15 mm) against the S. aureus strains. MIC for both the ethanol and methanol extracts was recorded at 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml for some strains of the S. aureus. The results of this study have shown and contributed to the potential of wonderful kola leaf extracts in inhibiting pathogenic strains of S. aureus. Further high-throughput technologies are required to characterize the main bioactive constituents of the wonderful kola plant extracts so that they can be compounded into drug formulations for the treatment of some bacterial related infections in this part of the world.
Phytochemical and Antibacterial Screening of Crude Extracts from Leaves of Wonderful Kola
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-09-30
© Science Publishing Group
Ejikeugwu Chika
Umeokoli Blessing
Iroha Ifeanyichukwu
Ugwu Malachy
Esimone Charles
Phytochemical and Antibacterial Screening of Crude Extracts from Leaves of Wonderful Kola
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12
2014-09-30
2014-09-30
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.12
© Science Publishing Group
Autovaccines for Chronic Urinary Tract Infections; Ten Years Follow-Up Experience
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.13
Introduction This study describes the impact of a daily sublingual Probelte Pharma autovaccine ® program to prevent recurrent symptomatic UTI in non-responders adults to conventional antibiotic prophylaxis. Material and Methods Observational prospective open study including patients with recurrent UTI. A sublingual vaccine containing ethanol-killed bacteria extract from specific patient´s uropathogenic strains were prepared from patient´s semen or urine sample . The main outcome criteria were the number and severity of symptomatic/clinical UTI, specific antibiotic dosage and duration of use, adverse effects if any, and necessity to stop or change the antibiotic was noted. Results Thirty-two patients met inclusion/exclusion criteria (17 men, 53.1%; 15 women, 46.8%).After 10 years follow up under autovaccine, the number of positive urine cultures decreased from 100% to 87% (P >0.05) and no patient take any curative antibiotics. Conclusion Probelte Pharma autovaccine ® provides a reduction in symptomatic repeated UTI and descrease the use of antibiotics with a good tolerance.
Introduction This study describes the impact of a daily sublingual Probelte Pharma autovaccine ® program to prevent recurrent symptomatic UTI in non-responders adults to conventional antibiotic prophylaxis. Material and Methods Observational prospective open study including patients with recurrent UTI. A sublingual vaccine containing ethanol-killed bacteria extract from specific patient´s uropathogenic strains were prepared from patient´s semen or urine sample . The main outcome criteria were the number and severity of symptomatic/clinical UTI, specific antibiotic dosage and duration of use, adverse effects if any, and necessity to stop or change the antibiotic was noted. Results Thirty-two patients met inclusion/exclusion criteria (17 men, 53.1%; 15 women, 46.8%).After 10 years follow up under autovaccine, the number of positive urine cultures decreased from 100% to 87% (P >0.05) and no patient take any curative antibiotics. Conclusion Probelte Pharma autovaccine ® provides a reduction in symptomatic repeated UTI and descrease the use of antibiotics with a good tolerance.
Autovaccines for Chronic Urinary Tract Infections; Ten Years Follow-Up Experience
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-11-24
© Science Publishing Group
Gallego-Vilar Daniel
Sanchis-Verdu Laura
Beltran Persiva Jose
Cuñat-Albert Enrique
Cervello-Grima Enrique
Gallego-Gomez Juan
Perez-Mestre Mateo
Autovaccines for Chronic Urinary Tract Infections; Ten Years Follow-Up Experience
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2014-11-24
2014-11-24
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.13
© Science Publishing Group
Prevalence and Clinico-Demographic Characteristics Associated with Bacterial Diarrhea among HIV Positive and Negative Children Aged Below Five Years at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kenya
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.11
Diarrhea is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It accounts for over 2 million deaths in children aged below 5 years, majority being from Sub-Saharan Africa. Diarrhea is ranked third as a cause of death and the third leading cause of pediatric admissions in Kenya. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and clinico-demographic characteristics associated with diarrhea in relation to patient HIV status. This was a cross-sectional comparative study of 216 HIV seropositive and seronegative children aged below 5 years admitted with diarrhea at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Western Kenya. Clinico-demographic characteristics associated with diarrhea were obtained using questionnaires. Stool samples were collected and analyzed using standard microbiological methods to determine their bacterial etiology. The mean (standard deviation) 24.11(15.61) vs. 11.77(7.88), median and inter quartile range 22(10, 36) vs. 10 (6, 16) was higher among HIV positive than negative cases with no statistically significant differences with regard to gender. The prevalence of diarrhea was 17.1% with 64.4% (139) of our cases being male and 35.6% (77) female. The prevalence of bacterial and non bacterial diarrhea was 8.5% (118) and 7.1% (98) respectively. The main bacterial enteropathogens isolated among HIV positive and negative cases were Escherichia coli 88.9% (38 vs. 67), Shigella 5.1 %( 1, 5), Salmonella 4.2% (0, 5) and other enteric species 1.7% (0, 2). EAEC (17.7%) was the main diarrheagenic E coli (DEC) followed by EHEC (5.1%), EPEC (3.4%), EIEC (2.5%) and ETEC (1.7%). Other were S.typhimurium 4.2% (0, 5), S.typhi 3.4%) (0, 4), S. dyenteriae and S. flexneri 2.5% (0, 3) each respectively. HIV positive individuals recorded more mixed infections (72% vs. 28%) than HIV negative cases. Some of illnesses recorded in HIV positive cases included tuberculosis 4(100%) and meningitis 8(100%) whereas pneumonia 21(71.4 % vs. 28.6), oral thrush 13 (76.9% vs. 23.1%), malaria 19 (57.9% vs. 42.1%) and protein energy malnutrition 13 (61.5% vs. 38.5 %) were recorded in both HIV positive and negative cases respectively. Education level of parent/guardian, socioeconomic status, housing, water, sanitation and seasonal variations were significantly associated with diarrhea. The study depicts a positive correlation between clinico-demographic characteristics and HIV status on prevalence and etiology of diarrhea. We recommend improved hygienic practices, definitive diagnosis of diarrhea etiology and patient HIV status for effective management of childhood diarrhea.
Diarrhea is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It accounts for over 2 million deaths in children aged below 5 years, majority being from Sub-Saharan Africa. Diarrhea is ranked third as a cause of death and the third leading cause of pediatric admissions in Kenya. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and clinico-demographic characteristics associated with diarrhea in relation to patient HIV status. This was a cross-sectional comparative study of 216 HIV seropositive and seronegative children aged below 5 years admitted with diarrhea at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Western Kenya. Clinico-demographic characteristics associated with diarrhea were obtained using questionnaires. Stool samples were collected and analyzed using standard microbiological methods to determine their bacterial etiology. The mean (standard deviation) 24.11(15.61) vs. 11.77(7.88), median and inter quartile range 22(10, 36) vs. 10 (6, 16) was higher among HIV positive than negative cases with no statistically significant differences with regard to gender. The prevalence of diarrhea was 17.1% with 64.4% (139) of our cases being male and 35.6% (77) female. The prevalence of bacterial and non bacterial diarrhea was 8.5% (118) and 7.1% (98) respectively. The main bacterial enteropathogens isolated among HIV positive and negative cases were Escherichia coli 88.9% (38 vs. 67), Shigella 5.1 %( 1, 5), Salmonella 4.2% (0, 5) and other enteric species 1.7% (0, 2). EAEC (17.7%) was the main diarrheagenic E coli (DEC) followed by EHEC (5.1%), EPEC (3.4%), EIEC (2.5%) and ETEC (1.7%). Other were S.typhimurium 4.2% (0, 5), S.typhi 3.4%) (0, 4), S. dyenteriae and S. flexneri 2.5% (0, 3) each respectively. HIV positive individuals recorded more mixed infections (72% vs. 28%) than HIV negative cases. Some of illnesses recorded in HIV positive cases included tuberculosis 4(100%) and meningitis 8(100%) whereas pneumonia 21(71.4 % vs. 28.6), oral thrush 13 (76.9% vs. 23.1%), malaria 19 (57.9% vs. 42.1%) and protein energy malnutrition 13 (61.5% vs. 38.5 %) were recorded in both HIV positive and negative cases respectively. Education level of parent/guardian, socioeconomic status, housing, water, sanitation and seasonal variations were significantly associated with diarrhea. The study depicts a positive correlation between clinico-demographic characteristics and HIV status on prevalence and etiology of diarrhea. We recommend improved hygienic practices, definitive diagnosis of diarrhea etiology and patient HIV status for effective management of childhood diarrhea.
Prevalence and Clinico-Demographic Characteristics Associated with Bacterial Diarrhea among HIV Positive and Negative Children Aged Below Five Years at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kenya
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-07-31
© Science Publishing Group
Rono Salinah J.
Kakai Rose
Esamai Fabian
Prevalence and Clinico-Demographic Characteristics Associated with Bacterial Diarrhea among HIV Positive and Negative Children Aged Below Five Years at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kenya
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2014-07-31
2014-07-31
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.11
© Science Publishing Group
Recognition of Acute Toxoplasmosis with IgG Avidity ELISA Test in the Pregnant Women (The First Trimester) in Qom Province, Iran, during Two Years (2012-2013)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.14
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite occurring with a global distribution. Congenital toxoplasmosis results when a non-immune woman gets a primary infection during pregnancy. Chronically infected women is not transmitted the infection to their offspring. The aim of this study was to perform IgG avidity test for detection of acute toxoplasmosis in the pregnant women (The first trimester). A total of 200 human serum samples were collected from different laboratories in Qom province. The anti-toxoplasma IgG, IgM and IgG avidity were evaluated by ELISA method. The samples were divided into 2 segregated groups: Group I consisted of 25 serum samples from patients in acute phase of Toxoplasma infection. All the pa¬tients had the symbol of lymphadenopathy. Group II consisted of 185 serum samples prepared from pa-tients in chronic phase of Toxoplasma infection. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods. 20 out of 25 (80%) sera with acute toxoplasmosis showed low avidity levels and 178 out of 185 (96%) sera in chronic phase of infection showed high avidity index. 7sera had borderline ranges of AI. In this study, IgM ELISA and IgG avidity ELISA tests together could confirm the acute and chronic phases of disease completely. The IgG avidity test was created to help distinguish between past and recently acquired infection.
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite occurring with a global distribution. Congenital toxoplasmosis results when a non-immune woman gets a primary infection during pregnancy. Chronically infected women is not transmitted the infection to their offspring. The aim of this study was to perform IgG avidity test for detection of acute toxoplasmosis in the pregnant women (The first trimester). A total of 200 human serum samples were collected from different laboratories in Qom province. The anti-toxoplasma IgG, IgM and IgG avidity were evaluated by ELISA method. The samples were divided into 2 segregated groups: Group I consisted of 25 serum samples from patients in acute phase of Toxoplasma infection. All the pa¬tients had the symbol of lymphadenopathy. Group II consisted of 185 serum samples prepared from pa-tients in chronic phase of Toxoplasma infection. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods. 20 out of 25 (80%) sera with acute toxoplasmosis showed low avidity levels and 178 out of 185 (96%) sera in chronic phase of infection showed high avidity index. 7sera had borderline ranges of AI. In this study, IgM ELISA and IgG avidity ELISA tests together could confirm the acute and chronic phases of disease completely. The IgG avidity test was created to help distinguish between past and recently acquired infection.
Recognition of Acute Toxoplasmosis with IgG Avidity ELISA Test in the Pregnant Women (The First Trimester) in Qom Province, Iran, during Two Years (2012-2013)
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammad Reza Haeri
Behnaz Jalalizadegan
Fatemeh Tabatabaie
Recognition of Acute Toxoplasmosis with IgG Avidity ELISA Test in the Pregnant Women (The First Trimester) in Qom Province, Iran, during Two Years (2012-2013)
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6
21
21
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.14
© Science Publishing Group
Relationship between Household Income and Child Mortality in Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020604.11
To attain sustainable development goals, reduction in child mortality is necessary. However, a major challenge exists in the procurement of healthcare services by individuals which is determined to a large extent by their level of income. Adopting random effect and fixed effect methodology and using survey data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2012) and General Household Survey (2012), this study examines the relationship between household income and child mortality. For the analysis, infant mortality rate, under-five mortality rate and neonatal mortality rate was modeled against household income and controlled for access to anti-natal care, access to safe water and sanitation, neonatal mortality rate, maternal education and household size in Nigeria. Results obtained show that household income has significant effect on neonatal mortality rate in Nigeria but household income has insignificant effect on infant and under-five mortality rates in Nigeria. Results also show that household size has significant effect on infant mortality rate and neonatal mortality rate in Nigeria. The study equally found that access to anti-natal care has significant effect on under-five mortality rate in Nigeria.
To attain sustainable development goals, reduction in child mortality is necessary. However, a major challenge exists in the procurement of healthcare services by individuals which is determined to a large extent by their level of income. Adopting random effect and fixed effect methodology and using survey data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2012) and General Household Survey (2012), this study examines the relationship between household income and child mortality. For the analysis, infant mortality rate, under-five mortality rate and neonatal mortality rate was modeled against household income and controlled for access to anti-natal care, access to safe water and sanitation, neonatal mortality rate, maternal education and household size in Nigeria. Results obtained show that household income has significant effect on neonatal mortality rate in Nigeria but household income has insignificant effect on infant and under-five mortality rates in Nigeria. Results also show that household size has significant effect on infant mortality rate and neonatal mortality rate in Nigeria. The study equally found that access to anti-natal care has significant effect on under-five mortality rate in Nigeria.
Relationship between Household Income and Child Mortality in Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020604.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-01-07
© Science Publishing Group
Richardson Kojo Edeme
Innocent A. Ifelunini
Okereke Obinna S.
Relationship between Household Income and Child Mortality in Nigeria
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12
12
2015-01-07
2015-01-07
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020604.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020604.11
© Science Publishing Group
Plant Product- Drug Interaction: The Case of Blighia sapida Stem Bark Extract and Streptomycin or Erythromycin is Antagonism
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.11
The continuous development of resistance by microorganisms to antibiotics has necessitated the use of combinations of agents for their containment. This has led to the combination of plant products or parts known to have potentials to control microorganisms with antibiotics without any scientific basis by traditional medicine practitioners. Erythromycin and Streptomycin were differently combined with concentrations of Blighia sapida previously known to control Staphylococcus aureus in anticipation of a synergistic or at least additive effect using both the Agar well diffusion method and strip - agar methods. Results obtained showed an undesirable antagonistic effect leading to a complete loss of activity in the case of Erythromycin against Escherichia coli and reduction in activity of streptomycin against both Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Plant product-antibiotic combinations in anticipation of synergism should not be done without scientific proof.
The continuous development of resistance by microorganisms to antibiotics has necessitated the use of combinations of agents for their containment. This has led to the combination of plant products or parts known to have potentials to control microorganisms with antibiotics without any scientific basis by traditional medicine practitioners. Erythromycin and Streptomycin were differently combined with concentrations of Blighia sapida previously known to control Staphylococcus aureus in anticipation of a synergistic or at least additive effect using both the Agar well diffusion method and strip - agar methods. Results obtained showed an undesirable antagonistic effect leading to a complete loss of activity in the case of Erythromycin against Escherichia coli and reduction in activity of streptomycin against both Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Plant product-antibiotic combinations in anticipation of synergism should not be done without scientific proof.
Plant Product- Drug Interaction: The Case of Blighia sapida Stem Bark Extract and Streptomycin or Erythromycin is Antagonism
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-01-14
© Science Publishing Group
Udobi Chinweizu Ejikeme
Daniel Mbuotidem David
Plant Product- Drug Interaction: The Case of Blighia sapida Stem Bark Extract and Streptomycin or Erythromycin is Antagonism
3
1
5
5
2015-01-14
2015-01-14
10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.11
© Science Publishing Group
Extraction of Borassus Flabilifer Root and Biochemical Effects on Experimental Mouse Model- Lipid Profile
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.12
In this investigation we included an extraction of Borassusflabilifer root and reported to have beneficial effect in lowering of blood pressure and treatment of hypertensive patients. Borassusflabilifer root were collected from various part of Noakhali and extract was prepared by following standard method. The present study was conducted to determine the in vivo effect of Borassusflabilifer root extract on tissues and serum lipids in experimental rats. 15 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups and administered different doses of the extract for 30 days while control group received distilled water. Lipid profile in the serum, liver, kidney and heart of the experimental animals were measured and compared with the control. Borassusflabilifer caused significant (p<0.0) reduction in serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in a dose dependent manner in rats while serum HDL cholesterol was significantly elevated. Serum triglyceride level was not significantly affected. There was also a significant increase in the levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride in the liver while lipid profile in the heart and Kidney were unaffected. This result suggests positive alterations in lipid metabolism and storage in rats which corroborate the efficacy of Borassusflabilifer root extract in the management of atherosclerosis caused by lipid abnormalities. We can develop techniques on rational design of drug for the treatment of heart diseases and further study can lead to the development of a therapy for other diseases like diabetes.
In this investigation we included an extraction of Borassusflabilifer root and reported to have beneficial effect in lowering of blood pressure and treatment of hypertensive patients. Borassusflabilifer root were collected from various part of Noakhali and extract was prepared by following standard method. The present study was conducted to determine the in vivo effect of Borassusflabilifer root extract on tissues and serum lipids in experimental rats. 15 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups and administered different doses of the extract for 30 days while control group received distilled water. Lipid profile in the serum, liver, kidney and heart of the experimental animals were measured and compared with the control. Borassusflabilifer caused significant (p<0.0) reduction in serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in a dose dependent manner in rats while serum HDL cholesterol was significantly elevated. Serum triglyceride level was not significantly affected. There was also a significant increase in the levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride in the liver while lipid profile in the heart and Kidney were unaffected. This result suggests positive alterations in lipid metabolism and storage in rats which corroborate the efficacy of Borassusflabilifer root extract in the management of atherosclerosis caused by lipid abnormalities. We can develop techniques on rational design of drug for the treatment of heart diseases and further study can lead to the development of a therapy for other diseases like diabetes.
Extraction of Borassus Flabilifer Root and Biochemical Effects on Experimental Mouse Model- Lipid Profile
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-01-20
© Science Publishing Group
Rajib Dab Nath
Md. Sohel Rana
Md. Areeful Haque
Pobittro Sen
Md. Elias Mehedy
Mrityunjoy Biswas
Extraction of Borassus Flabilifer Root and Biochemical Effects on Experimental Mouse Model- Lipid Profile
3
1
10
10
2015-01-20
2015-01-20
10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.12
© Science Publishing Group
Effectiveness of Breeding Methods for Production of Superior Genotypes and Maintenance of Genetic Variance in Faba Bean (Vicia faba, L.)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.13
The present study was carried out during the period from 2007/ 08 to 2011/2012 at Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. The study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of pedigree (P), single seed descent (SSD), and mass selection (MS) breeding methods. Two F2 populations, derived from two crosses, were used. Twenty families derived from each of the three breeding methods in each cross were tested for seed yield (t/ ha), seed yield per plant (g) and its components in F6 generation. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Significant differences existed, within F6 families of each cross, for seed yield, seed yield per plant and its components by applying either of the three methods. The widest range in seed yield was obtained by the SSD method. The SSD breeding method produced consistently more superior families in either and over the two crosses with 22, 19 and 18 families for (SSD), (P) and (MS) methods, respectively. The genotypic (2G) and phenotypic (2Ph) variances, for seed yield, estimated from SSD method were the highest compared with the other breeding methods over the two crosses. Heritability estimates, in broad sense, and expected genetic advance from selection for higher seed yield indicated that the SSD method recorded higher values (h2= 0.87-0.93, G= 0.51- 0.85) compared with the other two methods. Based on the obtained results, it seems that the SSD breeding method was more effective compared to the other two breeding methods, in producing superior genotypes in seed yield and maintaining genetic variance for further selection and improvement of that character. Considering the partial allogamous nature of the crop, it could be concluded that the SSD method was more efficient and could be less costly in breeding for high seed yield.
The present study was carried out during the period from 2007/ 08 to 2011/2012 at Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. The study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of pedigree (P), single seed descent (SSD), and mass selection (MS) breeding methods. Two F2 populations, derived from two crosses, were used. Twenty families derived from each of the three breeding methods in each cross were tested for seed yield (t/ ha), seed yield per plant (g) and its components in F6 generation. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Significant differences existed, within F6 families of each cross, for seed yield, seed yield per plant and its components by applying either of the three methods. The widest range in seed yield was obtained by the SSD method. The SSD breeding method produced consistently more superior families in either and over the two crosses with 22, 19 and 18 families for (SSD), (P) and (MS) methods, respectively. The genotypic (2G) and phenotypic (2Ph) variances, for seed yield, estimated from SSD method were the highest compared with the other breeding methods over the two crosses. Heritability estimates, in broad sense, and expected genetic advance from selection for higher seed yield indicated that the SSD method recorded higher values (h2= 0.87-0.93, G= 0.51- 0.85) compared with the other two methods. Based on the obtained results, it seems that the SSD breeding method was more effective compared to the other two breeding methods, in producing superior genotypes in seed yield and maintaining genetic variance for further selection and improvement of that character. Considering the partial allogamous nature of the crop, it could be concluded that the SSD method was more efficient and could be less costly in breeding for high seed yield.
Effectiveness of Breeding Methods for Production of Superior Genotypes and Maintenance of Genetic Variance in Faba Bean (Vicia faba, L.)
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-01-23
© Science Publishing Group
Hossam Mohammed Ibrahim
Effectiveness of Breeding Methods for Production of Superior Genotypes and Maintenance of Genetic Variance in Faba Bean (Vicia faba, L.)
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1
16
16
2015-01-23
2015-01-23
10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.13
© Science Publishing Group
Dimethoate Induced Changes in Serum Ca2+ and Corpuscles of Stannius in Freshwater Catfish Heteropneustes fossilis, after Short-Term and Long-Term Exposure
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.14
The Corpuscles of Stannius (CS) exclusively present in bony fishes, produce Stanniocalcin – an anti-hypercalcemic hormone. Fish are in intimate contact with their surrounding through their gills. Gills are the main target of stanniocalcin; therefore, the activity of CS is influenced by many external and internal factors. Stressful conditions such as exposure to various pesticides disturb the ionic balance in fishes. Short-term (96 h) and long-term (36 d) toxic effect of an organophosphate insecticide, dimethoate was studied on serum Ca2+ and CS histology in freshwater air-breathing catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. The concentration of dimethoate for short-term exposure was 2.24 mg L-1 (75% of 96 h LC50) and for long-term was 0.75 mg L-1 (25% of 96 h LC50). Fish exhibited hypocalcaemia in both the short-term as well as in long-term experiment. The glandular cells of CS in short-term experiment, exhibited increase in the nuclear volume (NV) along with increase in the nucleoli number after 24 h and thereafter, show decrease in NV and deformity of nucleus after 96 h dimethoate exposure. In long-term experiment, the NV increased following 6 d of exposure to dimethoate, but decreased significantly thereafter. The gland exhibited degeneration after 36 d of dimethoate exposure.
The Corpuscles of Stannius (CS) exclusively present in bony fishes, produce Stanniocalcin – an anti-hypercalcemic hormone. Fish are in intimate contact with their surrounding through their gills. Gills are the main target of stanniocalcin; therefore, the activity of CS is influenced by many external and internal factors. Stressful conditions such as exposure to various pesticides disturb the ionic balance in fishes. Short-term (96 h) and long-term (36 d) toxic effect of an organophosphate insecticide, dimethoate was studied on serum Ca2+ and CS histology in freshwater air-breathing catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. The concentration of dimethoate for short-term exposure was 2.24 mg L-1 (75% of 96 h LC50) and for long-term was 0.75 mg L-1 (25% of 96 h LC50). Fish exhibited hypocalcaemia in both the short-term as well as in long-term experiment. The glandular cells of CS in short-term experiment, exhibited increase in the nuclear volume (NV) along with increase in the nucleoli number after 24 h and thereafter, show decrease in NV and deformity of nucleus after 96 h dimethoate exposure. In long-term experiment, the NV increased following 6 d of exposure to dimethoate, but decreased significantly thereafter. The gland exhibited degeneration after 36 d of dimethoate exposure.
Dimethoate Induced Changes in Serum Ca2+ and Corpuscles of Stannius in Freshwater Catfish Heteropneustes fossilis, after Short-Term and Long-Term Exposure
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-01-28
© Science Publishing Group
Rakesh Kumar Pandey
Vijai Krishna Das
Dimethoate Induced Changes in Serum Ca2+ and Corpuscles of Stannius in Freshwater Catfish Heteropneustes fossilis, after Short-Term and Long-Term Exposure
3
1
21
21
2015-01-28
2015-01-28
10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.14
© Science Publishing Group
Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 and Endothelial Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule-1 as Markers of Atherosclerosis of NIDDM
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.15
Background: Leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cells is thought to be an important step in the development of atherosclerosis, Adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and the endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) play an essential role in the early stages of atherogenesis of diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 80 male divided into two groups 60 of them had diabetes mellitus and 20 subjects were normal healthy individuals served as a control group. Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the measurement of serum VCAM-1and ELAM-1and WBC assay executed by automatic hematology analyzer the information of patients were obtained through a questionnaire consisted Patients with other diseases were excluded from the current investigation. Results: This result revealed elevated level of serum VCAM-1and ELAM-1 of Diabetes patients compared with healthy group also differentiation count reveal elevated count of WBC, Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil in Diabetes patient as compare with HT group.
Background: Leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cells is thought to be an important step in the development of atherosclerosis, Adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and the endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) play an essential role in the early stages of atherogenesis of diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 80 male divided into two groups 60 of them had diabetes mellitus and 20 subjects were normal healthy individuals served as a control group. Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the measurement of serum VCAM-1and ELAM-1and WBC assay executed by automatic hematology analyzer the information of patients were obtained through a questionnaire consisted Patients with other diseases were excluded from the current investigation. Results: This result revealed elevated level of serum VCAM-1and ELAM-1 of Diabetes patients compared with healthy group also differentiation count reveal elevated count of WBC, Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil in Diabetes patient as compare with HT group.
Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 and Endothelial Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule-1 as Markers of Atherosclerosis of NIDDM
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-01-30
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammed E. Al-Ghurabi
Ali A. Muhi
Dhefaf H. Al-Mudhafar
Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 and Endothelial Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule-1 as Markers of Atherosclerosis of NIDDM
3
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26
26
2015-01-30
2015-01-30
10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.15
© Science Publishing Group
Nkombo Island: The Most Important Schistosomiasis mansoni Focus in Rwanda
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.16
In Rwanda, the initial school-based mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections was completed in 2008. Despite the classification of low endemicity of intestinal schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni) in Rusizi district, the Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) programme has received warnings two years after the mapping on high infection level on Nkombo Island located in this district. This study aims to report on prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in an area which was the last to be investigated in Rwanda and provide some critics on current mapping guidelines. The study was done in January 2011 with a sample of 311 schoolchildren aged 10-19 years. Stool screening was performed by Kato-Katz technique. Overall prevalence of S. mansoni was found to be 62.1% (95%CI: 56.4-67.5), ranging from 28.6% (95%CI: 19.2-39.5) to 77.9% (95%CI: 67.0-86.6) across the schools. The prevalence of S. mansoni among the schoolchildren of Nkombo Island was found to be the highest in Rwanda. These findings confirm the extreme focality of schistosomiasis and the fact that the current mapping guidelines are likely to miss some hotspots. For the validation of schistosomiasis distribution at country level, there is need for new innovative mapping methodology that can provide to control programmes more accurate data for planning and undertaking control interventions at the district and the lowest implementation levels. When mapping units have to be designed they should give more priority to areas surrounding perennial water bodies that are considered high-risk zones.
In Rwanda, the initial school-based mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections was completed in 2008. Despite the classification of low endemicity of intestinal schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni) in Rusizi district, the Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) programme has received warnings two years after the mapping on high infection level on Nkombo Island located in this district. This study aims to report on prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in an area which was the last to be investigated in Rwanda and provide some critics on current mapping guidelines. The study was done in January 2011 with a sample of 311 schoolchildren aged 10-19 years. Stool screening was performed by Kato-Katz technique. Overall prevalence of S. mansoni was found to be 62.1% (95%CI: 56.4-67.5), ranging from 28.6% (95%CI: 19.2-39.5) to 77.9% (95%CI: 67.0-86.6) across the schools. The prevalence of S. mansoni among the schoolchildren of Nkombo Island was found to be the highest in Rwanda. These findings confirm the extreme focality of schistosomiasis and the fact that the current mapping guidelines are likely to miss some hotspots. For the validation of schistosomiasis distribution at country level, there is need for new innovative mapping methodology that can provide to control programmes more accurate data for planning and undertaking control interventions at the district and the lowest implementation levels. When mapping units have to be designed they should give more priority to areas surrounding perennial water bodies that are considered high-risk zones.
Nkombo Island: The Most Important Schistosomiasis mansoni Focus in Rwanda
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.16
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-02-02
© Science Publishing Group
Eugene Ruberanziza
Michée Kabera
Giuseppina Ortu
Kirezi Kanobana
Denise Mupfasoni
Josh Ruxin
Alan Fenwick
Thierry Nyatanyi
Corine Karema
Tharcisse Munyaneza
Katja Polman
Nkombo Island: The Most Important Schistosomiasis mansoni Focus in Rwanda
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2015-02-02
2015-02-02
10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.16
© Science Publishing Group
Genetic Engineering of Microalgae for Enhanced Biodiesel Production Suitable Fuel Replacement of Fossil Fuel as a Novel Energy Source
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.17
Due to negative environmental influence and limited availability, petroleum derived fuels need to be replaced by renewable biofuels. Biodiesel has attracted intensive attention as an important biofuel. Microalgae provide various potential advantages for biodiesel production when compared with ‘traditional’ crops. Specifically, large scale micro algal culture need not compete for arable land, while in theory their productivity is greater. In consequence, there has been resurgence in interest and a proliferation of algae fuel projects. However, while on a theoretical basis, microalgae may produce between 10 and 100 fold more oil per acre, such capacities have not been validated on a commercial scale. There are a series of consecutive processes for biodiesel production with microalgae as feedstock, including selection of adequate micro algal strains, mass culture, cell harvesting, oil extraction and trans esterification. To reduce the overall production cost, technology development and process optimization are necessary. Genetic engineering also plays an important role in manipulating lipid biosynthesis in microalgae. Many approaches, such as sequestering carbon dioxide from industrial plants for the carbon source, using wastewater for the nutrient supply, and maximizing the values of byproducts, have shown a potential for cost reduction. This review provides a brief overview of genetic engineering of microalgae for enhanced biodiesel production.
Due to negative environmental influence and limited availability, petroleum derived fuels need to be replaced by renewable biofuels. Biodiesel has attracted intensive attention as an important biofuel. Microalgae provide various potential advantages for biodiesel production when compared with ‘traditional’ crops. Specifically, large scale micro algal culture need not compete for arable land, while in theory their productivity is greater. In consequence, there has been resurgence in interest and a proliferation of algae fuel projects. However, while on a theoretical basis, microalgae may produce between 10 and 100 fold more oil per acre, such capacities have not been validated on a commercial scale. There are a series of consecutive processes for biodiesel production with microalgae as feedstock, including selection of adequate micro algal strains, mass culture, cell harvesting, oil extraction and trans esterification. To reduce the overall production cost, technology development and process optimization are necessary. Genetic engineering also plays an important role in manipulating lipid biosynthesis in microalgae. Many approaches, such as sequestering carbon dioxide from industrial plants for the carbon source, using wastewater for the nutrient supply, and maximizing the values of byproducts, have shown a potential for cost reduction. This review provides a brief overview of genetic engineering of microalgae for enhanced biodiesel production.
Genetic Engineering of Microalgae for Enhanced Biodiesel Production Suitable Fuel Replacement of Fossil Fuel as a Novel Energy Source
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.17
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-02-06
© Science Publishing Group
Fatemeh Nazari
Jamshid Raheb
Genetic Engineering of Microalgae for Enhanced Biodiesel Production Suitable Fuel Replacement of Fossil Fuel as a Novel Energy Source
3
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41
41
2015-02-06
2015-02-06
10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.17
© Science Publishing Group
Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopian
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.18
The beekeeping subsector has been an integral part of agriculture in Ethiopia. It has been contributing to the household income and poverty alleviation and national economy through export. The country has huge apicultural resources that made it the leading honey and beeswax producer in Africa. Moreover, Ethiopia is a country where apicultural research is being conducted in a coordinated manner under the national agricultural research system. Hence, a lot of information have been gathered on different aspects of the beekeeping. This is a review of various research results that are from published and unpublished papers over a long period of time in the course of the apicultural research. It has been revealed that the country’s beekeeping subsector is mainly practiced using traditional basket hives with low productivity. However, attempts by various investigators and development actors showed that both the production and quality can be improved in terms of transforming the beekeeping system, processing and marketing. This review paper also tried to address both the domestic and international honey marketing and identified some of the major challenges that are obstacles to the possible maximization of benefits by producers and the whole national economy.
The beekeeping subsector has been an integral part of agriculture in Ethiopia. It has been contributing to the household income and poverty alleviation and national economy through export. The country has huge apicultural resources that made it the leading honey and beeswax producer in Africa. Moreover, Ethiopia is a country where apicultural research is being conducted in a coordinated manner under the national agricultural research system. Hence, a lot of information have been gathered on different aspects of the beekeeping. This is a review of various research results that are from published and unpublished papers over a long period of time in the course of the apicultural research. It has been revealed that the country’s beekeeping subsector is mainly practiced using traditional basket hives with low productivity. However, attempts by various investigators and development actors showed that both the production and quality can be improved in terms of transforming the beekeeping system, processing and marketing. This review paper also tried to address both the domestic and international honey marketing and identified some of the major challenges that are obstacles to the possible maximization of benefits by producers and the whole national economy.
Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopian
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.18
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-02-11
© Science Publishing Group
Gemechis Legesse Yadeta
Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopian
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2015-02-11
2015-02-11
10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.18
© Science Publishing Group
Phenotypic Diversity and Molecular Identification of the Most Prevalent Anastomosis Group of Rhizoctonia solani Isolated from Diseased Faba Bean Plants
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.19
One hundred and thirty one isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. were isolated from faba bean plants showing root rot and stem canker collected from different fields in Delta region of Egypt. Forty six isolates were found to be polynucleate and the remaining isolates were binucleates. According to morphological features of isolates, they were classified into 12 groups. Polynucleate isolates were identified as Rhizoctonia solani (Kühn). The most aggressive isolate of R. solani was identified according to sequences of ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS4 and the sequence was compared with Thanatephorus cucumeris (teleomorphic phase) and other R. solani (NCBI GenBank). Sequence and comparison revealed that this isolate is R. solani AG4-HGI. Anastomosis test carried out between molecular identified isolate and 11 randomly chosen isolates resembles all groups of polynucleate R. solani. All tested isolates were completely fused between each other indicating that the prevalent AG of R. solani on faba bean is AG4-HG1.
One hundred and thirty one isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. were isolated from faba bean plants showing root rot and stem canker collected from different fields in Delta region of Egypt. Forty six isolates were found to be polynucleate and the remaining isolates were binucleates. According to morphological features of isolates, they were classified into 12 groups. Polynucleate isolates were identified as Rhizoctonia solani (Kühn). The most aggressive isolate of R. solani was identified according to sequences of ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS4 and the sequence was compared with Thanatephorus cucumeris (teleomorphic phase) and other R. solani (NCBI GenBank). Sequence and comparison revealed that this isolate is R. solani AG4-HGI. Anastomosis test carried out between molecular identified isolate and 11 randomly chosen isolates resembles all groups of polynucleate R. solani. All tested isolates were completely fused between each other indicating that the prevalent AG of R. solani on faba bean is AG4-HG1.
Phenotypic Diversity and Molecular Identification of the Most Prevalent Anastomosis Group of Rhizoctonia solani Isolated from Diseased Faba Bean Plants
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.19
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-02-13
© Science Publishing Group
Mohamed Maha Helmy
Gado Emad
El-Deeb Samir
Mostafa Helmy Mostafa
Phenotypic Diversity and Molecular Identification of the Most Prevalent Anastomosis Group of Rhizoctonia solani Isolated from Diseased Faba Bean Plants
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55
2015-02-13
2015-02-13
10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.19
© Science Publishing Group
Morphological and Molecular Classification of Genus Anguilla
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030101.12
To establish species-specific systematics to avoid confusing identification of four main commercial species of genus Anguilla in Korea, the relevant species were classified by morphological and molecular methodologies, using body measurement, random amplified polymorphic DNA, and mitochondrial 16S and 12S rDNA determination. Four species of the genus Anguilla from the Far-East (Anguilla japonica), Europe (A. anguilla), America (A. rostrata), and Indonesia (A. bicolor bicolor) were morphologically and genetically distinct from one another.
To establish species-specific systematics to avoid confusing identification of four main commercial species of genus Anguilla in Korea, the relevant species were classified by morphological and molecular methodologies, using body measurement, random amplified polymorphic DNA, and mitochondrial 16S and 12S rDNA determination. Four species of the genus Anguilla from the Far-East (Anguilla japonica), Europe (A. anguilla), America (A. rostrata), and Indonesia (A. bicolor bicolor) were morphologically and genetically distinct from one another.
Morphological and Molecular Classification of Genus Anguilla
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030101.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-11-11
© Science Publishing Group
Jae-Ho Hwang
Kyeong-Ho Han
Seon-Jae Kim
Sung-Ju Rha
Sung-Hoon Lee
Morphological and Molecular Classification of Genus Anguilla
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9
9
2014-11-11
2014-11-11
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030101.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030101.12
© Science Publishing Group
A Physical Rehabilitation Program with a Methodical Basis and what it Means for Young Athletes with Mild Myopia and Spasm of Accommodation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030101.11
The aim of this well-thought and complex physical rehabilitation program is to expand the body-motor activity of young athletes with mild myopia. It increases one’s body-resistance to external conditions. It enhances the way the bodily-organs and the whole body function. It has been found out that students with myopia are lagging behind in physical and motor development in comparison with healthy students. This study is about the characteristics of training and education of children with myopia, mainly school age or preschool children, and also young athletes with visual impairments, particularly school children who have mild myopia. Research and practice have confirmed that an improved condition of the health of students, who participated at this coaching program, took place most successfully, if the lessons were conducted by a complex method, and when there were used a variety of means. In this regard, there is reason to believe that the process of normalization and correction of physical development of students with visual impairment is possible through a complex interaction of various means of physical rehabilitation, according to how these are matched to the peculiarities of health, visual impairment, physical development, physical fitness and projected future professional activities of individual school children. The content and duration of class-time was rigorously determined, when this physical rehabilitation program was conducted. It was understood that the basis of a sequential process of physical rehabilitation is a systematic and a continuous operation, if was expected a strengthening and improvement of the functionality of the growing body of a school child. To achieve this, it had to include a comprehensive physical rehabilitation program for children from 8 to15 years, with mild myopia and spasm of accommodation. This comprehensive program of physical rehabilitation includes the following components. 1. Physiotherapy sessions, which consist of general developmental and special exercises with different gym-gear and fitness equipment. 2.Recreational and educational games; 3.Breathing exercises; 4. Relaxation exercises; 5.Do-it-yourself eye-massage techniques; 6. Do-it-yourself special physical exercises.
The aim of this well-thought and complex physical rehabilitation program is to expand the body-motor activity of young athletes with mild myopia. It increases one’s body-resistance to external conditions. It enhances the way the bodily-organs and the whole body function. It has been found out that students with myopia are lagging behind in physical and motor development in comparison with healthy students. This study is about the characteristics of training and education of children with myopia, mainly school age or preschool children, and also young athletes with visual impairments, particularly school children who have mild myopia. Research and practice have confirmed that an improved condition of the health of students, who participated at this coaching program, took place most successfully, if the lessons were conducted by a complex method, and when there were used a variety of means. In this regard, there is reason to believe that the process of normalization and correction of physical development of students with visual impairment is possible through a complex interaction of various means of physical rehabilitation, according to how these are matched to the peculiarities of health, visual impairment, physical development, physical fitness and projected future professional activities of individual school children. The content and duration of class-time was rigorously determined, when this physical rehabilitation program was conducted. It was understood that the basis of a sequential process of physical rehabilitation is a systematic and a continuous operation, if was expected a strengthening and improvement of the functionality of the growing body of a school child. To achieve this, it had to include a comprehensive physical rehabilitation program for children from 8 to15 years, with mild myopia and spasm of accommodation. This comprehensive program of physical rehabilitation includes the following components. 1. Physiotherapy sessions, which consist of general developmental and special exercises with different gym-gear and fitness equipment. 2.Recreational and educational games; 3.Breathing exercises; 4. Relaxation exercises; 5.Do-it-yourself eye-massage techniques; 6. Do-it-yourself special physical exercises.
A Physical Rehabilitation Program with a Methodical Basis and what it Means for Young Athletes with Mild Myopia and Spasm of Accommodation
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030101.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-10-17
© Science Publishing Group
Efim Shmakov
Kozyreva Olga Vladimirovna
A Physical Rehabilitation Program with a Methodical Basis and what it Means for Young Athletes with Mild Myopia and Spasm of Accommodation
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5
2014-10-17
2014-10-17
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030101.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030101.11
© Science Publishing Group
Photobacterium damselae Infection in Yellow Tail Surgeon (zebrasoma xanthurum) of Red Sea at Hurghada, Egypt
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030101.13
Photobacterium damselae causes photobacteriosis of marine ornamental yellow tail surgeon (zebrasoma xanthurum) the disease appeared and spread rapidly in yellow tail surgeon in the indoor aquarium of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF) at Hurghada (Egypt). The pathogen was isolated from skin lesions in the body, and internal organs namely liver,spleen and kidney of clinically diseased and moribund fish using tryptic soy agar and thio-sulphate citrate bile salt sucrose agar plates. Lethargic, off food, hemorrhagic spots on skin, skin depigmentation, and fin rot were the main clinical signs appeared on the naturally infected fish. All isolates of the bacterium constituted a homogeneous phenotypic group and were identified by morphological characterization, biochemical tests and API20E as Photobacterium damselae. The isolated strain was sensitive to Sulfamethoxazole Gentamycin, and Streptomycin.
Photobacterium damselae causes photobacteriosis of marine ornamental yellow tail surgeon (zebrasoma xanthurum) the disease appeared and spread rapidly in yellow tail surgeon in the indoor aquarium of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF) at Hurghada (Egypt). The pathogen was isolated from skin lesions in the body, and internal organs namely liver,spleen and kidney of clinically diseased and moribund fish using tryptic soy agar and thio-sulphate citrate bile salt sucrose agar plates. Lethargic, off food, hemorrhagic spots on skin, skin depigmentation, and fin rot were the main clinical signs appeared on the naturally infected fish. All isolates of the bacterium constituted a homogeneous phenotypic group and were identified by morphological characterization, biochemical tests and API20E as Photobacterium damselae. The isolated strain was sensitive to Sulfamethoxazole Gentamycin, and Streptomycin.
Photobacterium damselae Infection in Yellow Tail Surgeon (zebrasoma xanthurum) of Red Sea at Hurghada, Egypt
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030101.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-12-31
© Science Publishing Group
Mahmoud Hashem
Photobacterium damselae Infection in Yellow Tail Surgeon (zebrasoma xanthurum) of Red Sea at Hurghada, Egypt
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14
2014-12-31
2014-12-31
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030101.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030101.13
© Science Publishing Group
The Effects of Gamma-Irradiation in Sub-Lethal Doses in Mice with Different Radiosensitivity
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.13
Reactions to gamma-irradiation in an acute dose of 750 R in C57BL/6, 101/Hf and С3H/Sn mice at different physiological levels were analyzed. In C3H/Sn and 101/Hf mice, light scattering spectrum was shifted towards small particles, while in C57BL/6 mice increased contribution of large particles was observed. In 3 weeks, a shift towards larger particles was recorded in all three mouse strains, but its degree varied. By week 6, the histograms approached the control. Histological study showed that the incidence of severe injuries in the liver increased by the end of the experiment in C57BL/6 mice (but not in other mouse strains). The same shifts were observed in the pancreas and an opposite tendency was seen in the spleen. Thus, C57BL/6 mice responded to irradiation later that C3H/Sn and 101/Hf mice, but demonstrated high adaptation capacity. C3H/Sn mice best of all recovered from the radiation crisis.
Reactions to gamma-irradiation in an acute dose of 750 R in C57BL/6, 101/Hf and С3H/Sn mice at different physiological levels were analyzed. In C3H/Sn and 101/Hf mice, light scattering spectrum was shifted towards small particles, while in C57BL/6 mice increased contribution of large particles was observed. In 3 weeks, a shift towards larger particles was recorded in all three mouse strains, but its degree varied. By week 6, the histograms approached the control. Histological study showed that the incidence of severe injuries in the liver increased by the end of the experiment in C57BL/6 mice (but not in other mouse strains). The same shifts were observed in the pancreas and an opposite tendency was seen in the spleen. Thus, C57BL/6 mice responded to irradiation later that C3H/Sn and 101/Hf mice, but demonstrated high adaptation capacity. C3H/Sn mice best of all recovered from the radiation crisis.
The Effects of Gamma-Irradiation in Sub-Lethal Doses in Mice with Different Radiosensitivity
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-11-29
© Science Publishing Group
Yulia Medvedeva
Elena Arkhipova
Irina Alchinova
The Effects of Gamma-Irradiation in Sub-Lethal Doses in Mice with Different Radiosensitivity
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17
2014-11-29
2014-11-29
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.13
© Science Publishing Group
The Complex of Tests for the Quantitative Evaluation of the Effects of Radiation on Laboratory Animals
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.12
Exposure to ionizing radiation leads to exhaustion of the pool of stem cells, increases differentiated cell stress, and activated reparation and apoptosis processes. Apart from well-documented acute effects, radiotherapy leads to delayed effects manifesting in few years after successful treatment. The aim of our study was the development of a test battery for evaluation of irradiation aftereffects in organisms characterized by different radiosensitivity. We chose C57BL mice as the ideal strain, because according to published data, they are characterized by medium radiosensitivity. At the preliminary stage, we have to assess informative value of some methods for the sublethal irradiation dose of 750 R. For evaluation of the damaging effects of radiation (lymphocyte count and maturity), we used, along with classical criteria, some complex parameters (body weight, serum homeostasis, behavior) characterizing general status of the organism. We also performed histological analysis of the liver, spleen, and pancreas and ranged the injuries by their severity.
Exposure to ionizing radiation leads to exhaustion of the pool of stem cells, increases differentiated cell stress, and activated reparation and apoptosis processes. Apart from well-documented acute effects, radiotherapy leads to delayed effects manifesting in few years after successful treatment. The aim of our study was the development of a test battery for evaluation of irradiation aftereffects in organisms characterized by different radiosensitivity. We chose C57BL mice as the ideal strain, because according to published data, they are characterized by medium radiosensitivity. At the preliminary stage, we have to assess informative value of some methods for the sublethal irradiation dose of 750 R. For evaluation of the damaging effects of radiation (lymphocyte count and maturity), we used, along with classical criteria, some complex parameters (body weight, serum homeostasis, behavior) characterizing general status of the organism. We also performed histological analysis of the liver, spleen, and pancreas and ranged the injuries by their severity.
The Complex of Tests for the Quantitative Evaluation of the Effects of Radiation on Laboratory Animals
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-11-14
© Science Publishing Group
Irina Alchinova
Elena Arkhipova
Yulia Medvedeva
Anton Cherepov
Alexander Antipov
Nikolai Lysenko
Leonid Noskin
Mikhail Karganov
The Complex of Tests for the Quantitative Evaluation of the Effects of Radiation on Laboratory Animals
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12
2014-11-14
2014-11-14
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.12
© Science Publishing Group
Changes in Serum and Cell Homeostasis under Irradiation: Factors of Distant Action
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.11
Extracellular DNA-containing substances can be used as a marker of the balance between two processes: elimination of cells with critical number of lesions and repair of genetic material due to the work of adaptive systems. The idea of using this criterion was inspired by the results of measuring exDNA in blood plasma of chronically irradiated individuals. Here we used material obtained after gamma-irradiation (total dose 0.5 Gy) and subsequent culturing of PHA-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The culture medium and exDNA isolated by various methods were treated with DNase and pronase. The concentration of free exDNA isolated by phenol extraction was an individual sign. The culture medium supernatant contained considerable amounts of exDNA in the form of nucleoprotein; cleavage of the protein component of this nucleoprotein considerably increased the size of fragments (from 1 to 20 kb) and reduced their resistance to DNase.
Extracellular DNA-containing substances can be used as a marker of the balance between two processes: elimination of cells with critical number of lesions and repair of genetic material due to the work of adaptive systems. The idea of using this criterion was inspired by the results of measuring exDNA in blood plasma of chronically irradiated individuals. Here we used material obtained after gamma-irradiation (total dose 0.5 Gy) and subsequent culturing of PHA-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The culture medium and exDNA isolated by various methods were treated with DNase and pronase. The concentration of free exDNA isolated by phenol extraction was an individual sign. The culture medium supernatant contained considerable amounts of exDNA in the form of nucleoprotein; cleavage of the protein component of this nucleoprotein considerably increased the size of fragments (from 1 to 20 kb) and reduced their resistance to DNase.
Changes in Serum and Cell Homeostasis under Irradiation: Factors of Distant Action
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-10-25
© Science Publishing Group
Irina Alchinova
Changes in Serum and Cell Homeostasis under Irradiation: Factors of Distant Action
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4
2014-10-25
2014-10-25
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.11
© Science Publishing Group
Flight Factors Influence on Human Lymphocyte Radioadaptive Response and Gamma-Interferon Production
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.17
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a pleiotropic cytokine with antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activities that are crucial for the regulation of immune responses. We examined a group of military pilots. The examinees were divided into 3 subgroups: ground personnel (9 persons, control group), 17 pilots with <1000 h flight time, and 12 pilots with >1000 h flight time. No differences in IFN-α serum content after induction by NDV virus were detected. The quality of reparation is in many respects genetically determined; therefore, we used peripheral blood lymphocytes from pilots for in vitro detection of a radioadaptive response (RAR), which was evaluated by the number of chromosome aberrations. The adaptive response was observed in 7 individuals of the control group (78%), in 10 pilots who had <1000 flight hours (59%), and in 4 pilots having >1000 flight hours (33%). The examined individuals were divided into 2 groups depending on the presence of RAR, and IFN-γ production after radiation was measured. It was shown that at doses 0.05 Gy or 0.5 Gy no differences between groups were detected. Exposure with these doses sequentially in 48 h interval resulted to differently directed changes: lymphocytes of individuals with RAR produced more IFN-γ than before while cells of persons without RAR made it less. The quality of adaptive mechanists evaluated by RAR may be useful for estimation of individual sensitivity to radiation during radiotherapy in oncology and in prediction of professional risk.
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a pleiotropic cytokine with antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activities that are crucial for the regulation of immune responses. We examined a group of military pilots. The examinees were divided into 3 subgroups: ground personnel (9 persons, control group), 17 pilots with <1000 h flight time, and 12 pilots with >1000 h flight time. No differences in IFN-α serum content after induction by NDV virus were detected. The quality of reparation is in many respects genetically determined; therefore, we used peripheral blood lymphocytes from pilots for in vitro detection of a radioadaptive response (RAR), which was evaluated by the number of chromosome aberrations. The adaptive response was observed in 7 individuals of the control group (78%), in 10 pilots who had <1000 flight hours (59%), and in 4 pilots having >1000 flight hours (33%). The examined individuals were divided into 2 groups depending on the presence of RAR, and IFN-γ production after radiation was measured. It was shown that at doses 0.05 Gy or 0.5 Gy no differences between groups were detected. Exposure with these doses sequentially in 48 h interval resulted to differently directed changes: lymphocytes of individuals with RAR produced more IFN-γ than before while cells of persons without RAR made it less. The quality of adaptive mechanists evaluated by RAR may be useful for estimation of individual sensitivity to radiation during radiotherapy in oncology and in prediction of professional risk.
Flight Factors Influence on Human Lymphocyte Radioadaptive Response and Gamma-Interferon Production
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.17
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
Elena Arkhipova
Irina Alchinova
Mikhail Karganov
Flight Factors Influence on Human Lymphocyte Radioadaptive Response and Gamma-Interferon Production
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47
47
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.17
© Science Publishing Group
Radiobiological Foundation of Crew Radiation Risk for Mars Mission to the Problem of the Space Flight Safety
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.16
This paper presents results of radiobiological experiments, a new concept of radiation hazard on the basis of a generalized dosimetric function, which are foundation of crew radiation risk for Mars mission. The results of 14-year biological experiment on comprehensive clinico-physiological study of 250 dogs exposure to gamma-radiation 60Co during 3 and 6 years 22 hours per day, modeling the impact of space radiation on the crew of a space shuttle flight to Mars are presented also. In this experiment dose and dose rate varied to simulate galactic cosmic ray (GCR) dose and dose from stochastic irradiation caused by solar cosmic rays (SCR). It details observations made on the animals throughout the course of the dogs’ lives, both during and eight years after radiation exposure. It includes data on dose dependence, threshold levels of radiation causing adverse health effects, as well as on the nature of radiation reactions as they develop in different organs and body systems chronically exposed to larger doses. This multi-year experiment was conducted by scientists of the State Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems (Russian Academy of Sciences) with the active participation of the Institute of Biophysics (now Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency). Based on results obtained in this study and in experiments realized with big amount of small laboratory animals that were exposed to a wide dose and dose rate range, using other published data, mathematical models were developed, e.g. a model of radiation damage forming as dependent on time with taking into account recovery processes, and model of radiation mortality rate of mammals. Based on these models and analysis of radiation environment behind various shielding on the route to Mars, crew radiation risk was calculated for space missions of various duration. Total radiation risk values for cosmonauts lifetime after the missions were also estimated together with expected life span reduction.
This paper presents results of radiobiological experiments, a new concept of radiation hazard on the basis of a generalized dosimetric function, which are foundation of crew radiation risk for Mars mission. The results of 14-year biological experiment on comprehensive clinico-physiological study of 250 dogs exposure to gamma-radiation 60Co during 3 and 6 years 22 hours per day, modeling the impact of space radiation on the crew of a space shuttle flight to Mars are presented also. In this experiment dose and dose rate varied to simulate galactic cosmic ray (GCR) dose and dose from stochastic irradiation caused by solar cosmic rays (SCR). It details observations made on the animals throughout the course of the dogs’ lives, both during and eight years after radiation exposure. It includes data on dose dependence, threshold levels of radiation causing adverse health effects, as well as on the nature of radiation reactions as they develop in different organs and body systems chronically exposed to larger doses. This multi-year experiment was conducted by scientists of the State Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems (Russian Academy of Sciences) with the active participation of the Institute of Biophysics (now Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency). Based on results obtained in this study and in experiments realized with big amount of small laboratory animals that were exposed to a wide dose and dose rate range, using other published data, mathematical models were developed, e.g. a model of radiation damage forming as dependent on time with taking into account recovery processes, and model of radiation mortality rate of mammals. Based on these models and analysis of radiation environment behind various shielding on the route to Mars, crew radiation risk was calculated for space missions of various duration. Total radiation risk values for cosmonauts lifetime after the missions were also estimated together with expected life span reduction.
Radiobiological Foundation of Crew Radiation Risk for Mars Mission to the Problem of the Space Flight Safety
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.16
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
Aleksandr Shafirkin
Yury Grigoriev
Radiobiological Foundation of Crew Radiation Risk for Mars Mission to the Problem of the Space Flight Safety
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42
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.16
© Science Publishing Group
Metabolic and Morphological Changes in Rats’ Eye after 7-Days Microgravity Simulation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.14
Microgravity simulation in rats resulted to changes in eye lavage content. Molecular subfraction analysis with laser correlation spectroscopy revealed significant differences in the pattern of particle distribution in five intervals: 1.9 -2.56 nm, 4.64-6.25 nm, 91.3 nm, 165-300 nm, and 400-734 nm. Microgravity modeling induced a series of interrelated processes in the retina of experimental rats manifesting in decreasing of total and layer-by-layer thickness of the retina, mild edema, and consequently, the increasing of specific density of neurons. In the inner nuclear layer, the cell density decreased because of the amacrine and bipolar cells. These changes could be explained by relative ischemia of the retinal layers, which are dependent on the retinal vessels circulation system.
Microgravity simulation in rats resulted to changes in eye lavage content. Molecular subfraction analysis with laser correlation spectroscopy revealed significant differences in the pattern of particle distribution in five intervals: 1.9 -2.56 nm, 4.64-6.25 nm, 91.3 nm, 165-300 nm, and 400-734 nm. Microgravity modeling induced a series of interrelated processes in the retina of experimental rats manifesting in decreasing of total and layer-by-layer thickness of the retina, mild edema, and consequently, the increasing of specific density of neurons. In the inner nuclear layer, the cell density decreased because of the amacrine and bipolar cells. These changes could be explained by relative ischemia of the retinal layers, which are dependent on the retinal vessels circulation system.
Metabolic and Morphological Changes in Rats’ Eye after 7-Days Microgravity Simulation
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
Margarita Vyalkina
Anatoly Fedorov
Erika Eskina
Yulia Medvedeva
Elena Arkhipova
Marina Lebedeva
Nadezhda Khlebnikova
Mikhail Baranov
Mikhail Karganov
Metabolic and Morphological Changes in Rats’ Eye after 7-Days Microgravity Simulation
3
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24
24
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.14
© Science Publishing Group
The Embryonic Development of Great Ramshorn Planorbarius Corneus under the Hypomagnetic Field
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.15
The effect of a 100-300-fold attenuated geomagnetic field on the embryonic development of great ramshorn Planorbarius corneus and oxidation-reduction properties in water environment were studied in a hypomagnetic chamber. Mainly the hypomagnetic field effected beneficial influence on the development of mollusks: teratogenic effects were less massive, i.e. embryos that first occurred in hypomagnetic conditions were characterized by low death rate. The mobility index increased in embryos on the stage of late veliger and post-metamorphosis. Under the sharp increasing of the magnetic field to the normal level the embryos and juvenile mollusks rapidly perished (practically, their growth was stopped). Type of induction was dependent on adaptation of juvenile P. corneus to a magnetic field. Mollusks growth in the normal geomagnetic field would prefer the conditions with maximal induction, whereas mollusks developed in the hypomagnetic chamber, on the contrary, chose the conditions with minimal induction. It was revealed that the oxidation-reduction potential of water increased as magnetic induction attenuated pointing to a natural decline that testifies about the regular decreasing of internal energy of water molecules, which, in our opinion, is caused the inhibition of the mollusk embryonic development.
The effect of a 100-300-fold attenuated geomagnetic field on the embryonic development of great ramshorn Planorbarius corneus and oxidation-reduction properties in water environment were studied in a hypomagnetic chamber. Mainly the hypomagnetic field effected beneficial influence on the development of mollusks: teratogenic effects were less massive, i.e. embryos that first occurred in hypomagnetic conditions were characterized by low death rate. The mobility index increased in embryos on the stage of late veliger and post-metamorphosis. Under the sharp increasing of the magnetic field to the normal level the embryos and juvenile mollusks rapidly perished (practically, their growth was stopped). Type of induction was dependent on adaptation of juvenile P. corneus to a magnetic field. Mollusks growth in the normal geomagnetic field would prefer the conditions with maximal induction, whereas mollusks developed in the hypomagnetic chamber, on the contrary, chose the conditions with minimal induction. It was revealed that the oxidation-reduction potential of water increased as magnetic induction attenuated pointing to a natural decline that testifies about the regular decreasing of internal energy of water molecules, which, in our opinion, is caused the inhibition of the mollusk embryonic development.
The Embryonic Development of Great Ramshorn Planorbarius Corneus under the Hypomagnetic Field
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
S. S. Moisa
A. A. Zotin
V. V. Tsetlin
The Embryonic Development of Great Ramshorn Planorbarius Corneus under the Hypomagnetic Field
3
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31
31
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.15
© Science Publishing Group
The Choice of Informative Parameters of the Cardiovascular System for Assessment of Physiological Effects of Hypogravity
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.18
Changes in cardiovascular system (CVS) under conditions of hypogravity simulated using 7- and 21-day ortho- and antiorthostatic hypokinesia at different angles were studied. The aim of the experiment was selection of informative CVS parameters most sensitive to these conditions. Simultaneous recording of 26 CVS parameters on a spiroartheriocardiorythmograph showed that the most sensitive parameters were blood pressure (BP) variability indexes in functional tests: differences in groups with varying degrees of orthostatic hypokinesia (+ 9.6˚ and + 15˚) were observed starting from the first week of the experiment. By day 21, pronounced changes in the total spectral power of diastolic BP variability were noted in the group exposed to constant antiorthostasis. This parameter significantly surpassed the corresponding value in the groups with milder conditions. Significant increase in the LF component of diastolic BP in groups exposed to severe antiorthostasis and orthostasis was detected. Presumably, autonomic mechanisms affecting the systolic and diastolic BP under conditions of hypogravity simulation are different, at least partially.
Changes in cardiovascular system (CVS) under conditions of hypogravity simulated using 7- and 21-day ortho- and antiorthostatic hypokinesia at different angles were studied. The aim of the experiment was selection of informative CVS parameters most sensitive to these conditions. Simultaneous recording of 26 CVS parameters on a spiroartheriocardiorythmograph showed that the most sensitive parameters were blood pressure (BP) variability indexes in functional tests: differences in groups with varying degrees of orthostatic hypokinesia (+ 9.6˚ and + 15˚) were observed starting from the first week of the experiment. By day 21, pronounced changes in the total spectral power of diastolic BP variability were noted in the group exposed to constant antiorthostasis. This parameter significantly surpassed the corresponding value in the groups with milder conditions. Significant increase in the LF component of diastolic BP in groups exposed to severe antiorthostasis and orthostasis was detected. Presumably, autonomic mechanisms affecting the systolic and diastolic BP under conditions of hypogravity simulation are different, at least partially.
The Choice of Informative Parameters of the Cardiovascular System for Assessment of Physiological Effects of Hypogravity
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.18
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-12-31
© Science Publishing Group
Anton Cherepov
Daria Pozdeeva
Elena Arkhipova
The Choice of Informative Parameters of the Cardiovascular System for Assessment of Physiological Effects of Hypogravity
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57
57
2014-12-31
2014-12-31
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.18
© Science Publishing Group
Isolation, Identification and Optimization of Crude Oil Degrading Micromycetes for Biosynthesis of Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030103.12
Poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) participate in activities of all organisms from energy source to structural components. Disruption of metabolism results in diseases like atherosclerosis and obesity. In this work, optimal conditions to production of arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and gamma- linolenic acids has been conducted in the oil degrading fungi-Cephalosporium humicola IE, Mucor globosus 11 and Pythium irregulare LX isolated from soils in Absheron peninsula, Azerbaijan. The fermentation process carried out at physicochemical conditions, carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature, pH, rate of inoculum, enzyme activity, exogenous fat and phosphate; as well as the stressful situations. Growth in crude oil as optimal carbon source showed that suitable nitrogen was peptone for lipid biosynthesis. In stable temperature the optimal lipid productionoccurred at 28°C, whereas in “temperature shifting technique”, greater yields occurred at 28°C for 5 days followed by at 15°C for 2 days. C/N ratio ranged from 4 to 64 and the optimal medium for production was composed of 2.0% glucose and 0.25% yeast extract, with addition of 0.1% KH2PO4at neutral pH with 3% inoculum. Although the activities of the enzymes varied among the fungi, but the developmental profiles for all enzymes were practically similar. Additive fat and phosphate accelerated growth and enhanced PUFA production. Data showed that the procedure of adaptation of fungi motivated the increase of the rate of membrane phospholipids with a high quantity of PUFAs. This research is considered to be object of PUFA production as food supplements.
Poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) participate in activities of all organisms from energy source to structural components. Disruption of metabolism results in diseases like atherosclerosis and obesity. In this work, optimal conditions to production of arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and gamma- linolenic acids has been conducted in the oil degrading fungi-Cephalosporium humicola IE, Mucor globosus 11 and Pythium irregulare LX isolated from soils in Absheron peninsula, Azerbaijan. The fermentation process carried out at physicochemical conditions, carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature, pH, rate of inoculum, enzyme activity, exogenous fat and phosphate; as well as the stressful situations. Growth in crude oil as optimal carbon source showed that suitable nitrogen was peptone for lipid biosynthesis. In stable temperature the optimal lipid productionoccurred at 28°C, whereas in “temperature shifting technique”, greater yields occurred at 28°C for 5 days followed by at 15°C for 2 days. C/N ratio ranged from 4 to 64 and the optimal medium for production was composed of 2.0% glucose and 0.25% yeast extract, with addition of 0.1% KH2PO4at neutral pH with 3% inoculum. Although the activities of the enzymes varied among the fungi, but the developmental profiles for all enzymes were practically similar. Additive fat and phosphate accelerated growth and enhanced PUFA production. Data showed that the procedure of adaptation of fungi motivated the increase of the rate of membrane phospholipids with a high quantity of PUFAs. This research is considered to be object of PUFA production as food supplements.
Isolation, Identification and Optimization of Crude Oil Degrading Micromycetes for Biosynthesis of Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030103.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Mehdi Ghasemi
Yemen Atakishiyeva
Isolation, Identification and Optimization of Crude Oil Degrading Micromycetes for Biosynthesis of Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids
3
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15
15
2015-05-06
2015-05-06
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030103.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030103.12
© Science Publishing Group
Relationship between eNOS 894G>T Polymorphism and the Antihypertensive Efficiency of Two Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker Drugs, Azelnidipine and Nitrendipine, in Chinese EH Patients
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030104.11
Background: Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers (dCCBs) were widely used in anithypertensive treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of polymorphisms of CACNA1C, eNOS and RGS2 on the antihypertensive efficiency of dihydropyridine calcium channel blocks (dCCBs) in Chinese patients with essential hypertension (EH). Methods: A total of 107 untreated Chinese mild to moderate EH patients were enrolled in this study, and had been prescribed azelnidipine or nitrendipine as monotherapy. All patients who had gave informed consent for genetic research were divided into two groups: treated with azelnidipine or nitrendipine for at leaset 6 weeks. Five polymorphisms of three blood pressure (BP) and hypertension susceptible genes were studied in our research, and these polymorphisms were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and direct sequencing. Every patients’ BP and heart rate were measured at 0 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 6 weeks. The biochemical parameters of blood were detected before and 6 weeks after the administration. Adverse effects were evaluated at the last visitation. Results: Both the systolic and diastolic BP levels were significanlty decreased after six weeks of dCCBs treatment, from 149.3 ± 9.2 mmHg to 132.2 ± 11.7 mmHg and form 97.9 ± 3.0 mmHg to 85.5 ± 7.5 mmHg, as well as the levels of TP, TBIL, CHO and LDL, the P-values were P=0.017, P=0.045, P=0.039, P=0.041 respectivley. As 11 of 75 patients appeared adverse reactions, the rate of adverse effects showed no difference in various genotypes. There were significant interactions between eNOS G894T polymorphism and △DBP, △MBP on azelnidipine therapy patients, but not in nitrendipine, the GG genotype carriers were more sensitive in blood decrease than GT/TT genotype carriers (P<0.05). Conclusion: CCBs had potential hepatoprotective and antiatheroscloresis effects for Chinese EH paitents. And the eNOS G894T polymorphism is associated with the hypotensive effect of azelnidipine.
Background: Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers (dCCBs) were widely used in anithypertensive treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of polymorphisms of CACNA1C, eNOS and RGS2 on the antihypertensive efficiency of dihydropyridine calcium channel blocks (dCCBs) in Chinese patients with essential hypertension (EH). Methods: A total of 107 untreated Chinese mild to moderate EH patients were enrolled in this study, and had been prescribed azelnidipine or nitrendipine as monotherapy. All patients who had gave informed consent for genetic research were divided into two groups: treated with azelnidipine or nitrendipine for at leaset 6 weeks. Five polymorphisms of three blood pressure (BP) and hypertension susceptible genes were studied in our research, and these polymorphisms were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and direct sequencing. Every patients’ BP and heart rate were measured at 0 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 6 weeks. The biochemical parameters of blood were detected before and 6 weeks after the administration. Adverse effects were evaluated at the last visitation. Results: Both the systolic and diastolic BP levels were significanlty decreased after six weeks of dCCBs treatment, from 149.3 ± 9.2 mmHg to 132.2 ± 11.7 mmHg and form 97.9 ± 3.0 mmHg to 85.5 ± 7.5 mmHg, as well as the levels of TP, TBIL, CHO and LDL, the P-values were P=0.017, P=0.045, P=0.039, P=0.041 respectivley. As 11 of 75 patients appeared adverse reactions, the rate of adverse effects showed no difference in various genotypes. There were significant interactions between eNOS G894T polymorphism and △DBP, △MBP on azelnidipine therapy patients, but not in nitrendipine, the GG genotype carriers were more sensitive in blood decrease than GT/TT genotype carriers (P<0.05). Conclusion: CCBs had potential hepatoprotective and antiatheroscloresis effects for Chinese EH paitents. And the eNOS G894T polymorphism is associated with the hypotensive effect of azelnidipine.
Relationship between eNOS 894G>T Polymorphism and the Antihypertensive Efficiency of Two Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker Drugs, Azelnidipine and Nitrendipine, in Chinese EH Patients
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030104.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-11-24
© Science Publishing Group
Zhiying Luo
Fazhong He
Jianquan Luo
Wei Zhang
Relationship between eNOS 894G>T Polymorphism and the Antihypertensive Efficiency of Two Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker Drugs, Azelnidipine and Nitrendipine, in Chinese EH Patients
3
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6
6
2014-11-24
2014-11-24
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030104.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030104.11
© Science Publishing Group
Moderate Effect of GGCX Polymorphisms on Patients Warfarin Dosage Requirement- A Meta-Analysis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030104.12
Objective: Association studies on the effects of GGCX gene polymorphisms on warfarin stable dose have shown conflicting results. The aim of this study is to quantitatively summarize whether GGCX gene polymorphisms have potential roles in warfarin dose requirement. Methods: Publications were searched in PubMed, Medline and ISI Web of Knowledge and chosen by exact inclusion and exclusion criteria. A meta-analysis was conducted by using Revman 5.0 software to determine the association between common polymorphisms of the three genes and warfarin dose requirement. Results: Data were extracted from 13 publications with 4167 patients enrolled. Two common polymorphisms (rs699664, rs12714145) of GGCX were included for further meta-analyses. Comparing to rs699664AA geontype carriers, rs699664GG genotype carriers requered higer 3% [95% CI: 2% - 4%, P-valus < 0.0001] warfarin dose. The warfarin dosage requirement showed no significant difference between rs699664GG and rs699664GA genotype carriers, P=0.51. Compared to rs12714145AA carriers, the GG and GA genotype carriers needed 5% (95% CI, 1% - 9%; P = 0.01) and 4% (95% CI, 1% - 8%; P = 0.02) lower warfarin dosage, respectively. The warfarin dosage requirement showed no significant difference between GG and GA genotype carriers, P=0.12. Conclusion: Our study showed that GGCX polymorphisms were significantly associated with warfarin dose requirement. These polymorphisms should be considered in future warfarin personalized treatment.
Objective: Association studies on the effects of GGCX gene polymorphisms on warfarin stable dose have shown conflicting results. The aim of this study is to quantitatively summarize whether GGCX gene polymorphisms have potential roles in warfarin dose requirement. Methods: Publications were searched in PubMed, Medline and ISI Web of Knowledge and chosen by exact inclusion and exclusion criteria. A meta-analysis was conducted by using Revman 5.0 software to determine the association between common polymorphisms of the three genes and warfarin dose requirement. Results: Data were extracted from 13 publications with 4167 patients enrolled. Two common polymorphisms (rs699664, rs12714145) of GGCX were included for further meta-analyses. Comparing to rs699664AA geontype carriers, rs699664GG genotype carriers requered higer 3% [95% CI: 2% - 4%, P-valus < 0.0001] warfarin dose. The warfarin dosage requirement showed no significant difference between rs699664GG and rs699664GA genotype carriers, P=0.51. Compared to rs12714145AA carriers, the GG and GA genotype carriers needed 5% (95% CI, 1% - 9%; P = 0.01) and 4% (95% CI, 1% - 8%; P = 0.02) lower warfarin dosage, respectively. The warfarin dosage requirement showed no significant difference between GG and GA genotype carriers, P=0.12. Conclusion: Our study showed that GGCX polymorphisms were significantly associated with warfarin dose requirement. These polymorphisms should be considered in future warfarin personalized treatment.
Moderate Effect of GGCX Polymorphisms on Patients Warfarin Dosage Requirement- A Meta-Analysis
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030104.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
Zhiying Luo
Xi Li
Mouze Liu
Yan Shu
Jiye Yin
Xiaoping Chen
Jianquan Luo
Xiaobing Li
Wei Zhang
Moderate Effect of GGCX Polymorphisms on Patients Warfarin Dosage Requirement- A Meta-Analysis
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13
13
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030104.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030104.12
© Science Publishing Group
Gender, but Not CYP2C19 Genotypes and CYP3A Phenotypes, is a Major Determinant of Ilaprazole Pharmacokinetic
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030104.13
The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of CYP2C19 genotypes, CYP3A phenotypes and gender-related difference on the pharmacokinetics of new proton pump inhibitor ilaprazole. Twenty-four healthy Chinese volunteers (age 24.0 1.9 years) were enrolled in an open-label study stratified for gender (12 males and 12 females) and their CYP2C19 genotype (12 of CYP2C19*1/*1 and 12 of CYP2C19*1/*2 or *1/*3). After a single 10-mg dose of ilaprazole was administrated, blood samples were collected at time 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36h from all subjects. Ilaprazole and its metabolite sulfone-ilaprazole plasma concentrations were measured using the well-validated HPLC/MS/MS method. CYP3A phenotype was determined by the classic CYP3A probe drug midazolam one week after the clinical trial. The kinetics characteristics of ilaprazole and sulfone-ilaprazole were significantly influenced by gender. The clearance/systemic bioavailability (CL/F) of ilaprazole was much lower in female than in male (2.5 1.0 versus 3.7 1.6 h-1, P = 0.029), difference became more significant even after corrected by body weight (P = 0.008). However, the differences on half-life, AUC0-36 and AUC0→∞ of ilaprazole between genders were not significantly after normalized by body weight. As for sulfone ilaprazole, larger AUC0→36 and AUC0→∞ were detected in female when compared with male (406.8 126.3 vs. 246.7 70.0 ng • h/ml, P = 0.007, and 606.7 224.5 vs. 332.0 117.1 ng • h/ml, P = 0.001), discrepancies were still significant after corrected by total body weight, P value were 0.017 and 0.010 respectively. The pharmacokinetics parameters of ilaprazole and ilaprazole sulfone were neither different across CYP2C19 genotype groups nor related to CYP3A phenotype. CL/F of ilaprazole were much smaller in women than in men even after adjusted by body weight, indicating great effect of gender on the pharmacokinetics of ilaprazole. CYP2C19 genotypes and CYP3A phenotypes did not affect the pharmacokinetics of ilaprazole or sulfone-ilaprazole.
The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of CYP2C19 genotypes, CYP3A phenotypes and gender-related difference on the pharmacokinetics of new proton pump inhibitor ilaprazole. Twenty-four healthy Chinese volunteers (age 24.0 1.9 years) were enrolled in an open-label study stratified for gender (12 males and 12 females) and their CYP2C19 genotype (12 of CYP2C19*1/*1 and 12 of CYP2C19*1/*2 or *1/*3). After a single 10-mg dose of ilaprazole was administrated, blood samples were collected at time 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36h from all subjects. Ilaprazole and its metabolite sulfone-ilaprazole plasma concentrations were measured using the well-validated HPLC/MS/MS method. CYP3A phenotype was determined by the classic CYP3A probe drug midazolam one week after the clinical trial. The kinetics characteristics of ilaprazole and sulfone-ilaprazole were significantly influenced by gender. The clearance/systemic bioavailability (CL/F) of ilaprazole was much lower in female than in male (2.5 1.0 versus 3.7 1.6 h-1, P = 0.029), difference became more significant even after corrected by body weight (P = 0.008). However, the differences on half-life, AUC0-36 and AUC0→∞ of ilaprazole between genders were not significantly after normalized by body weight. As for sulfone ilaprazole, larger AUC0→36 and AUC0→∞ were detected in female when compared with male (406.8 126.3 vs. 246.7 70.0 ng • h/ml, P = 0.007, and 606.7 224.5 vs. 332.0 117.1 ng • h/ml, P = 0.001), discrepancies were still significant after corrected by total body weight, P value were 0.017 and 0.010 respectively. The pharmacokinetics parameters of ilaprazole and ilaprazole sulfone were neither different across CYP2C19 genotype groups nor related to CYP3A phenotype. CL/F of ilaprazole were much smaller in women than in men even after adjusted by body weight, indicating great effect of gender on the pharmacokinetics of ilaprazole. CYP2C19 genotypes and CYP3A phenotypes did not affect the pharmacokinetics of ilaprazole or sulfone-ilaprazole.
Gender, but Not CYP2C19 Genotypes and CYP3A Phenotypes, is a Major Determinant of Ilaprazole Pharmacokinetic
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030104.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-01-27
© Science Publishing Group
Shan Cao
Gan Zhou
Yao Chen
Dong Guo
Zhi-rong Tan
Lan Fan
Hai-tang Hu
Xiang-hong Qin
Hong-hao Zhou
Dong-sheng Ouyang
Wei Zhang
Gender, but Not CYP2C19 Genotypes and CYP3A Phenotypes, is a Major Determinant of Ilaprazole Pharmacokinetic
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2015-01-27
2015-01-27
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030104.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030104.13
© Science Publishing Group
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Faecal droppings of Swine in Pankshin Urban, Pankshin Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.19
A total of 240 faecal samples of swine from Pankshin urban was collected and examined for the incidence of intestinal parasites. A total prevalence rate of 32.5% was recorded. With respect to location, Special site recorded the highest prevalence (10%) while Yimtul recorded the lowest prevalence (6.67%). Based on incidence of individual species Ascaris suum recorded the highest prevalence while Strongyloides recorded the lowest prevalence (1.9%). The outdoor method of pig breeding in most areas of Pankshin was assumed to be a major factor in the distribution of these parasites since pigs are raised for both commercial and subsistent purpose.
A total of 240 faecal samples of swine from Pankshin urban was collected and examined for the incidence of intestinal parasites. A total prevalence rate of 32.5% was recorded. With respect to location, Special site recorded the highest prevalence (10%) while Yimtul recorded the lowest prevalence (6.67%). Based on incidence of individual species Ascaris suum recorded the highest prevalence while Strongyloides recorded the lowest prevalence (1.9%). The outdoor method of pig breeding in most areas of Pankshin was assumed to be a major factor in the distribution of these parasites since pigs are raised for both commercial and subsistent purpose.
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Faecal droppings of Swine in Pankshin Urban, Pankshin Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.19
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-04-10
© Science Publishing Group
Agumah Nnabuife Bernard
Daminabo V.
Ekam E.
Okonkwo E. C.
Nwuzo A. C.
Afiukwa F. N.
Agah M. V.
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Faecal droppings of Swine in Pankshin Urban, Pankshin Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria
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122
122
2015-04-10
2015-04-10
10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.19
© Science Publishing Group
Some Ecology Features of Poecilia mexicana Steindachner, 1863 (Osteichthyes: Poeciliidae) from Alvarado Lagoonal System, Veracruz, Mexico
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.14
The shortfin molly Poecilia mexicana Steindachner, 1863, has a wide distribution in southeastern Mexico where it inhabits rivers and coastal lagoons. In the Alvarado Lagoonal System, Veracruz, it is distributed towards the northeast in Camaronera Lagoon. The shortfin molly shows an affinity for oligohaline to mesohaline sites with submerged vegetation, well-oxygenated, and transparent water. The major abundance and biomass of this species was obtained during December to February. The diet of Shortfin molly consists principally of algae. Length-frequency distribution shows two size classes as most numerous during all seasons (41 to 50 and 51 to 60 mm respectively), corresponding to reproductive fish and young of the year; individuals with developed gonads were found throughout the year, although most reproductive adults were found between April and December. The Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) high values were founded in reproductive females. Fecundity ranged from 21 to 116 eggs/female, and 19 to 83 embryos/female.
The shortfin molly Poecilia mexicana Steindachner, 1863, has a wide distribution in southeastern Mexico where it inhabits rivers and coastal lagoons. In the Alvarado Lagoonal System, Veracruz, it is distributed towards the northeast in Camaronera Lagoon. The shortfin molly shows an affinity for oligohaline to mesohaline sites with submerged vegetation, well-oxygenated, and transparent water. The major abundance and biomass of this species was obtained during December to February. The diet of Shortfin molly consists principally of algae. Length-frequency distribution shows two size classes as most numerous during all seasons (41 to 50 and 51 to 60 mm respectively), corresponding to reproductive fish and young of the year; individuals with developed gonads were found throughout the year, although most reproductive adults were found between April and December. The Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) high values were founded in reproductive females. Fecundity ranged from 21 to 116 eggs/female, and 19 to 83 embryos/female.
Some Ecology Features of Poecilia mexicana Steindachner, 1863 (Osteichthyes: Poeciliidae) from Alvarado Lagoonal System, Veracruz, Mexico
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-02-25
© Science Publishing Group
Chávez-López Rafael
Rocha-Ramírez Arturo
Cortés-Garrido Horacio
Some Ecology Features of Poecilia mexicana Steindachner, 1863 (Osteichthyes: Poeciliidae) from Alvarado Lagoonal System, Veracruz, Mexico
3
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84
84
2015-02-25
2015-02-25
10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.14
© Science Publishing Group
Molecular Mechanism of Formalin-Induced Toxicity and Its Management
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.15
The use of formalin (40% formaldehyde) for the preservation of food in an illegal way becoming a serious health issue in developing countries including Bangladesh. We investigated the Formalin (FA)-induced organ toxicity in Swiss albino mice. FA induction caused the significant elevation of the liver enzyme, SGOT and SGPT; the MDA levels in the liver and brain. Among the fractions of methanol extract of L. globosus, ethyl acetate (EA) fraction significantly reduced the elevated biochemical parameters (FA vs FA + EA fraction, μKa/L); SGOT (78.4 ± 0.3 vs 14.3 ± 0.9), SGPT (100.5 ± 5.2 vs 14.6 ± 0.7), MDA in liver (10.9 ± 0.2 vs 5.6 ± 0.1) and MDA in brain (16.9 ± 0.2 vs 6.3 ± 0.2). Morphological analyses also supported the beneficial effect of EA fraction in FA-induced liver toxicity. FA induction caused the phosphorylation of JNK, member of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in both the liver and brain, which were completely abolished by the treatment of EA fraction of L. globosus. Chemical analyses showed that the EA fraction exhibited antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. The protective effect of the EA fraction on the FA-induced toxicity by the modulation of oxidative inflammatory pathway by its antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity.
The use of formalin (40% formaldehyde) for the preservation of food in an illegal way becoming a serious health issue in developing countries including Bangladesh. We investigated the Formalin (FA)-induced organ toxicity in Swiss albino mice. FA induction caused the significant elevation of the liver enzyme, SGOT and SGPT; the MDA levels in the liver and brain. Among the fractions of methanol extract of L. globosus, ethyl acetate (EA) fraction significantly reduced the elevated biochemical parameters (FA vs FA + EA fraction, μKa/L); SGOT (78.4 ± 0.3 vs 14.3 ± 0.9), SGPT (100.5 ± 5.2 vs 14.6 ± 0.7), MDA in liver (10.9 ± 0.2 vs 5.6 ± 0.1) and MDA in brain (16.9 ± 0.2 vs 6.3 ± 0.2). Morphological analyses also supported the beneficial effect of EA fraction in FA-induced liver toxicity. FA induction caused the phosphorylation of JNK, member of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in both the liver and brain, which were completely abolished by the treatment of EA fraction of L. globosus. Chemical analyses showed that the EA fraction exhibited antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. The protective effect of the EA fraction on the FA-induced toxicity by the modulation of oxidative inflammatory pathway by its antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity.
Molecular Mechanism of Formalin-Induced Toxicity and Its Management
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-03-03
© Science Publishing Group
Alpana Khatun
Md Masud Rana
Md Rafiqul Islam Khan
Mir Imam Ibne Wahed
Md. Anwar Habib
Md. Nazim Uddin
Zakia Sultana Sathi
A. R. M. Ruhul Amin
Abu Syed Md Anisuzzaman
Molecular Mechanism of Formalin-Induced Toxicity and Its Management
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92
92
2015-03-03
2015-03-03
10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.15
© Science Publishing Group
Chitosan as Antimicrobial Agent and Fatty Acid Absorber in Smoked Skipjack Tuna Processed Using Coconut Shell
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.16
Background: Chitosan, a hydrophilic biopolymer industrially obtained by N-deacetylation of chitin, which allow for a wide scope of applications and can be applied as an antimicrobial agent.Theaim of this study was to determine theconcentration of chitosan compound in which it can play an active role in inhibiting the growth of bacteria and also absorb the fatty acid /cholesterol in the smoked fish meat. Method: The research method used in this study wastheRandomized Block Design (RBD) factorial. There were two treatments in this study, namely: Treatment A (fish was dipped in a chitosan solution and then smoked), Treatment B (fish was smoked and then dipped in a 1%, 2% and 3% chitosan solution) and one control, in which the fish was smoked without being dipped in chitosan solution and then stored for five days. Results: The results showed that the chitosan concentration (1%, 2%, 3%) significantly affected the growth of bacteria that occurred on day 3 (p = 0,00) and day 5 (p = 0,000), while day 1 did not differ significantly. There was a difference in the levels of fatty acids between the control and A (p = 0,00) and the control with B (p = 0,000), with the best concentration of chitosan was 3%. Conclusion: Fifteen saturated fatty acids and eleven unsaturated fatty acids were found in fish smoked with coconut shells.
Background: Chitosan, a hydrophilic biopolymer industrially obtained by N-deacetylation of chitin, which allow for a wide scope of applications and can be applied as an antimicrobial agent.Theaim of this study was to determine theconcentration of chitosan compound in which it can play an active role in inhibiting the growth of bacteria and also absorb the fatty acid /cholesterol in the smoked fish meat. Method: The research method used in this study wastheRandomized Block Design (RBD) factorial. There were two treatments in this study, namely: Treatment A (fish was dipped in a chitosan solution and then smoked), Treatment B (fish was smoked and then dipped in a 1%, 2% and 3% chitosan solution) and one control, in which the fish was smoked without being dipped in chitosan solution and then stored for five days. Results: The results showed that the chitosan concentration (1%, 2%, 3%) significantly affected the growth of bacteria that occurred on day 3 (p = 0,00) and day 5 (p = 0,000), while day 1 did not differ significantly. There was a difference in the levels of fatty acids between the control and A (p = 0,00) and the control with B (p = 0,000), with the best concentration of chitosan was 3%. Conclusion: Fifteen saturated fatty acids and eleven unsaturated fatty acids were found in fish smoked with coconut shells.
Chitosan as Antimicrobial Agent and Fatty Acid Absorber in Smoked Skipjack Tuna Processed Using Coconut Shell
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.16
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-03-04
© Science Publishing Group
Amos Killay
Nurpudji A. Taslim
Suryani As’ad
Meta Mahendratta
Chitosan as Antimicrobial Agent and Fatty Acid Absorber in Smoked Skipjack Tuna Processed Using Coconut Shell
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99
99
2015-03-04
2015-03-04
10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.16
© Science Publishing Group
Wearing High Heel Shoes During Gait: Kinematics Impact and Determination of Comfort Height
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.11
Real attribute of femininity, wearing high-heeled shoes is a dress conduct of women in daily and professional tasks. Objectives. Consider the kinematics changes induced by walking heels and determine a height of comfort in the least intrusive possible locomotor pattern. Materials and methods. Fifteen young women had normal-weighted were walked with shoes without heel and with eight-heeled shoes, successive heights ranging from 2 to 9 cm in freely chosen speed without heel shoes, with three step frequencies: ±20% Ffcwh (frequency step freely chosen to heel without shoes) and 0% Ffcwh. Results. The locomotor pattern was more affected by wearing heels at ±20% of frequency selected freely chosen in shoe without heel than 0%. The height of the comfort of the shoe heel in the step is 4.13 cm ± 0.34.
Real attribute of femininity, wearing high-heeled shoes is a dress conduct of women in daily and professional tasks. Objectives. Consider the kinematics changes induced by walking heels and determine a height of comfort in the least intrusive possible locomotor pattern. Materials and methods. Fifteen young women had normal-weighted were walked with shoes without heel and with eight-heeled shoes, successive heights ranging from 2 to 9 cm in freely chosen speed without heel shoes, with three step frequencies: ±20% Ffcwh (frequency step freely chosen to heel without shoes) and 0% Ffcwh. Results. The locomotor pattern was more affected by wearing heels at ±20% of frequency selected freely chosen in shoe without heel than 0%. The height of the comfort of the shoe heel in the step is 4.13 cm ± 0.34.
Wearing High Heel Shoes During Gait: Kinematics Impact and Determination of Comfort Height
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-02-15
© Science Publishing Group
Koussihouèdé Fifamè Eudia Nadège
Falola Jean-Marie
Lawani Mohamed Mansourou
Gouthon Polycarpe
Avossevou Yves Gabriel
Lawani Sophia
Wearing High Heel Shoes During Gait: Kinematics Impact and Determination of Comfort Height
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2015-02-15
2015-02-15
10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.11
© Science Publishing Group
Combating MRSA in Pakistan: An Integrated Drug Therapy Approach
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.13
Clinical microbiologist are facing challenge to defeat the bacterial infections like Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in humans; due to unique resistance in bacterial strain. There are limited medication options left to conquer this deadly toxicities, if holistic approach is ignored. Also the linked complications and consequences of infections may increase beyond threshold levels; if exercise only a single array of drug therapy. This empirical study aims to create synergy by adopting an integrated drug therapy approach for optimum treatment. This research article is based on primary microbial data collection (from sputum, urine and blood) in hospital; where the experiment focuses to investigate the highest risk vulnerable area. The result depicts high prevalence of MRSA in blood sample (50 %) among in-door patients of age above 50. The preventive and curative measures are discussed along with alternative multiple array of medication with prudent selection to achieve targeted and optimum outcome.
Clinical microbiologist are facing challenge to defeat the bacterial infections like Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in humans; due to unique resistance in bacterial strain. There are limited medication options left to conquer this deadly toxicities, if holistic approach is ignored. Also the linked complications and consequences of infections may increase beyond threshold levels; if exercise only a single array of drug therapy. This empirical study aims to create synergy by adopting an integrated drug therapy approach for optimum treatment. This research article is based on primary microbial data collection (from sputum, urine and blood) in hospital; where the experiment focuses to investigate the highest risk vulnerable area. The result depicts high prevalence of MRSA in blood sample (50 %) among in-door patients of age above 50. The preventive and curative measures are discussed along with alternative multiple array of medication with prudent selection to achieve targeted and optimum outcome.
Combating MRSA in Pakistan: An Integrated Drug Therapy Approach
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-02-25
© Science Publishing Group
Anas Rashid
Usamah Rashid Qureshi
Aiman Rashid
Hamza Rashid
Combating MRSA in Pakistan: An Integrated Drug Therapy Approach
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75
2015-02-25
2015-02-25
10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.13
© Science Publishing Group
Pseudomonas fluorescens Isolates Used as a Plant Growth Promoter of Faba Bean (Vicia faba) in Vitro as Well as in Vivo Study in Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.17
Production of the crop is affected by deficiency of fertilizers and low number of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in soil. At the present study, Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates possess a variety of promising properties which make it a good plant growth promoting traits. Twelve P. fluorescens isolates from rhizospheric soil of faba bean were isolated and assessed in vitro for their plant growth promoting activity based on their ability to produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN), siderophores, indole acetic acid (IAA), and ammonia and phosphate solubilization. The results indicated that most of the isolates tested possess plant growth promoting traits. Bio-primed faba bean seed with P. fluorescens 9 and P. fluorescens10 for plant growth promoting activities in green house showed a positive result. In addition, these to two isolates increased faba bean leaves number, branches number, height, root length, lateral roots and number of nodule per plant. Therefore, from this study it is possible to conclude that the use of P. fluorescens 9 and 10 isolates could increase the faba bean growth and yield performance. These isolates can be used as potential biofertilizers and plant growth promoter.
Production of the crop is affected by deficiency of fertilizers and low number of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in soil. At the present study, Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates possess a variety of promising properties which make it a good plant growth promoting traits. Twelve P. fluorescens isolates from rhizospheric soil of faba bean were isolated and assessed in vitro for their plant growth promoting activity based on their ability to produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN), siderophores, indole acetic acid (IAA), and ammonia and phosphate solubilization. The results indicated that most of the isolates tested possess plant growth promoting traits. Bio-primed faba bean seed with P. fluorescens 9 and P. fluorescens10 for plant growth promoting activities in green house showed a positive result. In addition, these to two isolates increased faba bean leaves number, branches number, height, root length, lateral roots and number of nodule per plant. Therefore, from this study it is possible to conclude that the use of P. fluorescens 9 and 10 isolates could increase the faba bean growth and yield performance. These isolates can be used as potential biofertilizers and plant growth promoter.
Pseudomonas fluorescens Isolates Used as a Plant Growth Promoter of Faba Bean (Vicia faba) in Vitro as Well as in Vivo Study in Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.17
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-03-24
© Science Publishing Group
Fekadu Alemu
Tesfaye Alemu
Pseudomonas fluorescens Isolates Used as a Plant Growth Promoter of Faba Bean (Vicia faba) in Vitro as Well as in Vivo Study in Ethiopia
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108
108
2015-03-24
2015-03-24
10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.17
© Science Publishing Group
Isolation and Identification of Rhizospheric Bacteria in Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) Cultivated on Acrisols and Ferrasols of Dong Nai Province, the Southeast of Vietnam
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.18
Nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacterial diversity and population dynamics in the Acrisol and Ferrasol rhizosphere of sugarcane grown in Dong Nai province, the eastern of South Vietnam was studied. Soil rhizosphere samples were taken in three districts (sites) of this region. Physical and chemical characteristics of soil samples and total nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria counts were determined by drop plate count method together with 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from DNA using eubacterial universal primers (27F and 1492R). A total of 31 isolates were isolated on two media (Burk’s N-free and NBRIP) and all of them have ability of nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization together with IAA biosynthesis. Population of nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria correlated with N total concentration and organic matter content in soil closely (P<0.05). The sequences from selected nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (12 isolates) showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references strains (between 98% and 99%). From 12 isolates, 7 belonged to Bacilli, while 2 were Beta-Proteobacteria, 1 was Acidobacteria and 2 were Bacteroides. Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), Bacilli group had the highest theta value and Theta values (persequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism were calculated for each group and Bacilli group had the highest values in comparison to three groups. From these results showed that two strains (Bacillus megaterium B6 (Ferrasols) and Sphingomonas sp. P14 (Acrisols)) revealed promising candidates with multiple beneficial characteristics and they have the potential for application as inoculants adapted to poor soils and sugarcane tree because they are not only famous strains but also are safety strains for agricultural sustainable.
Nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacterial diversity and population dynamics in the Acrisol and Ferrasol rhizosphere of sugarcane grown in Dong Nai province, the eastern of South Vietnam was studied. Soil rhizosphere samples were taken in three districts (sites) of this region. Physical and chemical characteristics of soil samples and total nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria counts were determined by drop plate count method together with 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from DNA using eubacterial universal primers (27F and 1492R). A total of 31 isolates were isolated on two media (Burk’s N-free and NBRIP) and all of them have ability of nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization together with IAA biosynthesis. Population of nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria correlated with N total concentration and organic matter content in soil closely (P<0.05). The sequences from selected nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (12 isolates) showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references strains (between 98% and 99%). From 12 isolates, 7 belonged to Bacilli, while 2 were Beta-Proteobacteria, 1 was Acidobacteria and 2 were Bacteroides. Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), Bacilli group had the highest theta value and Theta values (persequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism were calculated for each group and Bacilli group had the highest values in comparison to three groups. From these results showed that two strains (Bacillus megaterium B6 (Ferrasols) and Sphingomonas sp. P14 (Acrisols)) revealed promising candidates with multiple beneficial characteristics and they have the potential for application as inoculants adapted to poor soils and sugarcane tree because they are not only famous strains but also are safety strains for agricultural sustainable.
Isolation and Identification of Rhizospheric Bacteria in Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) Cultivated on Acrisols and Ferrasols of Dong Nai Province, the Southeast of Vietnam
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.18
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-03-27
© Science Publishing Group
Hoang Minh Tam
Cao Ngoc Diep
Isolation and Identification of Rhizospheric Bacteria in Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) Cultivated on Acrisols and Ferrasols of Dong Nai Province, the Southeast of Vietnam
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118
118
2015-03-27
2015-03-27
10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.18
© Science Publishing Group
Impact of Citharexylum Quadrangular Chloroform Extract and Micronutrient on Praziquantel in Schistosoma Mansoni Infected Mice
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.12
Praziquantel (PZQ), the drug of choice according to the World Health Organization (WHO), causes some side effects. The appearance of drug resistance against PZQ in Schistosoma mansoni infected species leads to must introduce new effective compounds and/or suppress its side effects. The aim of present work is a trial to solve this problem. Chloroform extract of Citharexylum quadrangular jacq leaves was used as a medicinal plant, which affect the Schistosoma mansoni adults. Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infected mice with the plant extract and/or the antioxidants vitamin E and selenium in combination with PZQ was studied. The study revealed that the combination of the chloroform extract together with vitamin E and selenium improved the efficiency of PZQ. These supplementations are very effective in attenuating the oxidative insult as well as other parameters: glutathione reductase (GR), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO) and lipid peroxidation (MDA), hepatic hydroxyproline content, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin- 10 (IL-10) and totalimmunoglobin E (total IgE) associated with Schistosomamansoni infection.
Praziquantel (PZQ), the drug of choice according to the World Health Organization (WHO), causes some side effects. The appearance of drug resistance against PZQ in Schistosoma mansoni infected species leads to must introduce new effective compounds and/or suppress its side effects. The aim of present work is a trial to solve this problem. Chloroform extract of Citharexylum quadrangular jacq leaves was used as a medicinal plant, which affect the Schistosoma mansoni adults. Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infected mice with the plant extract and/or the antioxidants vitamin E and selenium in combination with PZQ was studied. The study revealed that the combination of the chloroform extract together with vitamin E and selenium improved the efficiency of PZQ. These supplementations are very effective in attenuating the oxidative insult as well as other parameters: glutathione reductase (GR), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO) and lipid peroxidation (MDA), hepatic hydroxyproline content, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin- 10 (IL-10) and totalimmunoglobin E (total IgE) associated with Schistosomamansoni infection.
Impact of Citharexylum Quadrangular Chloroform Extract and Micronutrient on Praziquantel in Schistosoma Mansoni Infected Mice
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-02-16
© Science Publishing Group
Ebtehal M. Farrag
Azza M. Mohamed
Shadia M. Kadry
Ahlam H. Mahmoud
Abdel-Razik H. Farrag
Dalia B. Fayed
Impact of Citharexylum Quadrangular Chloroform Extract and Micronutrient on Praziquantel in Schistosoma Mansoni Infected Mice
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2015-02-16
2015-02-16
10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Association of Meat Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk: A Case Control Study in a Population of Iranian Women
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030201.12
Objective: Epidemiologic data do not provide consistent evidence for an association between consumption of meat and breast cancer risk. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study during April and July 2010 among Iranian women to investigate associations between dietary meat intake, its types and breast cancer risk. Methods: One-hundred consecutively recruited cases with newly diagnosed breast cancer were frequency matched to 175 controls by age. Dietary intake was assessed by using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios and 95% confidence interval were obtained by using multiple logistic regression models adjusted for various potentially confounding variables. Results: The mean age of participant was 46.2±8.9 and 45.9±9.4 y in cases and controls, respectively. After adjustment of potential confounders, no association was found between total meat intake and the odds of breast cancer, but the risk of breast cancer in the forth quartile of red meat intake, compared with first quartile, significantly increased (OR=2.43, 95% CI=1.11-5.32). Consumption of poultry > 212 g/week significantly decreased the risk of breast cancer. Higher intake of fish meat decreased the odds of breast cancer (P for trend<0.05), whereas higher intake of processed meat was accompanied with increased the risk of breast cancer (P for trend<0.05). Conclusion: We found a positive association between dietary intake of red meat and processed meat products with the odds of breast cancer, as well as protective effects of fish and poultry intake with breast cancer.
Objective: Epidemiologic data do not provide consistent evidence for an association between consumption of meat and breast cancer risk. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study during April and July 2010 among Iranian women to investigate associations between dietary meat intake, its types and breast cancer risk. Methods: One-hundred consecutively recruited cases with newly diagnosed breast cancer were frequency matched to 175 controls by age. Dietary intake was assessed by using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios and 95% confidence interval were obtained by using multiple logistic regression models adjusted for various potentially confounding variables. Results: The mean age of participant was 46.2±8.9 and 45.9±9.4 y in cases and controls, respectively. After adjustment of potential confounders, no association was found between total meat intake and the odds of breast cancer, but the risk of breast cancer in the forth quartile of red meat intake, compared with first quartile, significantly increased (OR=2.43, 95% CI=1.11-5.32). Consumption of poultry > 212 g/week significantly decreased the risk of breast cancer. Higher intake of fish meat decreased the odds of breast cancer (P for trend<0.05), whereas higher intake of processed meat was accompanied with increased the risk of breast cancer (P for trend<0.05). Conclusion: We found a positive association between dietary intake of red meat and processed meat products with the odds of breast cancer, as well as protective effects of fish and poultry intake with breast cancer.
The Association of Meat Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk: A Case Control Study in a Population of Iranian Women
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030201.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-11-22
© Science Publishing Group
Zeinab Karimi
Zahra Bahadoran
Anahita Houshiar-rad
Hamid-Reza Mirzayi
Bahram Rashidkhani
The Association of Meat Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk: A Case Control Study in a Population of Iranian Women
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11
11
2014-11-22
2014-11-22
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030201.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030201.12
© Science Publishing Group
Healthy Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Review of Current Data
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030201.11
There is growing evidence that healthy dietary patterns including Mediterranean, prudent, traditional and plant-food based dietary patterns could have favorable effects in breast cancer prevention but there are inconsistencies in this regard. In the current study we reviewed the current evidences in relation to healthy dietary patterns and the risk of breast cancer. Both positive and negative association between Mediterranean dietary pattern and scores as well as prudent and traditional diet and breast cancer risk were observed in case-control and cohort studies. These conflicting findings might be explained by several issue including different dietary assessment methods, different definitions of Mediterranean dietary pattern and score, measurement errors, race differences, and potential confounding variables adjusted in the models. The healthy dietary patterns with high loading of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes had been mainly accompanied with a considerable reduced risk of breast cancer in different races. It should be noted that menopausal and tumor's hormone receptor status, as well as body mass index of women had determinant role in the association of healthy dietary patterns and breast cancer risk. Protective effects of healthy dietary patterns against breast cancer were mainly observed in women with normal body weight (BMI<25 kg/m2). Further studies are required to clear the associations of dietary patterns and breast cancer risk.
There is growing evidence that healthy dietary patterns including Mediterranean, prudent, traditional and plant-food based dietary patterns could have favorable effects in breast cancer prevention but there are inconsistencies in this regard. In the current study we reviewed the current evidences in relation to healthy dietary patterns and the risk of breast cancer. Both positive and negative association between Mediterranean dietary pattern and scores as well as prudent and traditional diet and breast cancer risk were observed in case-control and cohort studies. These conflicting findings might be explained by several issue including different dietary assessment methods, different definitions of Mediterranean dietary pattern and score, measurement errors, race differences, and potential confounding variables adjusted in the models. The healthy dietary patterns with high loading of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes had been mainly accompanied with a considerable reduced risk of breast cancer in different races. It should be noted that menopausal and tumor's hormone receptor status, as well as body mass index of women had determinant role in the association of healthy dietary patterns and breast cancer risk. Protective effects of healthy dietary patterns against breast cancer were mainly observed in women with normal body weight (BMI<25 kg/m2). Further studies are required to clear the associations of dietary patterns and breast cancer risk.
Healthy Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Review of Current Data
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030201.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-11-22
© Science Publishing Group
Zahra Bahadoran
Zeinab Karimi
Somayeh Abedini
Healthy Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Review of Current Data
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5
2014-11-22
2014-11-22
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030201.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030201.11
© Science Publishing Group
Gene Expression Study on Similarity Effect of Thymoquinone on Epithelial Breast Cancer and Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030202.11
Adenocarcinoma is known as a common type of cancer which includes 85% of breast carcinoma and 95% of colorectal carcinoma. Up until now, the cytotoxic effect of Thymoquinone on different types of tumor cells has been reported. It was hypothesized that Thymoquinone has similar effect on cancer arising from epithelial cells through gene expression analysis in MCF7 breast cancer and HT-29 colon cancer cell lines. The quantity and quality of RNA samples were identified using RNeasyPlus Mini kit and RNA 6000 Nano LabChip kit, respectively. The purified RNA samples of MCF7 cells were used in two-color 8×60K cDNA array platform with SurePrint Agilent technology. The hybridized cRNA/cDNA probes were identified due to labeling with red and green cyanine dyes using GEX hybridization buffer HI-RPM. LOWESS normalization reduced the dye bias on the array slide using feature extraction software. Gene ontology analysis was done after performing different steps of filtering to reduce not satisfied genes using Gene Spring software. Two-step RT-qPCR assay using Taq Man fast advanced master mix analyzed the most up and down regulated genes in MCF7 compared to HT-29 cancer cell lines. The 10 different cancer cell lines in a form of universal reference RNA was used as standard data set comparison and as a positive control RNA in cDNA array and RT-qPCR assay, respectively. The T-test statistical analysis of independent samples showed that there is no significant difference between two types of cell lines due to Thymoquinone treatment with p-value 0.844. Among the selected genes; CARD16, UGT1A8, SLC7A11, IFIT1, IF16 and IFIT3 were expressed significantly (0.009, 0.0001, 0.037, 0.098, 0.0001 and 0.033, respectively) in breast cancer compare to colon cancer cells. The findings indicated similar effect of Thymoquinone on cancer arising from epithelial cells.
Adenocarcinoma is known as a common type of cancer which includes 85% of breast carcinoma and 95% of colorectal carcinoma. Up until now, the cytotoxic effect of Thymoquinone on different types of tumor cells has been reported. It was hypothesized that Thymoquinone has similar effect on cancer arising from epithelial cells through gene expression analysis in MCF7 breast cancer and HT-29 colon cancer cell lines. The quantity and quality of RNA samples were identified using RNeasyPlus Mini kit and RNA 6000 Nano LabChip kit, respectively. The purified RNA samples of MCF7 cells were used in two-color 8×60K cDNA array platform with SurePrint Agilent technology. The hybridized cRNA/cDNA probes were identified due to labeling with red and green cyanine dyes using GEX hybridization buffer HI-RPM. LOWESS normalization reduced the dye bias on the array slide using feature extraction software. Gene ontology analysis was done after performing different steps of filtering to reduce not satisfied genes using Gene Spring software. Two-step RT-qPCR assay using Taq Man fast advanced master mix analyzed the most up and down regulated genes in MCF7 compared to HT-29 cancer cell lines. The 10 different cancer cell lines in a form of universal reference RNA was used as standard data set comparison and as a positive control RNA in cDNA array and RT-qPCR assay, respectively. The T-test statistical analysis of independent samples showed that there is no significant difference between two types of cell lines due to Thymoquinone treatment with p-value 0.844. Among the selected genes; CARD16, UGT1A8, SLC7A11, IFIT1, IF16 and IFIT3 were expressed significantly (0.009, 0.0001, 0.037, 0.098, 0.0001 and 0.033, respectively) in breast cancer compare to colon cancer cells. The findings indicated similar effect of Thymoquinone on cancer arising from epithelial cells.
Gene Expression Study on Similarity Effect of Thymoquinone on Epithelial Breast Cancer and Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030202.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
Marjaneh Motaghed
Gene Expression Study on Similarity Effect of Thymoquinone on Epithelial Breast Cancer and Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines
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6
6
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030202.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030202.11
© Science Publishing Group
Cytotoxic, Cytostatic and Anti-Estrogenic Effect of Thymoquinone on Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer MCF7 Cell Line
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030202.12
About 80% of breast cancers are estrogen-receptor positive. The research carried out herein focused on the effect of Thymoquinone which is an active compound of Nigella sativa seed on estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer MCF7 cell line. The percentage of apoptotic cells was found using Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit. CycleTEST PLUS DNA Reagent was used to distinguish distribution of treated cells between different cell cycle phases. DNA microarray identified the regulated genes, level of expressed genes, gene ontology and pathway networks. Significant arrest of treated cells at G1 phase suggested cytostatic effect of Thymoquinone 100 µM after 24 hours at p-value < 0.05 which was similar to anti-estrogenic compounds such as Tamoxifen. Cytotoxic effect of Thymoquinone 100 µM was found through highly significant accumulation of cells at sub-G1 phase after 72 hours at p-value < 0.0001. CYP1A1, CYP1B1, NQO1 and UGT1A8 genes were down regulated after 24 hours treatment with Thymoquinone 50 µM concentration which suggested reduction of catechol estrogens and rising in metoxy forms of estradiol and estrone. Reduction of ER would be predictable due to the down-regulation of CYP1B1 and UGT1A8 genes which reduced affinity of trans-tamoxifen-o-glucuronide to ER. The study proposed the benefits of using Thymoquinone to accelerate Tamoxifen effects in treating breast cancer and reducing its side effects.
About 80% of breast cancers are estrogen-receptor positive. The research carried out herein focused on the effect of Thymoquinone which is an active compound of Nigella sativa seed on estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer MCF7 cell line. The percentage of apoptotic cells was found using Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit. CycleTEST PLUS DNA Reagent was used to distinguish distribution of treated cells between different cell cycle phases. DNA microarray identified the regulated genes, level of expressed genes, gene ontology and pathway networks. Significant arrest of treated cells at G1 phase suggested cytostatic effect of Thymoquinone 100 µM after 24 hours at p-value < 0.05 which was similar to anti-estrogenic compounds such as Tamoxifen. Cytotoxic effect of Thymoquinone 100 µM was found through highly significant accumulation of cells at sub-G1 phase after 72 hours at p-value < 0.0001. CYP1A1, CYP1B1, NQO1 and UGT1A8 genes were down regulated after 24 hours treatment with Thymoquinone 50 µM concentration which suggested reduction of catechol estrogens and rising in metoxy forms of estradiol and estrone. Reduction of ER would be predictable due to the down-regulation of CYP1B1 and UGT1A8 genes which reduced affinity of trans-tamoxifen-o-glucuronide to ER. The study proposed the benefits of using Thymoquinone to accelerate Tamoxifen effects in treating breast cancer and reducing its side effects.
Cytotoxic, Cytostatic and Anti-Estrogenic Effect of Thymoquinone on Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer MCF7 Cell Line
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030202.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
Marjaneh Motaghed
Cytotoxic, Cytostatic and Anti-Estrogenic Effect of Thymoquinone on Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer MCF7 Cell Line
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14
14
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030202.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030202.12
© Science Publishing Group
Wnt Signaling Inhibits the Growth of Primary Cilia and Activates CyclinD1, Snail and VEGFA Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Line MDA-MB-231
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.11
Although Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been shown to be essential in the process of cancer formation, it is unclear how Wnt3a signaling pathway regulates abnormal proliferation and differentiation of breast cancer cells. Here, we found overexpression of Wnt3a stimulated the expression of the Wntsignaling’s downstream genes such as LRP6, Naked, Axin1, DVL-2, β-catenin, and TCF-1 in breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231.Primarycilia is deemed as sensory cell antennae thatcoordinates a large number of cellular signaling pathways, sometimes coupling cell division and differentiation. Primary cilia were found on the surface of this cell line. Overexpression of Wnt3a decreased the formation of primary cilia. Inhibition of Wnt3a with Calphostin C facilitated growth of primary cilia. Wnt3a activated cell proliferation gene of CyclinD1. In contrary, Calphostin C decreased the promotional effect on proliferation of MDA-MB-231. The Snail family of transcription factor has previously been implicated in the differentiation of epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells (epithelial-mesenchymal transitions) during embryonic development. Wnt3a promoted MDA-MB-231 induced expression of Snail, whose effect was inhibited by Calphostin-C. VEGFA activity was originally referred to as vascular permeability factor and had been shown to stimulate endothelial cell mitogenesis and cell migration and increased microvascular permeability. Wnt3a facilitated MDA-MB-231 induced expression of VEGFA, as well as Calphostin-C suppressed its effect. Taken together, these results suggested thatWnt3a signaling played an important role in regulating the formation of breast cancer.
Although Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been shown to be essential in the process of cancer formation, it is unclear how Wnt3a signaling pathway regulates abnormal proliferation and differentiation of breast cancer cells. Here, we found overexpression of Wnt3a stimulated the expression of the Wntsignaling’s downstream genes such as LRP6, Naked, Axin1, DVL-2, β-catenin, and TCF-1 in breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231.Primarycilia is deemed as sensory cell antennae thatcoordinates a large number of cellular signaling pathways, sometimes coupling cell division and differentiation. Primary cilia were found on the surface of this cell line. Overexpression of Wnt3a decreased the formation of primary cilia. Inhibition of Wnt3a with Calphostin C facilitated growth of primary cilia. Wnt3a activated cell proliferation gene of CyclinD1. In contrary, Calphostin C decreased the promotional effect on proliferation of MDA-MB-231. The Snail family of transcription factor has previously been implicated in the differentiation of epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells (epithelial-mesenchymal transitions) during embryonic development. Wnt3a promoted MDA-MB-231 induced expression of Snail, whose effect was inhibited by Calphostin-C. VEGFA activity was originally referred to as vascular permeability factor and had been shown to stimulate endothelial cell mitogenesis and cell migration and increased microvascular permeability. Wnt3a facilitated MDA-MB-231 induced expression of VEGFA, as well as Calphostin-C suppressed its effect. Taken together, these results suggested thatWnt3a signaling played an important role in regulating the formation of breast cancer.
Wnt Signaling Inhibits the Growth of Primary Cilia and Activates CyclinD1, Snail and VEGFA Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Line MDA-MB-231
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-04-22
© Science Publishing Group
Xiaoyan Deng
Ning Hu
Lifu Wang
Feilong Li
Geli Liu
Xiangmei Wu
Chengfu Yuan
Zunpeng Liu
Jiachuan Pan
Changdong Wang
Wnt Signaling Inhibits the Growth of Primary Cilia and Activates CyclinD1, Snail and VEGFA Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Line MDA-MB-231
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133
133
2015-04-22
2015-04-22
10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.11
© Science Publishing Group
In Vitro Anthelmintic Efficacy of Fractions from Plumbago zeylanica L (Family- Plumbaginnaceae) Root Extract
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.12
Unlike synthetic drugs plants have different phytochemical constituents which can act collectively by which helminthes cannot resist them or there could be active constituent(s) in the plant with superior potency. The aim of this study was to investigate the anthelmintic activity of both crude and fractions of Plumbago zeylanica root extract for the purpose of finding long lasting and potent medicinal plant due to significant implications of helminthes in developing countries like Ethiopia. And where traditional medicine is wide spread and of immediate alternative. In the assay, chloroform crude extracts recorded less paralysis and death time than ethanolic crude extracts. Then crude extract was subjected to column chromatography from which nine pure compounds were isolated. In addition, the isolated compounds were higher in their anthelmintic activity than crude extracts at almost all concentrations. Both crude and fractions paralyse and kill the worms with less time than that of the positive control and even less than 10 fold especially at low concentrations in case of chloroform extracts. The findings here on anthelmintic activity of the root at lower concentrations are significant and for the first time. If in vivo data are included the plant can be used as long lasting drug for helminthes.
Unlike synthetic drugs plants have different phytochemical constituents which can act collectively by which helminthes cannot resist them or there could be active constituent(s) in the plant with superior potency. The aim of this study was to investigate the anthelmintic activity of both crude and fractions of Plumbago zeylanica root extract for the purpose of finding long lasting and potent medicinal plant due to significant implications of helminthes in developing countries like Ethiopia. And where traditional medicine is wide spread and of immediate alternative. In the assay, chloroform crude extracts recorded less paralysis and death time than ethanolic crude extracts. Then crude extract was subjected to column chromatography from which nine pure compounds were isolated. In addition, the isolated compounds were higher in their anthelmintic activity than crude extracts at almost all concentrations. Both crude and fractions paralyse and kill the worms with less time than that of the positive control and even less than 10 fold especially at low concentrations in case of chloroform extracts. The findings here on anthelmintic activity of the root at lower concentrations are significant and for the first time. If in vivo data are included the plant can be used as long lasting drug for helminthes.
In Vitro Anthelmintic Efficacy of Fractions from Plumbago zeylanica L (Family- Plumbaginnaceae) Root Extract
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-04-28
© Science Publishing Group
Yohannes Weldemariam Getahun
Afework Mulugeta Bezabh
In Vitro Anthelmintic Efficacy of Fractions from Plumbago zeylanica L (Family- Plumbaginnaceae) Root Extract
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142
142
2015-04-28
2015-04-28
10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.12
© Science Publishing Group
Occurrence of Different Types of Endometrial Carcinoma in Hysterectomy Specimens from Different Hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.13
Introduction: Endometrial carcinoma can occur due to different causes. It is associated with other diseases like endometrial hyperplasia, obesity, diabetes, early menarche and late menopause. Histological and histochemical procedures, help in diagnosis of different types of endometrial carcinoma. Objectives: To identify predominant histological and histochemical type of endometrial carcinoma from hysterectomy specimens collected from different tertiary care hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology: Slides / paraffin blocks of endometrial biopsies of hysterectomy specimens were taken, from 1st January 2008 to 31st December 2012. Results: In present study, total 226 hysterectomy cases were received in which 70 (30.97%) cases of different type of endometrial carcinoma were studied. The maximum 46 (65.71%) cases were of endometroid secretory adenocarcinoma. 16 (22.90%) cases, of Endometroid pappilary carcinoma. 3 (4.30%) cases of ciliated adenocarcinoma and 1 (1.42%) case villoglandular endometrial cancer. Conclusion: Increased tendency of endometroid secretory adenocarcinoma of endometrium as 46 (65.71%) cases out of 70 cases.
Introduction: Endometrial carcinoma can occur due to different causes. It is associated with other diseases like endometrial hyperplasia, obesity, diabetes, early menarche and late menopause. Histological and histochemical procedures, help in diagnosis of different types of endometrial carcinoma. Objectives: To identify predominant histological and histochemical type of endometrial carcinoma from hysterectomy specimens collected from different tertiary care hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology: Slides / paraffin blocks of endometrial biopsies of hysterectomy specimens were taken, from 1st January 2008 to 31st December 2012. Results: In present study, total 226 hysterectomy cases were received in which 70 (30.97%) cases of different type of endometrial carcinoma were studied. The maximum 46 (65.71%) cases were of endometroid secretory adenocarcinoma. 16 (22.90%) cases, of Endometroid pappilary carcinoma. 3 (4.30%) cases of ciliated adenocarcinoma and 1 (1.42%) case villoglandular endometrial cancer. Conclusion: Increased tendency of endometroid secretory adenocarcinoma of endometrium as 46 (65.71%) cases out of 70 cases.
Occurrence of Different Types of Endometrial Carcinoma in Hysterectomy Specimens from Different Hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-01
© Science Publishing Group
Izhar Fatima
Muhammad Noman Rashid
Farha Ahmed
Ali Muhammad Soomro
Occurrence of Different Types of Endometrial Carcinoma in Hysterectomy Specimens from Different Hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan
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3
146
146
2015-05-01
2015-05-01
10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.13
© Science Publishing Group
Isolation, Identification and Optimization of Crude Oil Degrading Micromycetes for Biosynthesis of Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.14
Poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) participate in activities of all organisms from energy source to structural components. Disruption of metabolism results in diseases like atherosclerosis and obesity. In this work, optimal conditions to production of arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and gamma- linolenic acids has been conducted in the oil degrading fungi-Cephalosporium humicola IE, Mucor globosus 11 and Pythium irregulare LX isolated from soils in Absheron peninsula, Azerbaijan. The fermentation process carried out at physicochemical conditions, carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature, pH, rate of inoculum, enzyme activity, exogenous fat and phosphate; as well as the stressful situations. Growth in crude oil as optimal carbon source showed that suitable nitrogen was peptone for lipid biosynthesis. In stable temperature the optimal lipid productionoccurred at 28°C, whereas in “temperature shifting technique”, greater yields occurred at 28°C for 5 days followed by at 15°C for 2 days. C/N ratio ranged from 4 to 64 and the optimal medium for production was composed of 2.0% glucose and 0.25% yeast extract, with addition of 0.1% KH2PO4 at neutral pH with 3% inoculum. Although the activities of the enzymes varied among the fungi, but the developmental profiles for all enzymes were practically similar. Additive fat and phosphate accelerated growth and enhanced PUFA production. Data showed that the procedure of adaptation of fungi motivated the increase of the rate of membrane phospholipids with a high quantity of PUFAs. This research is considered to be object of PUFA production as food supplements.
Poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) participate in activities of all organisms from energy source to structural components. Disruption of metabolism results in diseases like atherosclerosis and obesity. In this work, optimal conditions to production of arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and gamma- linolenic acids has been conducted in the oil degrading fungi-Cephalosporium humicola IE, Mucor globosus 11 and Pythium irregulare LX isolated from soils in Absheron peninsula, Azerbaijan. The fermentation process carried out at physicochemical conditions, carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature, pH, rate of inoculum, enzyme activity, exogenous fat and phosphate; as well as the stressful situations. Growth in crude oil as optimal carbon source showed that suitable nitrogen was peptone for lipid biosynthesis. In stable temperature the optimal lipid productionoccurred at 28°C, whereas in “temperature shifting technique”, greater yields occurred at 28°C for 5 days followed by at 15°C for 2 days. C/N ratio ranged from 4 to 64 and the optimal medium for production was composed of 2.0% glucose and 0.25% yeast extract, with addition of 0.1% KH2PO4 at neutral pH with 3% inoculum. Although the activities of the enzymes varied among the fungi, but the developmental profiles for all enzymes were practically similar. Additive fat and phosphate accelerated growth and enhanced PUFA production. Data showed that the procedure of adaptation of fungi motivated the increase of the rate of membrane phospholipids with a high quantity of PUFAs. This research is considered to be object of PUFA production as food supplements.
Isolation, Identification and Optimization of Crude Oil Degrading Micromycetes for Biosynthesis of Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Mehdi Ghasemi
Yemen Atakishiyeva
Isolation, Identification and Optimization of Crude Oil Degrading Micromycetes for Biosynthesis of Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids
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157
157
2015-05-06
2015-05-06
10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.14
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Natural and Artificial Ascorbic Acid Supplementation on the Growth Performance and Packed Cell Volume of Broiler Chicks
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.15
This research studied the effect of natural and artificial ascorbic acid supplementation on the growth performance and packed cell volume of broiler chicks. The experimental animals used were sixty (60) broiler chicks of three weeks old. Five broiler chicks were randomly assigned to each cage and there were four cages representing four different treatments. Cage A served as control where only water was given to the broiler chicks as treatment 1. Cage B contained chicks given 300mg natural ascorbic acid per liter of water as treatment 2. Cage C contained chicks given a mixture of 150mg natural and 150mg artificial ascorbic acid per liter of water as treatment 3 while cage D contained chicks given 300mg artificial ascorbic acid per liter of water. The birds were given the respective treatments for five weeks and the experiment was replicated three times. At the end of the experiment it was observed that broilers fed with natural ascorbic acid had the highest weight gain (1.22kg), followed by birds fed with natural and artificial ascorbic acid (1.09kg). Broilers fed with artificial ascorbic acid recorded a weight gain of (0.89kg) while the control group has the least weight gain of (0.79kg). Again broilers fed with natural and artificial ascorbic acid recorded the highest PCV gain (21.23%), followed by broilers fed with artificial ascorbic acid (18.1%). Broilers on the control diet recorded a PCV gain of (12.84%) while broilers fed with natural ascorbic acid recorded the least PCV gain of (9.93%). From the result of the experiment, it was observed that natural ascorbic acid enhanced growth of the broiler chicks while combination of both natural and artificial ascorbic acid boost the PCV of the broiler chicks.
This research studied the effect of natural and artificial ascorbic acid supplementation on the growth performance and packed cell volume of broiler chicks. The experimental animals used were sixty (60) broiler chicks of three weeks old. Five broiler chicks were randomly assigned to each cage and there were four cages representing four different treatments. Cage A served as control where only water was given to the broiler chicks as treatment 1. Cage B contained chicks given 300mg natural ascorbic acid per liter of water as treatment 2. Cage C contained chicks given a mixture of 150mg natural and 150mg artificial ascorbic acid per liter of water as treatment 3 while cage D contained chicks given 300mg artificial ascorbic acid per liter of water. The birds were given the respective treatments for five weeks and the experiment was replicated three times. At the end of the experiment it was observed that broilers fed with natural ascorbic acid had the highest weight gain (1.22kg), followed by birds fed with natural and artificial ascorbic acid (1.09kg). Broilers fed with artificial ascorbic acid recorded a weight gain of (0.89kg) while the control group has the least weight gain of (0.79kg). Again broilers fed with natural and artificial ascorbic acid recorded the highest PCV gain (21.23%), followed by broilers fed with artificial ascorbic acid (18.1%). Broilers on the control diet recorded a PCV gain of (12.84%) while broilers fed with natural ascorbic acid recorded the least PCV gain of (9.93%). From the result of the experiment, it was observed that natural ascorbic acid enhanced growth of the broiler chicks while combination of both natural and artificial ascorbic acid boost the PCV of the broiler chicks.
Effect of Natural and Artificial Ascorbic Acid Supplementation on the Growth Performance and Packed Cell Volume of Broiler Chicks
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-12
© Science Publishing Group
Ufele Angela Nwogor
Okoye Chidiebere Bridget
Ebenebe Cordelia Ifeyinwa
Effect of Natural and Artificial Ascorbic Acid Supplementation on the Growth Performance and Packed Cell Volume of Broiler Chicks
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161
161
2015-05-12
2015-05-12
10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.15
© Science Publishing Group
Serologic Hepatitis B Immunity in Vaccinated Health Care Workers
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.16
The risk of acquiring hepatitis B infection through exposure for blood or its product is highest among health care workers. The most important approach for the prevention of occupational HBV infection is the use of hepatitis B vaccine among HCWs at risk. The present study was undertaken to assess the immune status of HBV vaccinated health care workers. A total of 268 HCWs of Adichunchanagiri Hospital and Research Centre attached to AIMS, B.G.Nagara were enrolled for the study .The study group includes doctors (113), medical & nursing students (61), nurses (59), technicians (15), group D workers (12) and others (8). The serum samples of the participants were tested for Anti-HBsAb levels using ELISA kit (Diasorin, Italy). Anti HBsAb titre of ≥ 10mIU/ml was considered as immune and < 10 mIU /ml as non-immune. The mean age of the study group was 29.49 years. Of the 268 participants 54.85% were female and 45.14% male. 23.5% had history of complete vaccination and 76.49% had incomplete vaccination (1/2 doses). 72.01% were immune and 27.98% non immune. There is a need for stringent and clear policies for HBV screening, vaccination and post vaccination assessment.
The risk of acquiring hepatitis B infection through exposure for blood or its product is highest among health care workers. The most important approach for the prevention of occupational HBV infection is the use of hepatitis B vaccine among HCWs at risk. The present study was undertaken to assess the immune status of HBV vaccinated health care workers. A total of 268 HCWs of Adichunchanagiri Hospital and Research Centre attached to AIMS, B.G.Nagara were enrolled for the study .The study group includes doctors (113), medical & nursing students (61), nurses (59), technicians (15), group D workers (12) and others (8). The serum samples of the participants were tested for Anti-HBsAb levels using ELISA kit (Diasorin, Italy). Anti HBsAb titre of ≥ 10mIU/ml was considered as immune and < 10 mIU /ml as non-immune. The mean age of the study group was 29.49 years. Of the 268 participants 54.85% were female and 45.14% male. 23.5% had history of complete vaccination and 76.49% had incomplete vaccination (1/2 doses). 72.01% were immune and 27.98% non immune. There is a need for stringent and clear policies for HBV screening, vaccination and post vaccination assessment.
Serologic Hepatitis B Immunity in Vaccinated Health Care Workers
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.16
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-12
© Science Publishing Group
Vijaya Doddaiah
Katta Janakiram
Shakthi Ramamurthy
Megha Sharathchandru
Yashaswini M Krishnamurthy
Santhya Seenivasen
Serologic Hepatitis B Immunity in Vaccinated Health Care Workers
3
3
166
166
2015-05-12
2015-05-12
10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.16
© Science Publishing Group
Water Quality Assessment of Piatua River Using Macroinvertebrates in Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.17
There is an increased interest in the Researchers, Government in the conservation of water resources in Central Amazonia region particularly in Ecuador. We collected water sample in two different sampling stations in the upstream and downstream of river Piatua. So far no work has been carried out on the water quality of river Piatua to understand the biodiversity of macroinvertebrates and use of the same in the water quality assessment. Our final index included the following metrics namely Biotic index, Ephemeroptera, -Plecoptera- Trichopters, (EPT) richness as richness measures, EPT and Chironomidae ratio, H’ ,evenness (Hmax) and BMWP ABI to understand the water quality . We have also studied the physic chemical characteristics of water and coliform bacteria to assess the quality of water .All the values obtained reflect the quality water in the sampling station 1 Piatua High Basin which is in the upstream is better than the station Piatua 2 CIPCA which is in down stream. In general, both the sampling stations show the slow deterioration in water quality and thus necessitated a need for mitigation measure to save the Piatua river. The various metric values are less than 0.05 (p value is >0.05).
There is an increased interest in the Researchers, Government in the conservation of water resources in Central Amazonia region particularly in Ecuador. We collected water sample in two different sampling stations in the upstream and downstream of river Piatua. So far no work has been carried out on the water quality of river Piatua to understand the biodiversity of macroinvertebrates and use of the same in the water quality assessment. Our final index included the following metrics namely Biotic index, Ephemeroptera, -Plecoptera- Trichopters, (EPT) richness as richness measures, EPT and Chironomidae ratio, H’ ,evenness (Hmax) and BMWP ABI to understand the water quality . We have also studied the physic chemical characteristics of water and coliform bacteria to assess the quality of water .All the values obtained reflect the quality water in the sampling station 1 Piatua High Basin which is in the upstream is better than the station Piatua 2 CIPCA which is in down stream. In general, both the sampling stations show the slow deterioration in water quality and thus necessitated a need for mitigation measure to save the Piatua river. The various metric values are less than 0.05 (p value is >0.05).
Water Quality Assessment of Piatua River Using Macroinvertebrates in Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.17
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-15
© Science Publishing Group
Mariadoss Selvanayagam
Ricardo Abril
Water Quality Assessment of Piatua River Using Macroinvertebrates in Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
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3
174
174
2015-05-15
2015-05-15
10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.17
© Science Publishing Group
Zoobenthos in the Xhimojay Dam, State of Mexico
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.18
Monthly samplings were carried out during 2013 in the Xhimojay dam, Jilotepec, Estado de Mexico with the objective of determine changes in the composition and abundance of zoobenthos throughout time and its relationship with environmental conditions of their habitat. The organisms were collected performing trawls 1 m2. The samples were sieved and the obtained organisms were placed in vials for fixing. The different groups were identified to a permissible level, organisms each taxa were counted and weighed. 19 orders belonging to nine classes were identified, the insects were the group with highest richness, Order hemiptera were more abundant (29.81%) and decapods were the most ecologically important for the system (89.83%). Diversity (0.7 decits) and evenness (0.63), although on average it is low, is normal for this type of systems and presented variations during the year, mainly due to the rainy and dry seasons, registering in August the highest value (H´= 0.9117 decits and J´= 0.7751) and in February the lowest value (H´= 0.4949 decits and J´ =0.4753). Distribution, presence and abundance of zoobenthos, is changing along the year due to the biology of each of the groups, as well as variations in the volume of water in the system due to the seasonality of rainfall and dry and use of this body of water for agriculture, livestock and domestic use, therefore, the factors that most determine the distribution and abundance of the zoobenthos, were depth, pH, and transparency.
Monthly samplings were carried out during 2013 in the Xhimojay dam, Jilotepec, Estado de Mexico with the objective of determine changes in the composition and abundance of zoobenthos throughout time and its relationship with environmental conditions of their habitat. The organisms were collected performing trawls 1 m2. The samples were sieved and the obtained organisms were placed in vials for fixing. The different groups were identified to a permissible level, organisms each taxa were counted and weighed. 19 orders belonging to nine classes were identified, the insects were the group with highest richness, Order hemiptera were more abundant (29.81%) and decapods were the most ecologically important for the system (89.83%). Diversity (0.7 decits) and evenness (0.63), although on average it is low, is normal for this type of systems and presented variations during the year, mainly due to the rainy and dry seasons, registering in August the highest value (H´= 0.9117 decits and J´= 0.7751) and in February the lowest value (H´= 0.4949 decits and J´ =0.4753). Distribution, presence and abundance of zoobenthos, is changing along the year due to the biology of each of the groups, as well as variations in the volume of water in the system due to the seasonality of rainfall and dry and use of this body of water for agriculture, livestock and domestic use, therefore, the factors that most determine the distribution and abundance of the zoobenthos, were depth, pH, and transparency.
Zoobenthos in the Xhimojay Dam, State of Mexico
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.18
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Asela Del Carmen Rodríguez-Varela
Adolfo Cruz-Gómez
Horacio Vázquez-López
Mitzi Alejandra Fonseca-Romero
Ana Laura Grimaldo-Bahena
Zoobenthos in the Xhimojay Dam, State of Mexico
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2015-05-19
2015-05-19
10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.18
© Science Publishing Group
Ichthyofauna in the XhimojayDam, State of Mexico
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.19
The State of Mexico has a large number of reservoirs that have the conditions necessary to host the life of freshwater fish, such is the case of Xhimojay dam for which there are no studies on the fish community. The objective of the present study was to determine the species of fish in the dam Xhimojay, State of Mexico, during the annual cycle 2013. Monthly samplings were made; the characteristics of habitat were recorded and collect organism for subsequent analysis in the laboratory. The physicochemical parameters which had a greater fluctuation in the system were deep and transparency. Four families were recorded where each family filed a species: Chirostoma jordani, Girardinichthys multiradiatus, Heterandria bimaculata and Cyprinus carpio, the most abundant species was G. multiradiatus with 1496 individuals and the species with smaller number of registered organisms was H. bimaculata with 121. The greatest diversity was presented in October and the lowest diversity was recorded in June. The species with the highest value of ecological importance was G. multiradiatus being that the physical and chemical parameters that characterize the environment favoring their presence.
The State of Mexico has a large number of reservoirs that have the conditions necessary to host the life of freshwater fish, such is the case of Xhimojay dam for which there are no studies on the fish community. The objective of the present study was to determine the species of fish in the dam Xhimojay, State of Mexico, during the annual cycle 2013. Monthly samplings were made; the characteristics of habitat were recorded and collect organism for subsequent analysis in the laboratory. The physicochemical parameters which had a greater fluctuation in the system were deep and transparency. Four families were recorded where each family filed a species: Chirostoma jordani, Girardinichthys multiradiatus, Heterandria bimaculata and Cyprinus carpio, the most abundant species was G. multiradiatus with 1496 individuals and the species with smaller number of registered organisms was H. bimaculata with 121. The greatest diversity was presented in October and the lowest diversity was recorded in June. The species with the highest value of ecological importance was G. multiradiatus being that the physical and chemical parameters that characterize the environment favoring their presence.
Ichthyofauna in the XhimojayDam, State of Mexico
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.19
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Rodríguez-Varela Asela Del Carmen
Cruz-Gómez Adolfo
Vázquez-López Horacio
Karen Hernández-Pérez
Luis Roberto Palacios-Navarro
Ichthyofauna in the XhimojayDam, State of Mexico
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189
2015-05-19
2015-05-19
10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.19
© Science Publishing Group
Allometric Equation for Biomass Determination in Juniperus procera Endl. and Podocarpus falcatus Mirb of Wof-Washa Forest: Implication for Climate Change Mitigation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.20
Estimation of net above ground biomass in forest ecosystems by non-destructive means requires the development of allometric equations, to allow prediction of above ground biomass from readily measurable variables such as Diameter at Breast Height (DBH). Equations of this type have not been well developed for trees of Wof-Washa Forest. In the present study, trees of two species namely Juniperus procera and Podocarpus falcatus, with three diameter classes (30-50 cm, 51-70 cm and 71-100cm) with the aim of developing appropriate allometric equations were characterized. Each species considered separately, there was significant variation among the slopes and elevations of the equations obtained for each. The allometric equation that was obtained for the two species had significant (P> 0.000) fit for linear model. The difference between DBH-biomass relationships among these species can be attributed to differences in the distribution of biomass among trunk-plus-large-branches, secondary branches and leaves, and also woody tissue density. Comparison of these results with those obtained using a previously published allometric model revealed significant differences with biomass estimation. It is believed that previously published allometric model corresponding to above ground biomass in dry forests may bear errors, and propose the new equations to be used in the future for the two species and that other one have to become developed for the remaining species.
Estimation of net above ground biomass in forest ecosystems by non-destructive means requires the development of allometric equations, to allow prediction of above ground biomass from readily measurable variables such as Diameter at Breast Height (DBH). Equations of this type have not been well developed for trees of Wof-Washa Forest. In the present study, trees of two species namely Juniperus procera and Podocarpus falcatus, with three diameter classes (30-50 cm, 51-70 cm and 71-100cm) with the aim of developing appropriate allometric equations were characterized. Each species considered separately, there was significant variation among the slopes and elevations of the equations obtained for each. The allometric equation that was obtained for the two species had significant (P> 0.000) fit for linear model. The difference between DBH-biomass relationships among these species can be attributed to differences in the distribution of biomass among trunk-plus-large-branches, secondary branches and leaves, and also woody tissue density. Comparison of these results with those obtained using a previously published allometric model revealed significant differences with biomass estimation. It is believed that previously published allometric model corresponding to above ground biomass in dry forests may bear errors, and propose the new equations to be used in the future for the two species and that other one have to become developed for the remaining species.
Allometric Equation for Biomass Determination in Juniperus procera Endl. and Podocarpus falcatus Mirb of Wof-Washa Forest: Implication for Climate Change Mitigation
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.20
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-21
© Science Publishing Group
Eyosias Worku
Teshome Soromessa
Allometric Equation for Biomass Determination in Juniperus procera Endl. and Podocarpus falcatus Mirb of Wof-Washa Forest: Implication for Climate Change Mitigation
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3
202
202
2015-05-21
2015-05-21
10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.20
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Annona senegalensis on Selected Testicular Function Indices of Wistar Rats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.21
This study evaluated the effect of Annona senegalensis on selected biochemical and testicular function indices in rats. Twenty Wistar rats (125 – 127 g) were randomly assigned into four experimental groups: A, B, C and D, (n = 5/ group). Animals in group A served as control and was administered distilled water, while animals in groups B, C, and D were given 100 mg/kg body weight (bw), 200 mg/kg bw and 300 mg/kg bw of aqueous leaf extract of Annona senegalensis (ALEAS) respectively by oral gavage for 21 days. Data revealed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the testis-body weight ratio and total protein content in the testes of rats administered ALEAS compared to the control. There was also a significant increase (P < 0.05) in testicular cholesterol, glycogen, malondialdhyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) activity. Additionally, histopathological studies revealed a marked degeneration of seminiferous tubules. Overall, data from the present study suggest that aqueous leaf extract of Annona senegalensis may possess the potential to adversely affect testicular function in rat.
This study evaluated the effect of Annona senegalensis on selected biochemical and testicular function indices in rats. Twenty Wistar rats (125 – 127 g) were randomly assigned into four experimental groups: A, B, C and D, (n = 5/ group). Animals in group A served as control and was administered distilled water, while animals in groups B, C, and D were given 100 mg/kg body weight (bw), 200 mg/kg bw and 300 mg/kg bw of aqueous leaf extract of Annona senegalensis (ALEAS) respectively by oral gavage for 21 days. Data revealed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the testis-body weight ratio and total protein content in the testes of rats administered ALEAS compared to the control. There was also a significant increase (P < 0.05) in testicular cholesterol, glycogen, malondialdhyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) activity. Additionally, histopathological studies revealed a marked degeneration of seminiferous tubules. Overall, data from the present study suggest that aqueous leaf extract of Annona senegalensis may possess the potential to adversely affect testicular function in rat.
Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Annona senegalensis on Selected Testicular Function Indices of Wistar Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.21
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-27
© Science Publishing Group
Charles Obiora Nwonuma
Emenike Onyebum Irokanulo
Adeyemi Eunice Jolaiya
Ayokanmi Ore
Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Annona senegalensis on Selected Testicular Function Indices of Wistar Rats
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3
212
212
2015-05-27
2015-05-27
10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.21
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.21
© Science Publishing Group
Floristic Survey of a Portion of the Vegetation Complex of the Coastal Zone in Piauí State, Brazil
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.22
The coast of Piauí state, unexplored regarding its phytodiversity, instigates conducting research that contributes to the knowledge of its flora. This study aims to better understand the floristic diversity of a patch of vegetation in the village of Curral Velho (02º 52’ 45” S and 41° 40’ 01” W), in the municipality of Luís Correia, Piauí state. Random monthly samples were collected in the study area over eight months; 105 specimens were collected and 93 species belonging to 76 genera and 33 families were identified. Local flora includes floristic elements of Caatinga, Cerrado and Restinga, suggesting that the plant community in the coastal area of Piauí has a transitional nature. This study brings unpublished data on the floristic diversity of the studied area, contributing, ultimately, to the knowledge of the flora in the state as a whole. This is a pioneer and partial inventory in this portion of the state and does not portray its full phytodiversity, thus subsequent surveys are required to add data for a better knowledge on the flora in the studied stretch.
The coast of Piauí state, unexplored regarding its phytodiversity, instigates conducting research that contributes to the knowledge of its flora. This study aims to better understand the floristic diversity of a patch of vegetation in the village of Curral Velho (02º 52’ 45” S and 41° 40’ 01” W), in the municipality of Luís Correia, Piauí state. Random monthly samples were collected in the study area over eight months; 105 specimens were collected and 93 species belonging to 76 genera and 33 families were identified. Local flora includes floristic elements of Caatinga, Cerrado and Restinga, suggesting that the plant community in the coastal area of Piauí has a transitional nature. This study brings unpublished data on the floristic diversity of the studied area, contributing, ultimately, to the knowledge of the flora in the state as a whole. This is a pioneer and partial inventory in this portion of the state and does not portray its full phytodiversity, thus subsequent surveys are required to add data for a better knowledge on the flora in the studied stretch.
Floristic Survey of a Portion of the Vegetation Complex of the Coastal Zone in Piauí State, Brazil
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.22
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-06-02
© Science Publishing Group
Mateus Cardoso do Amaral
Jesus Rodrigues Lemos
Floristic Survey of a Portion of the Vegetation Complex of the Coastal Zone in Piauí State, Brazil
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218
2015-06-02
2015-06-02
10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.22
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.22
© Science Publishing Group
Life Cycles of Neochetina bruchi Warner and Neochetina eichhorniae Hustache as Potential Biological Control Agents in the Semi Arid Zone of Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.23
Biological control is the use of living organism to suppress or control another living organisms, and it is cost-effective and environment-friendly. Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes infestations in Nigeria stifles economic uses of surface waters, and arthropods have been used as biological control agents to reduce water hyacinth infestations, with smooth water hyacinth weevils (Neochetina eichhorniae) and N. bruchi being the most utilized. However, these weevils are not easily available due to lack of insectaries in most ecological zones of Nigeria, which underscores the need for this study. The first step is to understand the life cycles of the weevils under the target ecological zones, so that they can be reared when the need arises. This study was conducted, with the aim of quantifying the lifecycles of Neochetina bruchi and Neochetina eichhorniae under the semi-arid Maiduguri conditions in Nigeria. The life cycles of the Neochetina species reared in the semi arid conditions show peculiar characteristics. No significant difference was observed between N. bruchi and N. eichhorniae in terms of egg duration. However, the larval stage of N. eichhorniae lasted for about 2 months, but only one in the case of month for N. bruchi. This study highlights the potentials of the two weevils (N. bruchi and N. eichhorniae) as potential biological control agents in the semi arid climate of Nigeria. The lifecycle of the weevils show that both weevils can act as biological control agents, but N. eichhorniae has greater potentials, given its longer-lasting larval stage.
Biological control is the use of living organism to suppress or control another living organisms, and it is cost-effective and environment-friendly. Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes infestations in Nigeria stifles economic uses of surface waters, and arthropods have been used as biological control agents to reduce water hyacinth infestations, with smooth water hyacinth weevils (Neochetina eichhorniae) and N. bruchi being the most utilized. However, these weevils are not easily available due to lack of insectaries in most ecological zones of Nigeria, which underscores the need for this study. The first step is to understand the life cycles of the weevils under the target ecological zones, so that they can be reared when the need arises. This study was conducted, with the aim of quantifying the lifecycles of Neochetina bruchi and Neochetina eichhorniae under the semi-arid Maiduguri conditions in Nigeria. The life cycles of the Neochetina species reared in the semi arid conditions show peculiar characteristics. No significant difference was observed between N. bruchi and N. eichhorniae in terms of egg duration. However, the larval stage of N. eichhorniae lasted for about 2 months, but only one in the case of month for N. bruchi. This study highlights the potentials of the two weevils (N. bruchi and N. eichhorniae) as potential biological control agents in the semi arid climate of Nigeria. The lifecycle of the weevils show that both weevils can act as biological control agents, but N. eichhorniae has greater potentials, given its longer-lasting larval stage.
Life Cycles of Neochetina bruchi Warner and Neochetina eichhorniae Hustache as Potential Biological Control Agents in the Semi Arid Zone of Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.23
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-06-05
© Science Publishing Group
Hamsatu L. Hamadina
C. E. Anaso
A. Umar
Life Cycles of Neochetina bruchi Warner and Neochetina eichhorniae Hustache as Potential Biological Control Agents in the Semi Arid Zone of Nigeria
3
3
222
222
2015-06-05
2015-06-05
10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.23
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.23
© Science Publishing Group
Boho-Chic Style Utilizing for Fashionable Apparel Design
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.24
The convergence of art and fashion had already been fully developed many years ago. Today, they have combined together in a productive relationship that stimulates the creative expression of a new lifestyle. The term “Bohemian” has often been used to refer to the fashion and lifestyles of writers, artists, and other individuals who live outside of the norms and standards of other members of society. Bohemian fashion more recently developed to the term "Boho-Chic" that is largely inspired by the bohemian styles of the nineteenth century with some influences of recent fashion trends. It is a very appealing style that has found its way into a number of different fashions for women. The features of Boho-Chic are notable in that they can create some details that are very specific and unique around the build of an outfit or other kind of fashion. This style is one of the most interesting fashion styles of today which requires a great fashion sense to be able to put the right pieces together to create an enviable and unique look. In this research the fashion elements of this revival style are utilized in contemporary apparel designs, which reflect the aesthetic features of the Boho-Chic to connect the human with world and nature.
The convergence of art and fashion had already been fully developed many years ago. Today, they have combined together in a productive relationship that stimulates the creative expression of a new lifestyle. The term “Bohemian” has often been used to refer to the fashion and lifestyles of writers, artists, and other individuals who live outside of the norms and standards of other members of society. Bohemian fashion more recently developed to the term "Boho-Chic" that is largely inspired by the bohemian styles of the nineteenth century with some influences of recent fashion trends. It is a very appealing style that has found its way into a number of different fashions for women. The features of Boho-Chic are notable in that they can create some details that are very specific and unique around the build of an outfit or other kind of fashion. This style is one of the most interesting fashion styles of today which requires a great fashion sense to be able to put the right pieces together to create an enviable and unique look. In this research the fashion elements of this revival style are utilized in contemporary apparel designs, which reflect the aesthetic features of the Boho-Chic to connect the human with world and nature.
Boho-Chic Style Utilizing for Fashionable Apparel Design
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.24
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-06-12
© Science Publishing Group
Rehab Mahmoud Kotb
Boho-Chic Style Utilizing for Fashionable Apparel Design
3
3
229
229
2015-06-12
2015-06-12
10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.24
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.24
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Used in Sudanese Folk Medicine for Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.25
Punica granatum, Citrullus colocynthes, Curcuma long, Albizia lebbeckandAzardirachta indicaare used in traditional medical practice in Sudan for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract infections. The methanol and aqueous extracts from different plant parts (Peel of fruits, rhizome, fruits, leaves, and Gum) respectively at a concentration of 100 mg/ml, were evaluated against 20 clinical isolates (2 were Salmonella typhi,5 Proteus mirabilis,4 Escherichia coli,5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa,3 Staphylococcus aureus, one was Salmonella para typhi B) and 5 standard bacterial strains (Staphylococcusaureus ATCC 25923), Bacillus subtilis (NCTC 8236), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella typhi (ATCC1319106) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 35657) were tested for their antibacterial properties using the Agar Diffusion Technique in vitro. Of all plants methanolic and aqueous extracts of Punica granatum were the most active with clinical isolates and standard bacterial strains showed relatively high antibacterial activity against most of the tested microorganisms with the diameter of inhibition zones ranging between 14 and 24 mm, whereas the methanolic extract of Curcuma long showed high antibacterial activity againstProteus mirabilis clinical isolate (1Z = 20 mm). Most susceptible Gram-negative clinical Isolates bacteria were Escherichia coli and Proteusmirabilis. Most susceptible Gram negative standard bacteria were Bacillus subtilis (NCTC 8236) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and least susceptible Gram negative bacterium was Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 35657).In Gram positive standard bacteria, most susceptible was S.aureus (ATCC 25923).Antibiotics was used as standards drug for antibacterial assay. The results obtained appeared to confirm the antibacterial potential of the plants investigated, and their usefulness in the treatment of gastrointestinal tract infections.
Punica granatum, Citrullus colocynthes, Curcuma long, Albizia lebbeckandAzardirachta indicaare used in traditional medical practice in Sudan for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract infections. The methanol and aqueous extracts from different plant parts (Peel of fruits, rhizome, fruits, leaves, and Gum) respectively at a concentration of 100 mg/ml, were evaluated against 20 clinical isolates (2 were Salmonella typhi,5 Proteus mirabilis,4 Escherichia coli,5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa,3 Staphylococcus aureus, one was Salmonella para typhi B) and 5 standard bacterial strains (Staphylococcusaureus ATCC 25923), Bacillus subtilis (NCTC 8236), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella typhi (ATCC1319106) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 35657) were tested for their antibacterial properties using the Agar Diffusion Technique in vitro. Of all plants methanolic and aqueous extracts of Punica granatum were the most active with clinical isolates and standard bacterial strains showed relatively high antibacterial activity against most of the tested microorganisms with the diameter of inhibition zones ranging between 14 and 24 mm, whereas the methanolic extract of Curcuma long showed high antibacterial activity againstProteus mirabilis clinical isolate (1Z = 20 mm). Most susceptible Gram-negative clinical Isolates bacteria were Escherichia coli and Proteusmirabilis. Most susceptible Gram negative standard bacteria were Bacillus subtilis (NCTC 8236) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and least susceptible Gram negative bacterium was Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 35657).In Gram positive standard bacteria, most susceptible was S.aureus (ATCC 25923).Antibiotics was used as standards drug for antibacterial assay. The results obtained appeared to confirm the antibacterial potential of the plants investigated, and their usefulness in the treatment of gastrointestinal tract infections.
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Used in Sudanese Folk Medicine for Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.25
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-06-15
© Science Publishing Group
Hatil Hashim Elkamali
Sana Eltayeb Mahjoob
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Used in Sudanese Folk Medicine for Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
3
3
237
237
2015-06-15
2015-06-15
10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.25
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.25
© Science Publishing Group
Distribution of Earthworms at Different Habitats in Tangail, Bangladesh and Significantly Impacts on Soil pH, Organic Carbonand Nitrogen
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.26
Distribution of Earthworms at Different Habitats in Tangail District Significantly Impacts on Soil pH, Organic Carbon and Nitrogen. The earthworms were studied on habitat base. Two orders of class Oligochaeta of phylum Annelida: five families, nine genera include fifteen species. The recorded species are Drawida limella Gates 1934, Drawid anepalensis Michaelsen 1907, Glyphidrilus tuberosus Stephenson 1916, Amynthas alexandri Beddard 1900, Lampito mauritii Kinberg 1866, Metaphire houlleti Perrier 1872, Metaphire posthuma Vaillant 1868, Perionyx excavatus Perrier 1872, Perionyx horai Stephenson 1924, Perionyx modestus Stephenson 1922, Perionyx simlaensis Michaelsen 1907, Dichogaster modiglianii Rosa 1896, Dichogaster saliens Beddard 1893, Eutyphoeus gigas Stephenson 1917, Eutyphoeus orientalis Beddard 1883. The Highest number (11) of species was observed in water body adjacent habitat. The lowest number (03) of species was observed in steep habitat. The highest number (10) of species was observed in Gopalpur and Bhuapur upazila and the lowest number (04) of species was observed in Madhupur upazila. The studied parameters of soil were pH, organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N).The pH value of soil in the study area was slightly acidic but very close to the neutral status. Organic carbon status of the soil favors the distribution and abundance of earthworm that influence the soil nutrients and fertility. Nitrogen status was recorded under low level marked (0.075 %) in eleven (11) upazila out of twelve (12). The scenario of the soil nutrients OC and N are not up to the mark in the study area. Positive correlation was found between pH value of soil and earthworm species distribution in different habitats. Organic carbon is positively correlated with earthworm distribution. Nitrogen is positively correlated with organic carbon. These correlations establish that soil fertility is an integrated task where the participation of earthworm plays positive role.
Distribution of Earthworms at Different Habitats in Tangail District Significantly Impacts on Soil pH, Organic Carbon and Nitrogen. The earthworms were studied on habitat base. Two orders of class Oligochaeta of phylum Annelida: five families, nine genera include fifteen species. The recorded species are Drawida limella Gates 1934, Drawid anepalensis Michaelsen 1907, Glyphidrilus tuberosus Stephenson 1916, Amynthas alexandri Beddard 1900, Lampito mauritii Kinberg 1866, Metaphire houlleti Perrier 1872, Metaphire posthuma Vaillant 1868, Perionyx excavatus Perrier 1872, Perionyx horai Stephenson 1924, Perionyx modestus Stephenson 1922, Perionyx simlaensis Michaelsen 1907, Dichogaster modiglianii Rosa 1896, Dichogaster saliens Beddard 1893, Eutyphoeus gigas Stephenson 1917, Eutyphoeus orientalis Beddard 1883. The Highest number (11) of species was observed in water body adjacent habitat. The lowest number (03) of species was observed in steep habitat. The highest number (10) of species was observed in Gopalpur and Bhuapur upazila and the lowest number (04) of species was observed in Madhupur upazila. The studied parameters of soil were pH, organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N).The pH value of soil in the study area was slightly acidic but very close to the neutral status. Organic carbon status of the soil favors the distribution and abundance of earthworm that influence the soil nutrients and fertility. Nitrogen status was recorded under low level marked (0.075 %) in eleven (11) upazila out of twelve (12). The scenario of the soil nutrients OC and N are not up to the mark in the study area. Positive correlation was found between pH value of soil and earthworm species distribution in different habitats. Organic carbon is positively correlated with earthworm distribution. Nitrogen is positively correlated with organic carbon. These correlations establish that soil fertility is an integrated task where the participation of earthworm plays positive role.
Distribution of Earthworms at Different Habitats in Tangail, Bangladesh and Significantly Impacts on Soil pH, Organic Carbonand Nitrogen
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.26
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-06-16
© Science Publishing Group
Iqbal Bahar
Md. Sarwar Jahan
Md. Redwanur Rahman
Distribution of Earthworms at Different Habitats in Tangail, Bangladesh and Significantly Impacts on Soil pH, Organic Carbonand Nitrogen
3
3
246
246
2015-06-16
2015-06-16
10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.26
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150303.26
© Science Publishing Group
A Brief Review on PADI Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030301.11
Diving is one of the extremely excitement and recreation in the world. Every year, many people are going to trip for diving, and they are certainly pleasing memories of the trip will be. In the meantime, exiting “safety”, “comforting”, “reliability” and etc are very important for fun and professionals divers and it’s clear why. In other hand, diving can make good memories, when do not exist any casualty arising from the lack of regulation. Therefore, it is necessary to study and knowing rules and general information of diving. In this paper, we a brief review on PADI encyclopedia of recreational diving, which will be useful for the researchers who are professional and interested in this area, and also useful for person who have fun dive. We describe advantages of knowing each section throw of that section.
Diving is one of the extremely excitement and recreation in the world. Every year, many people are going to trip for diving, and they are certainly pleasing memories of the trip will be. In the meantime, exiting “safety”, “comforting”, “reliability” and etc are very important for fun and professionals divers and it’s clear why. In other hand, diving can make good memories, when do not exist any casualty arising from the lack of regulation. Therefore, it is necessary to study and knowing rules and general information of diving. In this paper, we a brief review on PADI encyclopedia of recreational diving, which will be useful for the researchers who are professional and interested in this area, and also useful for person who have fun dive. We describe advantages of knowing each section throw of that section.
A Brief Review on PADI Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030301.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-01-08
© Science Publishing Group
Mostafa Ali Biegi
Elahe Abdoos
A Brief Review on PADI Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving
3
3
11
11
2015-01-08
2015-01-08
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030301.11
© Science Publishing Group
A New Strategy for Safe Diving
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030301.12
Safety is one of the most important components of diving. In various diving systems, there are many different methods in case of diver missing and physical sudden problems of the divers. Based on the rapid progress of science and existing risks and problems for divers, in this paper, we present a new method for safety of divers in order to have a safe and reliable diving that is more convenient than the existing methods. In proposed method, there is a special sensor, which is put on the lower arm of diver, and it has some advantages. Finally, we discuss different cases to demonstrate the advantages of the presented method.
Safety is one of the most important components of diving. In various diving systems, there are many different methods in case of diver missing and physical sudden problems of the divers. Based on the rapid progress of science and existing risks and problems for divers, in this paper, we present a new method for safety of divers in order to have a safe and reliable diving that is more convenient than the existing methods. In proposed method, there is a special sensor, which is put on the lower arm of diver, and it has some advantages. Finally, we discuss different cases to demonstrate the advantages of the presented method.
A New Strategy for Safe Diving
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030301.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-01-08
© Science Publishing Group
Mostafa Ali Biegi
Erfan Ghasem Khani
Tayebeh Hajjari
A New Strategy for Safe Diving
3
3
17
17
2015-01-08
2015-01-08
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030301.12
© Science Publishing Group
Biology and Medicine of Peptide and Steroid Hormones: Special Issue for the Fifth Workshop on Peptide & Hormone Research
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.11
Biology and Medicine of Peptide and Steroid Hormones: Special Issue for the Fifth Workshop on Peptide & Hormone Research
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Takashi Yazawa
Biology and Medicine of Peptide and Steroid Hormones: Special Issue for the Fifth Workshop on Peptide & Hormone Research
3
3
2
2
2015-05-06
2015-05-06
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.11
© Science Publishing Group
Identification and Application of Drosophila Novel Bioactive Peptides dRYamides
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.12
The ligands of many orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain to be identified, in both vertebrates and invertebrates, such as Drosophila melanogaster. Identification of their cognate ligands is critical for understanding the function and regulation of such GPCRs. Indeed, the discovery of bioactive peptides that bind GPCRs has enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying many physiological processes. Here, we identified five endogenous ligands of the Drosophila orphan GPCRs, using functional assays and reverse pharmacological techniques. dRYamide-1 and -2 were found to be paired with the Drosophila neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like receptor (CG5811). Both dRYamide-1 and -2 contain a C-terminal RYamide. In vertebrates, RYamide motifs are found in NPY-family peptides. dRYamides were found to modulate feeding motivation in flies. These results suggest that deorphanizing the Drosophila orphan GPCRs might facilitate the elucidation of various physiological functions and identification of the ligands of orphan GPCRs in mammals.
The ligands of many orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain to be identified, in both vertebrates and invertebrates, such as Drosophila melanogaster. Identification of their cognate ligands is critical for understanding the function and regulation of such GPCRs. Indeed, the discovery of bioactive peptides that bind GPCRs has enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying many physiological processes. Here, we identified five endogenous ligands of the Drosophila orphan GPCRs, using functional assays and reverse pharmacological techniques. dRYamide-1 and -2 were found to be paired with the Drosophila neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like receptor (CG5811). Both dRYamide-1 and -2 contain a C-terminal RYamide. In vertebrates, RYamide motifs are found in NPY-family peptides. dRYamides were found to modulate feeding motivation in flies. These results suggest that deorphanizing the Drosophila orphan GPCRs might facilitate the elucidation of various physiological functions and identification of the ligands of orphan GPCRs in mammals.
Identification and Application of Drosophila Novel Bioactive Peptides dRYamides
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Takanori Ida
Eri Iwamoto
Takahiro Sato
Masayasu Kojima
Identification and Application of Drosophila Novel Bioactive Peptides dRYamides
3
3
7
7
2015-05-06
2015-05-06
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.12
© Science Publishing Group
Physiological Functions and Pathology of Ghrelin
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.13
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone made up of 28 amino acid residues; the N-terminal serine 3 residues is modified by octanoic acid, a medium-chain fatty acid. Ghrelin is mainly secreted by the stomach and has various effects, including growth hormone release, hyperphagia, lipid accumulation, suppression of insulin secretion, and hypotensive effects. Most of these physiological effects are indispensable functions for the maintenance of homeostasis and contribute to the onset and promotion of metabolic syndrome. Accordingly, it is important to combine etiological and pathological understanding based on the biochemistry and physiology of ghrelin, which has a characteristic structure. In this manuscript, after presenting biochemical information on ghrelin, we provide an outline of its physiological function.
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone made up of 28 amino acid residues; the N-terminal serine 3 residues is modified by octanoic acid, a medium-chain fatty acid. Ghrelin is mainly secreted by the stomach and has various effects, including growth hormone release, hyperphagia, lipid accumulation, suppression of insulin secretion, and hypotensive effects. Most of these physiological effects are indispensable functions for the maintenance of homeostasis and contribute to the onset and promotion of metabolic syndrome. Accordingly, it is important to combine etiological and pathological understanding based on the biochemistry and physiology of ghrelin, which has a characteristic structure. In this manuscript, after presenting biochemical information on ghrelin, we provide an outline of its physiological function.
Physiological Functions and Pathology of Ghrelin
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Takahiro Sato
Kanae Oishi
Takanori Ida
Masayasu Kojima
Physiological Functions and Pathology of Ghrelin
3
3
16
16
2015-05-06
2015-05-06
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.13
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of Neurotensin and LANT-6 on Food Intake in Chicks
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.14
Neurotensin (NT) and an NT-related peptide (Lys, Asn, NT8–13; LANT-6) are produced in the chicken brain and intestine, and these peptides are encoded by the same precursor gene (NT/LANT-6 precursor). Although it has been reported that the central administration of NT suppresses food intake in mammals, the effect of NT and LANT-6 on feeding behavior in birds has not yet been investigated. In this paper, we analyzed the expression levels of NT/LANT-6 precursor and the NT receptor (NTR1) mRNAs in the hypothalamic infundibulum, an important region for regulating feeding behaviors. We also examined the effects of NT and LANT-6 administration on food intake in chicks. Real-time PCR analysis showed that NT/LANT-6 precursor and NTR1 mRNAs had moderately high expression in the hypothalamic infundibulum. Further, in the hypothalamic infundibulum, the mRNA level of NT/LANT-6 precursor showed a trend toward increasing during postnatal development and increased 2.9-fold after a 48 hour fast, although the NTR1 mRNA level was not changed in both analyses. Contrary to our expectations, central administration of NT or LANT-6 had no effect on food intake in chicks.
Neurotensin (NT) and an NT-related peptide (Lys, Asn, NT8–13; LANT-6) are produced in the chicken brain and intestine, and these peptides are encoded by the same precursor gene (NT/LANT-6 precursor). Although it has been reported that the central administration of NT suppresses food intake in mammals, the effect of NT and LANT-6 on feeding behavior in birds has not yet been investigated. In this paper, we analyzed the expression levels of NT/LANT-6 precursor and the NT receptor (NTR1) mRNAs in the hypothalamic infundibulum, an important region for regulating feeding behaviors. We also examined the effects of NT and LANT-6 administration on food intake in chicks. Real-time PCR analysis showed that NT/LANT-6 precursor and NTR1 mRNAs had moderately high expression in the hypothalamic infundibulum. Further, in the hypothalamic infundibulum, the mRNA level of NT/LANT-6 precursor showed a trend toward increasing during postnatal development and increased 2.9-fold after a 48 hour fast, although the NTR1 mRNA level was not changed in both analyses. Contrary to our expectations, central administration of NT or LANT-6 had no effect on food intake in chicks.
Effects of Neurotensin and LANT-6 on Food Intake in Chicks
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Keiko Masuda
Eiko Iwakoshi-Ukena
Tetsuya Tachibana
Kazuyoshi Ukena
Effects of Neurotensin and LANT-6 on Food Intake in Chicks
3
3
23
23
2015-05-06
2015-05-06
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.14
© Science Publishing Group
Restraint-Induced Glucocorticoid Receptor Downregulation is Dysregulated in High Fat Diet-Fed Rats Likely from Impairment of miR-142-3p Expression in the Hypothalamus and Hippocampus
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.15
High fat diet (HFD) induces dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. The HPA axis is controlled by the feedback of glucocortioids on the hypothalamus, hippocampus and pituitary. At least three miRNAs (miR-101a, miR-124, miR-142-3p) have been reported to suppress glucocorticoid receptor (GR) translation. Because their relation to stress-induced downregulation of GR expression and dysregulation of its expression in HFD feeding are unclear, we studied to identify which miRNAs are involved in restraint-induced downregulation of GR expression in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, and to compare the basal and restraint-modified miRNA expressions in these tissues in HFD-fed rats. Rats exposed to HFD were divided into two groups, HFD-induced obese (HFD-ob) and obesity resistant (HFD-obR) rats. Basal plasma corticosterone concentrations were higher in HFD-ob than in standard chow-fed (SC) rats and in HFD-obR. Restraint-induced elevation of plasma corticosterone was higher in HFD-obR than in the other groups. Restraint decreased GR expressions and increased miR-142-3p expression in the hypothalamus and hippocampus without affecting others expressions. miR-142-3p expressions in both areas were increased by dexamethasone and restraint-induced miR-142-3p expression was blocked in adrenalectomy. The basal expression of GR or miR-142-3p expression in both areas of HFD-fed rats did not differ from those of SC, and restraint induced no changes in GR or miR-142-3p expression in both areas in HFD-ob and HFD-obR. These results suggest that impairment of glucocorticoid-induced increase in miR-142-3p may be involved in dysregulation of stress-induced downregulation of GR expression in the hypothalamus and hippocampus of HFD-fed rats.
High fat diet (HFD) induces dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. The HPA axis is controlled by the feedback of glucocortioids on the hypothalamus, hippocampus and pituitary. At least three miRNAs (miR-101a, miR-124, miR-142-3p) have been reported to suppress glucocorticoid receptor (GR) translation. Because their relation to stress-induced downregulation of GR expression and dysregulation of its expression in HFD feeding are unclear, we studied to identify which miRNAs are involved in restraint-induced downregulation of GR expression in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, and to compare the basal and restraint-modified miRNA expressions in these tissues in HFD-fed rats. Rats exposed to HFD were divided into two groups, HFD-induced obese (HFD-ob) and obesity resistant (HFD-obR) rats. Basal plasma corticosterone concentrations were higher in HFD-ob than in standard chow-fed (SC) rats and in HFD-obR. Restraint-induced elevation of plasma corticosterone was higher in HFD-obR than in the other groups. Restraint decreased GR expressions and increased miR-142-3p expression in the hypothalamus and hippocampus without affecting others expressions. miR-142-3p expressions in both areas were increased by dexamethasone and restraint-induced miR-142-3p expression was blocked in adrenalectomy. The basal expression of GR or miR-142-3p expression in both areas of HFD-fed rats did not differ from those of SC, and restraint induced no changes in GR or miR-142-3p expression in both areas in HFD-ob and HFD-obR. These results suggest that impairment of glucocorticoid-induced increase in miR-142-3p may be involved in dysregulation of stress-induced downregulation of GR expression in the hypothalamus and hippocampus of HFD-fed rats.
Restraint-Induced Glucocorticoid Receptor Downregulation is Dysregulated in High Fat Diet-Fed Rats Likely from Impairment of miR-142-3p Expression in the Hypothalamus and Hippocampus
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Takahiro Nemoto
Yoshihiko Kakinuma
Tamotsu Sibasaki
Restraint-Induced Glucocorticoid Receptor Downregulation is Dysregulated in High Fat Diet-Fed Rats Likely from Impairment of miR-142-3p Expression in the Hypothalamus and Hippocampus
3
3
30
30
2015-05-06
2015-05-06
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.15
© Science Publishing Group
Novel Tryptophan Derivatives as Potentially Effective Therapeutic Drugs to Treat Bone Diseases
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.16
We recently developed an in vitro assay to study bone metabolism using fish scales that contain osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and calcified bone matrix, all of which are similar to those found in mammalian membrane bone. Using the fish scale assay, we previously reported that the functions of calcemic hormones such as calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in osteoblasts and osteoclasts were similar to those in mammals. Therefore, our fish scale in vitro assay system is suitable for the screening of potential bone-forming compounds. In an attempt to develop molecules that increase bone mass, novel tryptophan derivatives were synthesized and screened for effects on osteoblasts and osteoclasts using the fish scale model. As a result, novel tryptophan derivatives with the ability to possibly increase bone formation were identified, but they had no effect on osteoclast activity. Among the identified derivatives, (S)-(+)-N-acetyl-2,4,6-tribromo-5-methoxytryptophan methyl ester (BTryp) had the strongest activity on osteoblasts. The effect of this chemical on bone formation was confirmed in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of post-menopausal osteoporosis. Our data indicated that both trabecular bone mineral density and stress-strain index of the femoral metaphysis of BTryp-treated OVX rats were significantly higher than those of OVX rats. This study identified a bromotryptophan derivative that may have potential use in the treatment of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.
We recently developed an in vitro assay to study bone metabolism using fish scales that contain osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and calcified bone matrix, all of which are similar to those found in mammalian membrane bone. Using the fish scale assay, we previously reported that the functions of calcemic hormones such as calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in osteoblasts and osteoclasts were similar to those in mammals. Therefore, our fish scale in vitro assay system is suitable for the screening of potential bone-forming compounds. In an attempt to develop molecules that increase bone mass, novel tryptophan derivatives were synthesized and screened for effects on osteoblasts and osteoclasts using the fish scale model. As a result, novel tryptophan derivatives with the ability to possibly increase bone formation were identified, but they had no effect on osteoclast activity. Among the identified derivatives, (S)-(+)-N-acetyl-2,4,6-tribromo-5-methoxytryptophan methyl ester (BTryp) had the strongest activity on osteoblasts. The effect of this chemical on bone formation was confirmed in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of post-menopausal osteoporosis. Our data indicated that both trabecular bone mineral density and stress-strain index of the femoral metaphysis of BTryp-treated OVX rats were significantly higher than those of OVX rats. This study identified a bromotryptophan derivative that may have potential use in the treatment of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.
Novel Tryptophan Derivatives as Potentially Effective Therapeutic Drugs to Treat Bone Diseases
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.16
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Nobuo Suzuki
Masanori Somei
Azusa Seki
Toshio Sekiguchi
Yoshiaki Tabuchi
Hiroyuki Mishima
Yoichi Kase
Atsushi Kaminishi
Koji Yachiguchi
Kei-ichiro Kitamura
Yuji Oshima
Kazuichi Hayakawa
Sachiko Yano
Atsuhiko Hattori
Novel Tryptophan Derivatives as Potentially Effective Therapeutic Drugs to Treat Bone Diseases
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2015-05-06
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.16
© Science Publishing Group
Characterization of Inflammatory Gene Expression and Chemotaxis of Macrophages Expressing Guanylin and Guanylyl Cyclase-C
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.18
Depending upon the environment, macrophages can show at least two different phenotypes, including the inflammatory (M1) phenotype and the anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. CD11c–positive M1 macrophages produce proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) 1, which are linked to the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance. Recently, we showed that double-transgenic (dTg) rats overexpressing guanylin (Gn) and its receptor, guanylyl cyclase-C (GC-C), specifically in macrophages did not become obese even when fed a high-fat diet. In the present study, to characterize macrophages expressing Gn and GC-C (i.e., Gn/GC-C macrophages), we analyzed the expression of the M1 and M2 markers of peritoneal macrophages isolated from dTg and wild type (WT) rats. We also examined the chemotaxis of these macrophages after incubation with MCP-1 or fatty acids. The expression of CD11c, an M1 macrophage marker were expressed at a significantly lower level in the peritoneal macrophages of dTg rats than in those of wild-type (WT) rats. In addition, the expression of IL-1, MCP-1 and chemokine receptor 2 were expressed at a significantly lower level in the peritoneal macrophages of dTg rats than in those of WT rats. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in the expression of M2 markers such as CD206, IL10, and arginine 1 between dTg and WT rats. We also found that the chemotaxis of Gn/GC-C macrophages incubated with fatty acids significantly increases compared to the macrophages of WT rats. Our results suggest that the low levels of proinflammatory cytokines and M1 markers in Gn/GC-C macrophages at least in part contribute to the anti-obese phenotype of Gn/GC-C Tg rats. In addition, the accelerated chemotaxis of Gn/GC-C macrophages in response to fatty acids suggests that these macrophages can uniquely react to excess fatty acids.
Depending upon the environment, macrophages can show at least two different phenotypes, including the inflammatory (M1) phenotype and the anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. CD11c–positive M1 macrophages produce proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) 1, which are linked to the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance. Recently, we showed that double-transgenic (dTg) rats overexpressing guanylin (Gn) and its receptor, guanylyl cyclase-C (GC-C), specifically in macrophages did not become obese even when fed a high-fat diet. In the present study, to characterize macrophages expressing Gn and GC-C (i.e., Gn/GC-C macrophages), we analyzed the expression of the M1 and M2 markers of peritoneal macrophages isolated from dTg and wild type (WT) rats. We also examined the chemotaxis of these macrophages after incubation with MCP-1 or fatty acids. The expression of CD11c, an M1 macrophage marker were expressed at a significantly lower level in the peritoneal macrophages of dTg rats than in those of wild-type (WT) rats. In addition, the expression of IL-1, MCP-1 and chemokine receptor 2 were expressed at a significantly lower level in the peritoneal macrophages of dTg rats than in those of WT rats. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in the expression of M2 markers such as CD206, IL10, and arginine 1 between dTg and WT rats. We also found that the chemotaxis of Gn/GC-C macrophages incubated with fatty acids significantly increases compared to the macrophages of WT rats. Our results suggest that the low levels of proinflammatory cytokines and M1 markers in Gn/GC-C macrophages at least in part contribute to the anti-obese phenotype of Gn/GC-C Tg rats. In addition, the accelerated chemotaxis of Gn/GC-C macrophages in response to fatty acids suggests that these macrophages can uniquely react to excess fatty acids.
Characterization of Inflammatory Gene Expression and Chemotaxis of Macrophages Expressing Guanylin and Guanylyl Cyclase-C
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.18
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Kazuya Hasegawa
Sayaka Akieda-Asai
Yukari Date
Characterization of Inflammatory Gene Expression and Chemotaxis of Macrophages Expressing Guanylin and Guanylyl Cyclase-C
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47
2015-05-06
2015-05-06
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.18
© Science Publishing Group
STARD3/MLN64 is Striving at Membrane Contact Sites: Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking for Steroidogenesis in Human Placental Cells
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.19
Steroid hormone synthesis begins with the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone by the enzyme cytochrome P450scc in mitochondria. The cholesterol used to synthesize pregnenolone is derived mainly from endocytosed LDL cholesterol. How this LDL cholesterol is transported to mitochondria in the human placenta is not well understood. Recent work has focused on how STARD3/MLN64 controls cholesterol trafficking. The STARD3 protein has a START domain that associates with cholesterol. Why STARD3 is distributed mainly to late endosomes but not to mitochondria is an obstacle to understanding the early steps in steroidogenesis. STARD3 can bind the ER protein VAP and contribute to ER-late endosome MCS formation. In this review, recent progress on STARD3 functions suggests possible models to explain how cholesterol could transit to mitochondria via MCS.
Steroid hormone synthesis begins with the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone by the enzyme cytochrome P450scc in mitochondria. The cholesterol used to synthesize pregnenolone is derived mainly from endocytosed LDL cholesterol. How this LDL cholesterol is transported to mitochondria in the human placenta is not well understood. Recent work has focused on how STARD3/MLN64 controls cholesterol trafficking. The STARD3 protein has a START domain that associates with cholesterol. Why STARD3 is distributed mainly to late endosomes but not to mitochondria is an obstacle to understanding the early steps in steroidogenesis. STARD3 can bind the ER protein VAP and contribute to ER-late endosome MCS formation. In this review, recent progress on STARD3 functions suggests possible models to explain how cholesterol could transit to mitochondria via MCS.
STARD3/MLN64 is Striving at Membrane Contact Sites: Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking for Steroidogenesis in Human Placental Cells
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.19
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Atsuki Nara
Tohru Komiya
STARD3/MLN64 is Striving at Membrane Contact Sites: Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking for Steroidogenesis in Human Placental Cells
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2015-05-06
2015-05-06
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.19
© Science Publishing Group
Steroid Hormones as Transporters to Carry Exogenous Macromolecules into the Target Cell Nuclei in Vivo
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.20
Upon injection into the vascular system of rats, testosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugate (testosterone-BSA) is taken up by cells via the process of endocytosis. When it is taken up by the target cells of testosterone such as spermatogenic cells, it enters the nuclei of the cells. However, testosterone-BSA does not enter the nuclei of the non-target cells such as hepatocytes and thymocytes. Similarly, hydrocortisone-BSA conjugate enters the nuclei of its target cells such as hepatocytes and thymocytes. In the vesicular trafficking of testosterone-BSAs into the nucleoplasm, the vesicle membrane is likely to fuse with a nuclear hemifusion diaphragm. IgG coupled with hydrocortisone also enters the hormone-target cell nuclei, with its antigenicity kept intact. These results suggest that steroid hormones could act as transporters for conveying exogenous macromolecules into the target cell nuclei in vivo. Our studies provide a novel insight to the functions of steroid hormones.
Upon injection into the vascular system of rats, testosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugate (testosterone-BSA) is taken up by cells via the process of endocytosis. When it is taken up by the target cells of testosterone such as spermatogenic cells, it enters the nuclei of the cells. However, testosterone-BSA does not enter the nuclei of the non-target cells such as hepatocytes and thymocytes. Similarly, hydrocortisone-BSA conjugate enters the nuclei of its target cells such as hepatocytes and thymocytes. In the vesicular trafficking of testosterone-BSAs into the nucleoplasm, the vesicle membrane is likely to fuse with a nuclear hemifusion diaphragm. IgG coupled with hydrocortisone also enters the hormone-target cell nuclei, with its antigenicity kept intact. These results suggest that steroid hormones could act as transporters for conveying exogenous macromolecules into the target cell nuclei in vivo. Our studies provide a novel insight to the functions of steroid hormones.
Steroid Hormones as Transporters to Carry Exogenous Macromolecules into the Target Cell Nuclei in Vivo
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.20
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Toshikazu Nishimura
Steroid Hormones as Transporters to Carry Exogenous Macromolecules into the Target Cell Nuclei in Vivo
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2015-05-06
2015-05-06
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.20
© Science Publishing Group
Overviews of Stem Cells for Gonadal and Adrenal Steroidogenic Cells
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.21
Gonads and adrenal glands are the primary organs for the production of steroid hormones in mammals. Steroid hormones play important roles in development and are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis during adult life. To supply sufficient amounts of hormones, gonads and adrenal glands maintain their functions by replenishment of steroidogenic cells. It has been hypothesized that stem/progenitor cells of steroidogenic cells are important for this phenomenon. In fact, such cells have been recently identified in gonads and adrenal glands. However, steroid hormone production decreases progressively with age, causing problems such as menopausal disorders in women. Although steroid hormones are administered to these patients, induction of steroidogenic cells from stem cells is a potential strategy to prevent menopausal disorders. Here, we review the current knowledge on stem cells that replenish steroid hormone-producing cells in the gonads and adrenal glands. We also discuss induction of steroidogenic cells from stem cells derived from non-steroidogenic organs.
Gonads and adrenal glands are the primary organs for the production of steroid hormones in mammals. Steroid hormones play important roles in development and are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis during adult life. To supply sufficient amounts of hormones, gonads and adrenal glands maintain their functions by replenishment of steroidogenic cells. It has been hypothesized that stem/progenitor cells of steroidogenic cells are important for this phenomenon. In fact, such cells have been recently identified in gonads and adrenal glands. However, steroid hormone production decreases progressively with age, causing problems such as menopausal disorders in women. Although steroid hormones are administered to these patients, induction of steroidogenic cells from stem cells is a potential strategy to prevent menopausal disorders. Here, we review the current knowledge on stem cells that replenish steroid hormone-producing cells in the gonads and adrenal glands. We also discuss induction of steroidogenic cells from stem cells derived from non-steroidogenic organs.
Overviews of Stem Cells for Gonadal and Adrenal Steroidogenic Cells
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.21
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Takashi Yazawa
Yoshitaka Imamichi
Kaoru Miyamoto
Junsuke Uwada
Md Rafiqul Islam Khan
Takanobu Taniguchi
Overviews of Stem Cells for Gonadal and Adrenal Steroidogenic Cells
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2015-05-06
2015-05-06
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.21
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.21
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Adrenomedullin Administration in Two Rat Models of Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.17
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a novel hypotensive peptide that also exerts powerful anti-inflammatory effects. We recently showed that AM significantly reduces the clinical severity of acetic acid-induced colitis, an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in rats. In the present study, we examined the effect of AM in two alternative rat models of IBD. We found that 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) induced megacolon development in the saline-treated group, but AM treatment reduced the macroscopic damage caused by TNBS. In the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model, treatment with AM reduced diarrhea and bloody stool scores, but did not reduce body weight. Histological analysis revealed that in both the TNBS and DSS models, colon inflammation was much more severe in the saline-treated group than in the AM-treated group. These findings indicate that the anti-inflammatory properties of AM make it an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of IBD in rats.
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a novel hypotensive peptide that also exerts powerful anti-inflammatory effects. We recently showed that AM significantly reduces the clinical severity of acetic acid-induced colitis, an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in rats. In the present study, we examined the effect of AM in two alternative rat models of IBD. We found that 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) induced megacolon development in the saline-treated group, but AM treatment reduced the macroscopic damage caused by TNBS. In the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model, treatment with AM reduced diarrhea and bloody stool scores, but did not reduce body weight. Histological analysis revealed that in both the TNBS and DSS models, colon inflammation was much more severe in the saline-treated group than in the AM-treated group. These findings indicate that the anti-inflammatory properties of AM make it an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of IBD in rats.
Effect of Adrenomedullin Administration in Two Rat Models of Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.17
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Sayaka Nagata
Tomomi Hikosaka
Kazuo Kitamura
Effect of Adrenomedullin Administration in Two Rat Models of Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease
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42
2015-05-06
2015-05-06
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030302.17
© Science Publishing Group
Corrosive Lesions at Concrete Infrastructures as Promising Source for Isolating Bioactive Actinobacteria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.11
The aim of this paper is isolating rare actinobacteria from new ecological source as corrosive lesion at concrete infrastructure and screening their ability to produce biological products. Ten pure actinobacteria isolates were isolated from corrosive lesions at concrete infrastructures of irrigation channel using cement extract media at different pHs (9- 12) and incubated at 30°C for 7d. All of the isolates produced variable levels of cellulase and lipase, and nine of them displayed variable levels of alkaline protease and amylase products. Only Four isolates produced extracellular alkaline phosphatase in liquid media. The antagonistic activities of these isolates were screened against four pathogenic microorganisms including Gram positive and negative bacterial species and two species of fungi. Only the isolate ROR40 exhibited antagonism activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli , whereas nine isolates showed different degrees of antagonism activities against Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophyte. The potential isolate (ROR40) to produce extracellular alkaline phosphatase was selected and identified depending on phenotypical, physiological and molecular according to partial sequences of 16S r RNA gene. It had 98% similarity with Pseudonocardia alni 20049 and P. alni 44104. Finally the isolate is named Pseudonocardia sp. ROR40 (Genbank accession no KJ 725072). The isolate produced extracellular alkaline phosphatase in liquid medium at optimum conditions were pH 8.5 of production medium, 37 °C for 4d. in stand incubator. Conclusion: Our study would be the first instance in comprehensive characterization of concert deteriorating actinobacteria for producing commercially valuable primary and secondary metabolites and it may facilitate us to isolate and characterize more bioactive species.
The aim of this paper is isolating rare actinobacteria from new ecological source as corrosive lesion at concrete infrastructure and screening their ability to produce biological products. Ten pure actinobacteria isolates were isolated from corrosive lesions at concrete infrastructures of irrigation channel using cement extract media at different pHs (9- 12) and incubated at 30°C for 7d. All of the isolates produced variable levels of cellulase and lipase, and nine of them displayed variable levels of alkaline protease and amylase products. Only Four isolates produced extracellular alkaline phosphatase in liquid media. The antagonistic activities of these isolates were screened against four pathogenic microorganisms including Gram positive and negative bacterial species and two species of fungi. Only the isolate ROR40 exhibited antagonism activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli , whereas nine isolates showed different degrees of antagonism activities against Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophyte. The potential isolate (ROR40) to produce extracellular alkaline phosphatase was selected and identified depending on phenotypical, physiological and molecular according to partial sequences of 16S r RNA gene. It had 98% similarity with Pseudonocardia alni 20049 and P. alni 44104. Finally the isolate is named Pseudonocardia sp. ROR40 (Genbank accession no KJ 725072). The isolate produced extracellular alkaline phosphatase in liquid medium at optimum conditions were pH 8.5 of production medium, 37 °C for 4d. in stand incubator. Conclusion: Our study would be the first instance in comprehensive characterization of concert deteriorating actinobacteria for producing commercially valuable primary and secondary metabolites and it may facilitate us to isolate and characterize more bioactive species.
Corrosive Lesions at Concrete Infrastructures as Promising Source for Isolating Bioactive Actinobacteria
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-06-17
© Science Publishing Group
Rabab Omran
Corrosive Lesions at Concrete Infrastructures as Promising Source for Isolating Bioactive Actinobacteria
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256
256
2015-06-17
2015-06-17
10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.11
© Science Publishing Group
Biochemical Changes of Glutathione S-Transferase Activity During the Germination of Trifolium alexandrinum
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.12
The key objective of this study was to investigate the effect of germination on biochemical and enzymatic antioxidant activities of Trifolium alexandrinum seeds. The T. alexandrinum was chosen for GST purification and characterization due to its highest GST activity and antioxidant capacity, beside its economical importance. Seeds of T. alexandrinum were germinated for 6 days. Changes in glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in germinating and dormant seeds of T. alexandrinum were evaluated. Also the changes in the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as the antioxidant capacities were monitored for 6 days of germination using spectrophotometeric methods. Simple reproducible procedures for the purification of T. alexandrinum GST from both dormant and 6 days germinated seeds were established using DEAE-Sepharose and Sephadex G-100 columns chromatography. The results showed the presence of three isoenzymes for both dormant and germinated seeds designated as GST1, GST2 and GST3. The major GST of the dormant seed was GST2 while for the germinated one was GST3. Dormant GST2 was expressed as a heterodimer with molecular weight of 27.5 and 28.5 KDa while germinated GST3 was expressed as a homodimer with molecular weight of 27 KDa. Characterization of both dormant GST1 & GST2 and germinated GST2 and GST3 including optimum pH, kinetic parameters [kmGSH of 1.17±0.39, 1.22±0.13, 0.84±0.19, 0.96±0.24mM, respectively and kmCDNB of 0.65±0.095, 0.57±0.11, 0.59±0.14, 1.02±0.18 mM, respectively]. The substrate selectivity using different electrophilic compounds and inhibitor effects were carried out. In opposite to other isoenzymes, germinated GST3 exhibited enzymatic activity towards ethacrynic acid with specific activity of 0.073±0.005 µmol/min/mg protein while cibacron blue was the most potent inhibitor for these isoenzymes.
The key objective of this study was to investigate the effect of germination on biochemical and enzymatic antioxidant activities of Trifolium alexandrinum seeds. The T. alexandrinum was chosen for GST purification and characterization due to its highest GST activity and antioxidant capacity, beside its economical importance. Seeds of T. alexandrinum were germinated for 6 days. Changes in glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in germinating and dormant seeds of T. alexandrinum were evaluated. Also the changes in the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as the antioxidant capacities were monitored for 6 days of germination using spectrophotometeric methods. Simple reproducible procedures for the purification of T. alexandrinum GST from both dormant and 6 days germinated seeds were established using DEAE-Sepharose and Sephadex G-100 columns chromatography. The results showed the presence of three isoenzymes for both dormant and germinated seeds designated as GST1, GST2 and GST3. The major GST of the dormant seed was GST2 while for the germinated one was GST3. Dormant GST2 was expressed as a heterodimer with molecular weight of 27.5 and 28.5 KDa while germinated GST3 was expressed as a homodimer with molecular weight of 27 KDa. Characterization of both dormant GST1 & GST2 and germinated GST2 and GST3 including optimum pH, kinetic parameters [kmGSH of 1.17±0.39, 1.22±0.13, 0.84±0.19, 0.96±0.24mM, respectively and kmCDNB of 0.65±0.095, 0.57±0.11, 0.59±0.14, 1.02±0.18 mM, respectively]. The substrate selectivity using different electrophilic compounds and inhibitor effects were carried out. In opposite to other isoenzymes, germinated GST3 exhibited enzymatic activity towards ethacrynic acid with specific activity of 0.073±0.005 µmol/min/mg protein while cibacron blue was the most potent inhibitor for these isoenzymes.
Biochemical Changes of Glutathione S-Transferase Activity During the Germination of Trifolium alexandrinum
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-06-19
© Science Publishing Group
Ragaa Reda Hamed
Ehab Mostafa Mohamed Ali
Abeer Shokeer
Rasha Awni Guneidy
Abdul Aziz Mohamad Gad
Biochemical Changes of Glutathione S-Transferase Activity During the Germination of Trifolium alexandrinum
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2015-06-19
2015-06-19
10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.12
© Science Publishing Group
Response of Potus Plants (Epipremnum Aureum) to Irrigation with Drainage Water of Ornamental Fish Basins and Magnesium Sulphate as Foliar Fertilizer
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.18
This study was carried out at the laboratory of National Research Centre, Egypt during two successive seasons on 2012 and 2013 to study the response of potus plants ( Epipremnum Aureum) irrigated by drainage water of ornamental fish basins diluted with tap water (DWOFB) at the concentrations 100% DWOFB, 75% DWOFB + 25% Tap water and 50% DWOFB + 50% Tap water) and interacted with magnesium sulphate as foliar fertilizer rate (MFFR) at the concentrations MFFR1 (25 ppm) and MFFR2 (50 ppm). The results indicated that, the plants watered with absolute fish effluent (100% fish) single or interacted with Mg 50 ppm performed the highest growth parameters, the highest percentage of carbohydrate and significant increase in photosynthetic pigments. The foliar application of Mg 50 ppm had positive effect on growth parameters and significantly increases in photosynthetic pigments. The plants irrigated with fish water effluent 75% followed by 50% had the second and the third largest average growth parameters and chemical constituents respectively.
This study was carried out at the laboratory of National Research Centre, Egypt during two successive seasons on 2012 and 2013 to study the response of potus plants ( Epipremnum Aureum) irrigated by drainage water of ornamental fish basins diluted with tap water (DWOFB) at the concentrations 100% DWOFB, 75% DWOFB + 25% Tap water and 50% DWOFB + 50% Tap water) and interacted with magnesium sulphate as foliar fertilizer rate (MFFR) at the concentrations MFFR1 (25 ppm) and MFFR2 (50 ppm). The results indicated that, the plants watered with absolute fish effluent (100% fish) single or interacted with Mg 50 ppm performed the highest growth parameters, the highest percentage of carbohydrate and significant increase in photosynthetic pigments. The foliar application of Mg 50 ppm had positive effect on growth parameters and significantly increases in photosynthetic pigments. The plants irrigated with fish water effluent 75% followed by 50% had the second and the third largest average growth parameters and chemical constituents respectively.
Response of Potus Plants (Epipremnum Aureum) to Irrigation with Drainage Water of Ornamental Fish Basins and Magnesium Sulphate as Foliar Fertilizer
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.18
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-07-14
© Science Publishing Group
Sami A. Metwally
Abdelraouf R. E.
Abou-Leila B. H.
Response of Potus Plants (Epipremnum Aureum) to Irrigation with Drainage Water of Ornamental Fish Basins and Magnesium Sulphate as Foliar Fertilizer
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2015-07-14
2015-07-14
10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.18
© Science Publishing Group
Intestinal Secretion and Barrier Function; Implication with Muscarinic Cholinoceptor
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.19
Two most important physiological functions of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are intestinal secretion and barrier function in order to protect the host from invasive microorganisms. Acetylcholine (ACh) is regarded as a central molecule for the regulation of these gut functions. Although, ACh is considered as a classical neurotransmitter, numerous studies report the synthesis and release of ACh from non-neuronal epithelial cells and are believed to regulate gut functions via cholinergic activation. Recently, it is established that IECs express M1 and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). Although, the role of M3 mAChR-mediated intestinal secretion in Ussing Chamber has been highly established, little is known about M1 mAChR-mediated intestinal secretion and barrier function. Here, we review the current knowledge about the functions of M1 and M3 mAChRs and their downstream signaling in the regulation of intestinal secretion and barrier function. We also discuss the role of mAChRs in IECs under inflammatory conditions.
Two most important physiological functions of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are intestinal secretion and barrier function in order to protect the host from invasive microorganisms. Acetylcholine (ACh) is regarded as a central molecule for the regulation of these gut functions. Although, ACh is considered as a classical neurotransmitter, numerous studies report the synthesis and release of ACh from non-neuronal epithelial cells and are believed to regulate gut functions via cholinergic activation. Recently, it is established that IECs express M1 and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). Although, the role of M3 mAChR-mediated intestinal secretion in Ussing Chamber has been highly established, little is known about M1 mAChR-mediated intestinal secretion and barrier function. Here, we review the current knowledge about the functions of M1 and M3 mAChRs and their downstream signaling in the regulation of intestinal secretion and barrier function. We also discuss the role of mAChRs in IECs under inflammatory conditions.
Intestinal Secretion and Barrier Function; Implication with Muscarinic Cholinoceptor
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.19
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-07-18
© Science Publishing Group
Md. Rafiqul Islam Khan
Takashi Yazawa
Junsuke Uwada
Abu Syed Md. Anisuzzaman
Takanobu Taniguchi
Intestinal Secretion and Barrier Function; Implication with Muscarinic Cholinoceptor
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2015-07-18
2015-07-18
10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.19
© Science Publishing Group
Assessing the Effects of Aquatic Vegetation Composition on Waterbird Distribution and Richness in Natural Freshwater Lake of Malaysia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.20
Aquatic vegetation structure and composition is a major driven factor which plays a significant role in waterbird foraging sites and habitat selection. Assessing the effects of aquatic vegetation composition on the distribution and richness of waterbird in a freshwater lake is a useful tool to understand the habitat requirement and preference of waterbird species for future better conservation and management. A total of 19 aquatic plants was recorded in the Paya Indah lake using 10 X 10 m quadrant method. Eleocharis variegata (13.0%), E. dulcis (12.0%), Scirpus mucronatus (11.0%), and Fimbristylis globulosa (10.0%) were the most dominant aquatic plants which cover around 46.0% of the lake area. Likewise, a total of 1492 bird individuals represnting 24 waterbird species and 8 families was recorded through direct observation using 10X50 binocular. Porphyrio porphyrio (17.02%), Amaurornis phoenicurus (15.82%), and Ardea purpurea (8.31%) were three most common waterbird species in the study area. In contrast, three waterbird species, namely Hydrophasianus chirurgus (0.8%), Tachybaptus ruficollis (0.6%), and Gallirallus striatus (0.54%) were the rarest i.e., recorded only a few individuals. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient test illustrated that aquatic vegetation species have strong positive correlationship (i.e., r = 0.9259, P > 0.05) with waterbird species distribution and richness in the lake area. This showed that higher waterbird richness could be due to the diversity of aquatic vegetation species composition. Overall, the finding of this study highlighted that Paya Indah Lake is rich in aquatic vegetation structure and composition that had attracted a wide array of waterbird to perform various activities such as food, water, habitat and reproduce.
Aquatic vegetation structure and composition is a major driven factor which plays a significant role in waterbird foraging sites and habitat selection. Assessing the effects of aquatic vegetation composition on the distribution and richness of waterbird in a freshwater lake is a useful tool to understand the habitat requirement and preference of waterbird species for future better conservation and management. A total of 19 aquatic plants was recorded in the Paya Indah lake using 10 X 10 m quadrant method. Eleocharis variegata (13.0%), E. dulcis (12.0%), Scirpus mucronatus (11.0%), and Fimbristylis globulosa (10.0%) were the most dominant aquatic plants which cover around 46.0% of the lake area. Likewise, a total of 1492 bird individuals represnting 24 waterbird species and 8 families was recorded through direct observation using 10X50 binocular. Porphyrio porphyrio (17.02%), Amaurornis phoenicurus (15.82%), and Ardea purpurea (8.31%) were three most common waterbird species in the study area. In contrast, three waterbird species, namely Hydrophasianus chirurgus (0.8%), Tachybaptus ruficollis (0.6%), and Gallirallus striatus (0.54%) were the rarest i.e., recorded only a few individuals. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient test illustrated that aquatic vegetation species have strong positive correlationship (i.e., r = 0.9259, P > 0.05) with waterbird species distribution and richness in the lake area. This showed that higher waterbird richness could be due to the diversity of aquatic vegetation species composition. Overall, the finding of this study highlighted that Paya Indah Lake is rich in aquatic vegetation structure and composition that had attracted a wide array of waterbird to perform various activities such as food, water, habitat and reproduce.
Assessing the Effects of Aquatic Vegetation Composition on Waterbird Distribution and Richness in Natural Freshwater Lake of Malaysia
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.20
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-07-31
© Science Publishing Group
Abdoul Baset Hassen-Aboushiba
Assessing the Effects of Aquatic Vegetation Composition on Waterbird Distribution and Richness in Natural Freshwater Lake of Malaysia
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2015-07-31
2015-07-31
10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.20
© Science Publishing Group
Darwin Misunderstood
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.21
Darwin did not specify: “Species”. Darwin did not know the difference between “Phenotypic and Genotypic features”. “Natural Selection” cannot produce new species. Spontaneous mutations do not exist. Mutants have no offspring. Darwin did not make tests to confirm his theory. Evolution, with natural selection, is neither about the Origin of Life, nor about New Life but is about the Optimal Preservation of all existing living creatures.
Darwin did not specify: “Species”. Darwin did not know the difference between “Phenotypic and Genotypic features”. “Natural Selection” cannot produce new species. Spontaneous mutations do not exist. Mutants have no offspring. Darwin did not make tests to confirm his theory. Evolution, with natural selection, is neither about the Origin of Life, nor about New Life but is about the Optimal Preservation of all existing living creatures.
Darwin Misunderstood
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.21
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-08-05
© Science Publishing Group
Arie Nicolaas Van Den Berg
Darwin Misunderstood
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2015-08-05
2015-08-05
10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.21
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.21
© Science Publishing Group
Nutritional Status of Preschoolers in Four Selected Fisher Communities
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.22
The current study was conducted in the four selected fisher communities in Bangladesh. The communities were at random to take part the Satkhira, Patuakhali, Mymensingh and Tangail districts fisher communities. There were sorted 46% (n=54) girls and 55% (n=66) boys from the communities by using simple random sampling method to carry on the study. Results divulged to contribute 30% (n=36) underweight, 22.5% (n=27) stunted and 12.5% (n=15) wasted preschoolers in the four selected fisher communities. The smoking and alcoholism prevalence of the fathers of preschoolers were found 72.5% (n=87) and 10% (n=12). The apt method of disposal of child excreta and safe water using in cooking and drinking purposes were 80.8% (n=97) and 90.8% (n=109) respectively. The study also showed that 69.2% (n=83) fathers and 66.7% (n=80) mothers of the preschoolers attained education up to the PSC level. Parental education level, father’s alcoholism and smoking patterns, method adopted to dispose child excreta and frequent use of safe water for drinking and cooking assay were closely linked to attain the attained nutritional status of the preschoolers in the target population
The current study was conducted in the four selected fisher communities in Bangladesh. The communities were at random to take part the Satkhira, Patuakhali, Mymensingh and Tangail districts fisher communities. There were sorted 46% (n=54) girls and 55% (n=66) boys from the communities by using simple random sampling method to carry on the study. Results divulged to contribute 30% (n=36) underweight, 22.5% (n=27) stunted and 12.5% (n=15) wasted preschoolers in the four selected fisher communities. The smoking and alcoholism prevalence of the fathers of preschoolers were found 72.5% (n=87) and 10% (n=12). The apt method of disposal of child excreta and safe water using in cooking and drinking purposes were 80.8% (n=97) and 90.8% (n=109) respectively. The study also showed that 69.2% (n=83) fathers and 66.7% (n=80) mothers of the preschoolers attained education up to the PSC level. Parental education level, father’s alcoholism and smoking patterns, method adopted to dispose child excreta and frequent use of safe water for drinking and cooking assay were closely linked to attain the attained nutritional status of the preschoolers in the target population
Nutritional Status of Preschoolers in Four Selected Fisher Communities
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.22
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-08-13
© Science Publishing Group
Md. Abdul Hakim
Md. Kamruzzaman
Nutritional Status of Preschoolers in Four Selected Fisher Communities
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2015-08-13
2015-08-13
10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.22
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.22
© Science Publishing Group
Bioinformatics Analysis of the Structure and Function of CG17196 Protein of Drosophila Melanogaster
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.13
Recent studies have suggested that chimeric genes may account for the formation and evolution of new genes and functional divergence. However, the biological function of the new chimeric gene CG17196 of Drosophila melanogaster remains unknown, therefore, this study aims to analyze the structure and function of CG17196 protein using bioinformatics methods. Based on the amino acid sequence of CG17196 protein from NCBI database, the bioinformatics analyses were performed, including protein physical and chemical properties, transmembrane region, signal peptide, subcellular localization, domain, tertiary structure, and the phylogenetic tree of CG17196 related proteins from different species. The results showed that CG17196 protein was an unstable hydrophobic protein, performing biological function in the endoplasmic reticulum. It contained DHHC-type zinc finger domain and three transmembrane regions, but without signal peptide. The prediction result of gene ontology showed that the chance that the CG17196 protein actually had palmitoyltransferase activity was 70%. CG17196 protein and its related proteins in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Ashbya gossypii, Dictyostelium discoideum and Arabidopsis thaliana showed high homology. In conclusion, CG17196 protein belongs to DHHC protein family and contains palmitoyltransferase activity, which may participate in the protein palmitoylation in the endoplasmic reticulum of Drosophila melanogaster, providing theoretical references for further systematic research on the function and evolution of new chimera CG17196.
Recent studies have suggested that chimeric genes may account for the formation and evolution of new genes and functional divergence. However, the biological function of the new chimeric gene CG17196 of Drosophila melanogaster remains unknown, therefore, this study aims to analyze the structure and function of CG17196 protein using bioinformatics methods. Based on the amino acid sequence of CG17196 protein from NCBI database, the bioinformatics analyses were performed, including protein physical and chemical properties, transmembrane region, signal peptide, subcellular localization, domain, tertiary structure, and the phylogenetic tree of CG17196 related proteins from different species. The results showed that CG17196 protein was an unstable hydrophobic protein, performing biological function in the endoplasmic reticulum. It contained DHHC-type zinc finger domain and three transmembrane regions, but without signal peptide. The prediction result of gene ontology showed that the chance that the CG17196 protein actually had palmitoyltransferase activity was 70%. CG17196 protein and its related proteins in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Ashbya gossypii, Dictyostelium discoideum and Arabidopsis thaliana showed high homology. In conclusion, CG17196 protein belongs to DHHC protein family and contains palmitoyltransferase activity, which may participate in the protein palmitoylation in the endoplasmic reticulum of Drosophila melanogaster, providing theoretical references for further systematic research on the function and evolution of new chimera CG17196.
Bioinformatics Analysis of the Structure and Function of CG17196 Protein of Drosophila Melanogaster
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-07-01
© Science Publishing Group
Hongchao Liu
Xianming Zou
Yiming Wang
Xuanlong Du
Qian Wang
Junbao Xie
Xinming Tu
Bioinformatics Analysis of the Structure and Function of CG17196 Protein of Drosophila Melanogaster
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273
2015-07-01
2015-07-01
10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.13
© Science Publishing Group
Serum Metabolomics Reveals Cholic Acid, Chenodeoxycholic Acid, and Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid as Potential Biomarkers for Hypothyroid Rats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.17
Hypothyroidism decreases energy metabolism including carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and protein synthesis, due to reduced serum levels of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Although many endogenous serum metabolites are influenced by hypothyroidism, serum metabolomic profiling has rarely been applied to the study of hypothyroidism. In the present study, we investigated potential biomarkers for hypothyroidism using serum metabolomics, and then measured serum levels of these endogenous metabolites using an analytical method: ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. There was a significant difference in the metabolic profiles of thyroidectomized (Tx) and normal rats. We found that many bile acid (BA) levels were significantly changed in serum of Tx rats. Simultaneous measurement of 12 different BAs in serum revealed that cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) levels significantly increased in Tx rats by approximately 25-fold, 11-fold, and 3-fold, respectively, compared with those of control rats. In Tx rats with active hormone T3 replacement, serum T3 levels were returned to physiological levels. However, these changes in BA levels were maintained at a high level. These results indicate that T3 replacement does not normalize the thyroid hormonal milieu. Thus, increased CA, CDCA, and TCDCA levels in serum after Tx may be a homeostatic response to not only T3 but also pro-thyroid hormone T4 deficiency. This study is the first to report that CA, CDCA, and TCDCA may be potential biomarkers for hypothyroidism and the efficacy of thyroid hormone replacement therapy in hypothyroidism.
Hypothyroidism decreases energy metabolism including carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and protein synthesis, due to reduced serum levels of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Although many endogenous serum metabolites are influenced by hypothyroidism, serum metabolomic profiling has rarely been applied to the study of hypothyroidism. In the present study, we investigated potential biomarkers for hypothyroidism using serum metabolomics, and then measured serum levels of these endogenous metabolites using an analytical method: ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. There was a significant difference in the metabolic profiles of thyroidectomized (Tx) and normal rats. We found that many bile acid (BA) levels were significantly changed in serum of Tx rats. Simultaneous measurement of 12 different BAs in serum revealed that cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) levels significantly increased in Tx rats by approximately 25-fold, 11-fold, and 3-fold, respectively, compared with those of control rats. In Tx rats with active hormone T3 replacement, serum T3 levels were returned to physiological levels. However, these changes in BA levels were maintained at a high level. These results indicate that T3 replacement does not normalize the thyroid hormonal milieu. Thus, increased CA, CDCA, and TCDCA levels in serum after Tx may be a homeostatic response to not only T3 but also pro-thyroid hormone T4 deficiency. This study is the first to report that CA, CDCA, and TCDCA may be potential biomarkers for hypothyroidism and the efficacy of thyroid hormone replacement therapy in hypothyroidism.
Serum Metabolomics Reveals Cholic Acid, Chenodeoxycholic Acid, and Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid as Potential Biomarkers for Hypothyroid Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.17
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-07-08
© Science Publishing Group
Hidenori Nagao
Masanori Suzuki
Hironori Aoki
Kouichi Minato
Serum Metabolomics Reveals Cholic Acid, Chenodeoxycholic Acid, and Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid as Potential Biomarkers for Hypothyroid Rats
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2015-07-08
2015-07-08
10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.17
© Science Publishing Group
Nutritional Analysis of Date Fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Perspective of Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.14
Present study reveals a thorough investigation of nutritional values of three different varieties (Trounja, Lagou, Gounda) of Tunisian dates available in Bangladeshi local markets. Moisture and total solids were (13.2-14.1%) and (85.9-86.8%), respectively. Ash and crude fibers contents were (2.13-2.18%) and (6.05-6.9%), respectively. The dates were rich in carbohydrate (51.8–55.0% dry weight), while they contained low concentrations of protein and lipid (2.0–2.2% and 0.12–0.72%, respectively). Dates represented little amounts of vitamin-A (0.7-1.2 mg%) and vitamin-C (0.7-0.9 mg%). High source of energy, as 100gm of date flesh can provide an average between (226.49-241.79) kcal. 11 minerals were determined from dates by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The predominant mineral was potassium (460-680 mg%). They contained low content of sodium (0.6-1.0 mg%). Rich source of calcium (51-60 mg%), phosphorus (52-60 mg%), magnesium (48-53 mg%) were found. Good source of iron (0.79-0.90 mg%), manganese (0.85-1.1 mg%), zinc (0.69-0.72 mg%), copper (0.32-0.36 mg%), chromium (0.36-0.42 mg%) and selenium (0.22-0.31 mg%) were found.
Present study reveals a thorough investigation of nutritional values of three different varieties (Trounja, Lagou, Gounda) of Tunisian dates available in Bangladeshi local markets. Moisture and total solids were (13.2-14.1%) and (85.9-86.8%), respectively. Ash and crude fibers contents were (2.13-2.18%) and (6.05-6.9%), respectively. The dates were rich in carbohydrate (51.8–55.0% dry weight), while they contained low concentrations of protein and lipid (2.0–2.2% and 0.12–0.72%, respectively). Dates represented little amounts of vitamin-A (0.7-1.2 mg%) and vitamin-C (0.7-0.9 mg%). High source of energy, as 100gm of date flesh can provide an average between (226.49-241.79) kcal. 11 minerals were determined from dates by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The predominant mineral was potassium (460-680 mg%). They contained low content of sodium (0.6-1.0 mg%). Rich source of calcium (51-60 mg%), phosphorus (52-60 mg%), magnesium (48-53 mg%) were found. Good source of iron (0.79-0.90 mg%), manganese (0.85-1.1 mg%), zinc (0.69-0.72 mg%), copper (0.32-0.36 mg%), chromium (0.36-0.42 mg%) and selenium (0.22-0.31 mg%) were found.
Nutritional Analysis of Date Fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Perspective of Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-07-03
© Science Publishing Group
Sultana Parvin
Dilruba Easmin
Afzal Sheikh
Mrityunjoy Biswas
Subed Chandra Dev Sharma
Md. Golam Sarowar Jahan
Md Amirul Islam
Narayan Roy
Mohammad Shariar Shovon
Nutritional Analysis of Date Fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Perspective of Bangladesh
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2015-07-03
2015-07-03
10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.14
© Science Publishing Group
Germination in Vitro of Brassicaceae (Sinapis arvensis L.) in the Northern Region of Tlemcen (Algeria)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.15
This ecophysiological study was conducted on a species (Sinapis arvensis L.) widespread in nature in Algeria particularly in the province of Tlemcen. This plant, even if it is undesirable in crop fields, can be useful in maintaining the biodiversity of the plant world. The goal set in this study was to treat the micro-propagation and germination of the species Sinapsis arvensis L. in synthetic environments, since these phenomena of growth and development in a sterile environment are poorly controlled. Our work deals successively with the following results: - The in vitro germination of Sinapis arvensisin different synthetic media, seeds taken of pods are harvested in stations in the Tlemcen region (Zenata, Beni-Ghanam and Rachgoun stations).They germinate differently; the germination rates vary with temperature and media used (Nutrient Agar and Potatoes Dextrose Agar, distilled water with NaCl at different concentrations, 1 g/L, 3 g/L and 5 g/L). This phenological phase appears to respond positively to the experimentation multiple conditions. - The percentage of germination was 75%. - Contamination by pathogens reaches 25%, despite the taken precautions (sterility of plant material, cleaning glassware, etc.).
This ecophysiological study was conducted on a species (Sinapis arvensis L.) widespread in nature in Algeria particularly in the province of Tlemcen. This plant, even if it is undesirable in crop fields, can be useful in maintaining the biodiversity of the plant world. The goal set in this study was to treat the micro-propagation and germination of the species Sinapsis arvensis L. in synthetic environments, since these phenomena of growth and development in a sterile environment are poorly controlled. Our work deals successively with the following results: - The in vitro germination of Sinapis arvensisin different synthetic media, seeds taken of pods are harvested in stations in the Tlemcen region (Zenata, Beni-Ghanam and Rachgoun stations).They germinate differently; the germination rates vary with temperature and media used (Nutrient Agar and Potatoes Dextrose Agar, distilled water with NaCl at different concentrations, 1 g/L, 3 g/L and 5 g/L). This phenological phase appears to respond positively to the experimentation multiple conditions. - The percentage of germination was 75%. - Contamination by pathogens reaches 25%, despite the taken precautions (sterility of plant material, cleaning glassware, etc.).
Germination in Vitro of Brassicaceae (Sinapis arvensis L.) in the Northern Region of Tlemcen (Algeria)
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-07-05
© Science Publishing Group
Benabadji Noury
Belkhodja Amal Nesrine
Abdeljalil Anissa
Germination in Vitro of Brassicaceae (Sinapis arvensis L.) in the Northern Region of Tlemcen (Algeria)
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2015-07-05
2015-07-05
10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.15
© Science Publishing Group
Attractant Role of Bacterial Bioluminescence of Photorhabdusluminescenson a Galleria mellonella Model
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.16
Though the intricate relationship between the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and its symbiotic bacterial counterpart Photorhabdus luminescensis generally known; the role of bioluminescence produced by the bacterial symbiont is yet to be identified. The objective of this study was to determine if bacterial luminosity plays a crucial role in attraction of larval insect hosts. This study focused on bacterial bioluminescence produced from both in vitro and in vivo culturing of the bacterial symbiont. The obtained results portrays that the average distance between Galleria mellonellalarvae and the bacterial light source (P. luminescens)decreased in a linear fashion as a function of increasing intensities of luminosity; thereby supporting the hypothesis that bioluminescence offers a symbiotic role to attract insect host larvae.
Though the intricate relationship between the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and its symbiotic bacterial counterpart Photorhabdus luminescensis generally known; the role of bioluminescence produced by the bacterial symbiont is yet to be identified. The objective of this study was to determine if bacterial luminosity plays a crucial role in attraction of larval insect hosts. This study focused on bacterial bioluminescence produced from both in vitro and in vivo culturing of the bacterial symbiont. The obtained results portrays that the average distance between Galleria mellonellalarvae and the bacterial light source (P. luminescens)decreased in a linear fashion as a function of increasing intensities of luminosity; thereby supporting the hypothesis that bioluminescence offers a symbiotic role to attract insect host larvae.
Attractant Role of Bacterial Bioluminescence of Photorhabdusluminescenson a Galleria mellonella Model
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.16
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-07-08
© Science Publishing Group
Walter Patterson
Devang Upadhyay
Sivanadane Mandjiny
Rebecca Bullard-Dillard
Meredith Storms
Michael Menefee
Leonard D. Holmes
Attractant Role of Bacterial Bioluminescence of Photorhabdusluminescenson a Galleria mellonella Model
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2015-07-08
2015-07-08
10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150304.16
© Science Publishing Group
The United Equation of Animal Growth
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.12
The equation that can describe all known types of animal growth is proposed. The equation contains two basic coefficients, one of which determines the initial rate of growth; the other determines the change of the growth rate. In separate cases two correction coefficients should be taken into account, one of which is connected with morphogenetic processes and the other is connected with spontaneous decrease of the body weight. Biorhythms that accompany growth process can be described by the equation as well. Linear recursive form of the equation allows to use regression analysis and, therefore, comparative intrapopulation, interpopulation and interspecies analysis of growth. Examples of approximation by the equation of own and literature experimental data are shown. Values of the coefficients of the equation for different types of growth in different stages of ontogenesis of the various animal systematic groups are calculated. The equation is suitable to describe change of any biological parameter which is associated with body weight by allometric (power) dependence
The equation that can describe all known types of animal growth is proposed. The equation contains two basic coefficients, one of which determines the initial rate of growth; the other determines the change of the growth rate. In separate cases two correction coefficients should be taken into account, one of which is connected with morphogenetic processes and the other is connected with spontaneous decrease of the body weight. Biorhythms that accompany growth process can be described by the equation as well. Linear recursive form of the equation allows to use regression analysis and, therefore, comparative intrapopulation, interpopulation and interspecies analysis of growth. Examples of approximation by the equation of own and literature experimental data are shown. Values of the coefficients of the equation for different types of growth in different stages of ontogenesis of the various animal systematic groups are calculated. The equation is suitable to describe change of any biological parameter which is associated with body weight by allometric (power) dependence
The United Equation of Animal Growth
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-08-22
© Science Publishing Group
Alexey A. Zotin
The United Equation of Animal Growth
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2015-08-22
2015-08-22
10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.12
© Science Publishing Group
Livelihood Status of Fishing Community of Talma River in the Northern Part of Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.11
The study was conducted to investigate the socio-economic profiles of the fishermen of river Talma in Panchagarh district in the Northern part of Bangladesh. Pertinent information was collected from fifty randomly selected fishermen from the study area during the period of eight months from March to October, 2014. In the study area the fishermen age range from 20 to 66 years. It was found that most of the fishermen (58%) illiterate though a small proportion completed primary level of education. Among them Muslims were 86% and Hindus 14%. About 68% of the fishermen had tin shed with bamboo house, while 26% and 6% of them had tin shed with tin and straw house, respectively. Annual income of the fishermen ranged from 35001-55000 BDT and they had large family size (member above 7) constituted 36%. Forty eight percent of the fishermen used their own tube-well, while 40% and 12% used government and neighbors’ tube-well, respectively. About 80% of the fishermen used kacha toilets and 16% semi pakka toilets and 6% of the fishermen had no sanitary facilities. In the study area, 86% of the fishermen were far from power plants and the rest of them had (14%) access to electricity. Majority (46%) of the fishermen was landless, while 38% had 1-20 decimal lands and 16% had above 20 decimal lands and significant proportion of fishermen depend upon village doctors (64%) for their health facilities. Seventy six percent of fishermen were engaged in fishing as their main occupation, 16% in agriculture and 8% in daily labor. The study revealed that the fishermen of Talma River were mostly illiterate, poor income, lack of training exposure and lack of awareness about their health facilities and sanitation. So, provide soft term loan and building people awareness have been suggested to improve the livelihood status of fishermen in Talma River
The study was conducted to investigate the socio-economic profiles of the fishermen of river Talma in Panchagarh district in the Northern part of Bangladesh. Pertinent information was collected from fifty randomly selected fishermen from the study area during the period of eight months from March to October, 2014. In the study area the fishermen age range from 20 to 66 years. It was found that most of the fishermen (58%) illiterate though a small proportion completed primary level of education. Among them Muslims were 86% and Hindus 14%. About 68% of the fishermen had tin shed with bamboo house, while 26% and 6% of them had tin shed with tin and straw house, respectively. Annual income of the fishermen ranged from 35001-55000 BDT and they had large family size (member above 7) constituted 36%. Forty eight percent of the fishermen used their own tube-well, while 40% and 12% used government and neighbors’ tube-well, respectively. About 80% of the fishermen used kacha toilets and 16% semi pakka toilets and 6% of the fishermen had no sanitary facilities. In the study area, 86% of the fishermen were far from power plants and the rest of them had (14%) access to electricity. Majority (46%) of the fishermen was landless, while 38% had 1-20 decimal lands and 16% had above 20 decimal lands and significant proportion of fishermen depend upon village doctors (64%) for their health facilities. Seventy six percent of fishermen were engaged in fishing as their main occupation, 16% in agriculture and 8% in daily labor. The study revealed that the fishermen of Talma River were mostly illiterate, poor income, lack of training exposure and lack of awareness about their health facilities and sanitation. So, provide soft term loan and building people awareness have been suggested to improve the livelihood status of fishermen in Talma River
Livelihood Status of Fishing Community of Talma River in the Northern Part of Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-08-24
© Science Publishing Group
Md. Ataur Rahman
Md. Nurunnabi Mondal
Kazi Ahsan Habib
Jannatun Shahin
Md. Golam Rabbane
Livelihood Status of Fishing Community of Talma River in the Northern Part of Bangladesh
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344
2015-08-24
2015-08-24
10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.11
© Science Publishing Group
Phytochemical Extraction and Screening of Bio Active Compounds from Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa) Seeds Extract
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.14
This study is interested to now a day's attracting attention of the researchers; which is natural products and their derivatives because of they are becoming sources to important drugs and the pharmaceutical industries have come to consider traditional medicine as a source of bioactive agents that can be used in the preparation of synthetic medicines and helpful also as nutritional values which are very interesting in their eco-friendness and free of the toxicity. Base on this, the current investigation is directed to the detection of the bioactive Black cumin which is one of the miraculous plant having multifarious roles in its phytochemical constituents and nutritional values, treating digestive tract conditions including gas, colic, diarrhea, dysentery, constipation, and hemorrhoids. Sopowdered Nigella sativa seed was used for crude oil extracts by using different solvents. In this manner, the results of investigation of qualitative phytochemical analysis conducted on the crude cumin seeds extract revealed the presence of bioactive compounds in the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts which are known to exhibit medicinal as well as physiological activities. Identification and separations were taken by TLC and CC. Finally four potentially active phytochemicals have been obtained from methanol extracts; are alkaloids, phenol, flavonoids and steroids. Thus we can scientifically conclude that the cumin seeds extract could be seen as an increasingly valuable reservoir of bioactive compounds of substantial medicinal merit
This study is interested to now a day's attracting attention of the researchers; which is natural products and their derivatives because of they are becoming sources to important drugs and the pharmaceutical industries have come to consider traditional medicine as a source of bioactive agents that can be used in the preparation of synthetic medicines and helpful also as nutritional values which are very interesting in their eco-friendness and free of the toxicity. Base on this, the current investigation is directed to the detection of the bioactive Black cumin which is one of the miraculous plant having multifarious roles in its phytochemical constituents and nutritional values, treating digestive tract conditions including gas, colic, diarrhea, dysentery, constipation, and hemorrhoids. Sopowdered Nigella sativa seed was used for crude oil extracts by using different solvents. In this manner, the results of investigation of qualitative phytochemical analysis conducted on the crude cumin seeds extract revealed the presence of bioactive compounds in the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts which are known to exhibit medicinal as well as physiological activities. Identification and separations were taken by TLC and CC. Finally four potentially active phytochemicals have been obtained from methanol extracts; are alkaloids, phenol, flavonoids and steroids. Thus we can scientifically conclude that the cumin seeds extract could be seen as an increasingly valuable reservoir of bioactive compounds of substantial medicinal merit
Phytochemical Extraction and Screening of Bio Active Compounds from Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa) Seeds Extract
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-08-25
© Science Publishing Group
Abdurohaman Mengesha Yessuf
Phytochemical Extraction and Screening of Bio Active Compounds from Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa) Seeds Extract
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364
364
2015-08-25
2015-08-25
10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.14
© Science Publishing Group
Profile of Dermatophyte and Non Dermatophyte Fungi in Patients Suspected of Dermatophytosis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.13
Fungal infections of hair, nail and skin are common worldwide and continue to increase. The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of dermatophytosis, isolation rates and the profile of fungi associated with dermatophytosis. Samples were collected from 305 patients and a portion of each sample was examined microscopically and the remaining portion was cultured on to plates of Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar containing chloramphinical with and without cychloheximide. Fungal cultures were identified by studying macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of their colonies. Of 305 clinical samples, fungi were detected in 265 (86.9%) samples by KOH and 224 (73.4%) clinical samples were culture positive. Dermatophytes were the most common isolates accounting 130 (58.0%) of the total isolates and this was followed by non- dermatophyte molds and yeasts that accounted 49 (21.9 %.) and 45 (20.0%) respectively. T. violaceum was the dominant species accounting for 49 (37.7%) dermatophyte isolates. Candida albicans was the dominant species accounting 30 (66.7%) of the total yeast isolates. The genus Aspergillus was the most common non-dermatophyte molds consisting of 13 (26.5%) species. Tinea unguium was the predominant clinical manifestation accounting 51.1% of the cases of which 119 (76.3%) were from females and 37 (23.7%) from males. T. violaceum was the most common pathogen in tinea unguium and tinea capitis, whereas T. mentagrophytes was the most common pathogen in tinea pedis and tinea manum. Seventy five percent of yeasts and 77.6% non dermatophyte molds were isolated from nails. Along with dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte fungi are also emerging as important causes of dermatophytosis. Both direct microscopy and culture are important tools for diagnosis of the fungal infections.
Fungal infections of hair, nail and skin are common worldwide and continue to increase. The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of dermatophytosis, isolation rates and the profile of fungi associated with dermatophytosis. Samples were collected from 305 patients and a portion of each sample was examined microscopically and the remaining portion was cultured on to plates of Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar containing chloramphinical with and without cychloheximide. Fungal cultures were identified by studying macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of their colonies. Of 305 clinical samples, fungi were detected in 265 (86.9%) samples by KOH and 224 (73.4%) clinical samples were culture positive. Dermatophytes were the most common isolates accounting 130 (58.0%) of the total isolates and this was followed by non- dermatophyte molds and yeasts that accounted 49 (21.9 %.) and 45 (20.0%) respectively. T. violaceum was the dominant species accounting for 49 (37.7%) dermatophyte isolates. Candida albicans was the dominant species accounting 30 (66.7%) of the total yeast isolates. The genus Aspergillus was the most common non-dermatophyte molds consisting of 13 (26.5%) species. Tinea unguium was the predominant clinical manifestation accounting 51.1% of the cases of which 119 (76.3%) were from females and 37 (23.7%) from males. T. violaceum was the most common pathogen in tinea unguium and tinea capitis, whereas T. mentagrophytes was the most common pathogen in tinea pedis and tinea manum. Seventy five percent of yeasts and 77.6% non dermatophyte molds were isolated from nails. Along with dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte fungi are also emerging as important causes of dermatophytosis. Both direct microscopy and culture are important tools for diagnosis of the fungal infections.
Profile of Dermatophyte and Non Dermatophyte Fungi in Patients Suspected of Dermatophytosis
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-08-22
© Science Publishing Group
Gebreabiezgi Teklebirhan
Adane Bitew
Profile of Dermatophyte and Non Dermatophyte Fungi in Patients Suspected of Dermatophytosis
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5
357
357
2015-08-22
2015-08-22
10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.13
© Science Publishing Group
In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy of Fractions from Onion (Allium Cepa) Leaves Extract from Wukro, Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.15
To examine the in vitro anti bacterial activities of the ethanol extract of fresh leaves of Alliumcepa (onion) and to determine and quantify the phenol compounds of the investigated plantparts. This study was drifting out at the Mekelle university department chemistry and Adigrat pharmaceutical industry, fromMarch2015toApril 2015. Clinical strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and ethanol extracts of the plant species was used for the antimicrobial study. Thirty grams of the sample was ground, filtrated, and each filtrate mixed with 100 ml ethanol and placed in a shaker for 48 hours. Theethanol was evaporated from the sample, weighed, and subjected to an antibacterial activity test using the agar diffusion method. The high- performance liquid chromatography was used to identify and quantify the phenols extracts of investigated samples. Ethanol extract of the investigated plant parts showed antibacterial activities against different pathogenicbacteria. Leaf extracts of Alliumcepashowed the highest antibacterial activity and contains more phenols. Theethanol extract of the tested plants could be considered as analternative source of new antibacterialdrugs.
To examine the in vitro anti bacterial activities of the ethanol extract of fresh leaves of Alliumcepa (onion) and to determine and quantify the phenol compounds of the investigated plantparts. This study was drifting out at the Mekelle university department chemistry and Adigrat pharmaceutical industry, fromMarch2015toApril 2015. Clinical strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and ethanol extracts of the plant species was used for the antimicrobial study. Thirty grams of the sample was ground, filtrated, and each filtrate mixed with 100 ml ethanol and placed in a shaker for 48 hours. Theethanol was evaporated from the sample, weighed, and subjected to an antibacterial activity test using the agar diffusion method. The high- performance liquid chromatography was used to identify and quantify the phenols extracts of investigated samples. Ethanol extract of the investigated plant parts showed antibacterial activities against different pathogenicbacteria. Leaf extracts of Alliumcepashowed the highest antibacterial activity and contains more phenols. Theethanol extract of the tested plants could be considered as analternative source of new antibacterialdrugs.
In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy of Fractions from Onion (Allium Cepa) Leaves Extract from Wukro, Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.15
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Teklit Gebregiorgis Amabye
In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy of Fractions from Onion (Allium Cepa) Leaves Extract from Wukro, Ethiopia
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368
368
2015-09-02
2015-09-02
10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.20150305.15
© Science Publishing Group
Age, Growth and Demographic Structures of Thorny Flathead <i>Rogadius asper</i>, Cuvier, 1829 (Pieces: Platycephalidae) from the Coastal Waters of the Suez Gulf
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030601.11
The age and growth of the Olive tail <i>Rogadius asper</i> exploited by the demersal trawl fishery in the Gulf of Suez were investigated during the fishing season 2014/2015. Ageing was done by sagittal otoliths for a sample of 675 ranged from 9.2 to 25.9 cm in total length (TL) with mean of 17.4±2.95 cm. The sex ratio was skewed in favors of females (1.6:1), which tended to high in number and bigger in size than males. The maximum investigated age of females was 4 years and that of males was 3 years. The mean von Bertalanffy growth parameters for both sexes L∞= 26.43±0.22cm and K=0.47±0.03year<sup>-1</sup> as estimated by four different methods. According to gender the growth was variable and significantly differed (P˂0.05=0.002). Females attained a greater mean L∞= 27.2±0.44cm than males L∞=24.0±0.26 cm and males displayed greater mean k value 0.53±0.02 year<sup>-1</sup> than that of females K=0.43±0.01 year<sup>-1</sup>. Fish of age groups 1 and 2 years were dominated the age compositions of <i>R. asper</i> constituting 36.6% and 39.3 % respectively. The estimated value of total mortality, natural mortality and fishing mortality for the pooled data was: Z= 1.51±0.25, 0.58±0.09 and 0.93±0.08 year<sup>-1</sup> respectively. It was indicated that the fishing mortality was more than one third (37.6%) of the derived natural mortality and exploitation rate was 0.62, indicating that the species was heavily exploited. Although <i>R. asper</i> is not a target species of commercial fisheries, it suffers high exploitation as part of the by-catch for its suitable market price for insufficient income.
The age and growth of the Olive tail <i>Rogadius asper</i> exploited by the demersal trawl fishery in the Gulf of Suez were investigated during the fishing season 2014/2015. Ageing was done by sagittal otoliths for a sample of 675 ranged from 9.2 to 25.9 cm in total length (TL) with mean of 17.4±2.95 cm. The sex ratio was skewed in favors of females (1.6:1), which tended to high in number and bigger in size than males. The maximum investigated age of females was 4 years and that of males was 3 years. The mean von Bertalanffy growth parameters for both sexes L∞= 26.43±0.22cm and K=0.47±0.03year<sup>-1</sup> as estimated by four different methods. According to gender the growth was variable and significantly differed (P˂0.05=0.002). Females attained a greater mean L∞= 27.2±0.44cm than males L∞=24.0±0.26 cm and males displayed greater mean k value 0.53±0.02 year<sup>-1</sup> than that of females K=0.43±0.01 year<sup>-1</sup>. Fish of age groups 1 and 2 years were dominated the age compositions of <i>R. asper</i> constituting 36.6% and 39.3 % respectively. The estimated value of total mortality, natural mortality and fishing mortality for the pooled data was: Z= 1.51±0.25, 0.58±0.09 and 0.93±0.08 year<sup>-1</sup> respectively. It was indicated that the fishing mortality was more than one third (37.6%) of the derived natural mortality and exploitation rate was 0.62, indicating that the species was heavily exploited. Although <i>R. asper</i> is not a target species of commercial fisheries, it suffers high exploitation as part of the by-catch for its suitable market price for insufficient income.
Age, Growth and Demographic Structures of Thorny Flathead <i>Rogadius asper</i>, Cuvier, 1829 (Pieces: Platycephalidae) from the Coastal Waters of the Suez Gulf
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030601.11
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Manal Sabrah
Amal Amin
Aly El Sayed
Age, Growth and Demographic Structures of Thorny Flathead <i>Rogadius asper</i>, Cuvier, 1829 (Pieces: Platycephalidae) from the Coastal Waters of the Suez Gulf
3
6
6
6
2015-09-02
2015-09-02
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030601.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030601.11
© Science Publishing Group
Age and Growth of the Areolate Grouper <i>Epinephelus areolatus</i> from the Gulf of Suez
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030601.12
Age and growth of the associated coral reef grouper, <i>Epinephelus areolatus</i>, were estimated for samples collected from the artisanal fishery in the Gulf of Suez during November 2013 and October 2014. Otoliths of 597 specimens ranged in length from 11.2 to 50.5 cm were used in age determination. The otoliths showed alternating opaque (light) and translucent zones when seen by reflected light against a dark background, a translu¬cent zone plus the opaque zone immediately around it formed an annulus. According to the otolith examination, the maximum life span of <i>E areolatus</i> was eight years with mean lengths of 16.9, 24, 29.9, 35.7, 39.7, 43.4, 46.6 and 49.7 cm for the age groups from one to eight respectively. Individuals belong to age group two constituted the bulk of the catch with more than 60% of the population. The results showed that the <i>E. areolatus</i> is a relatively slow growing species and the values of the von Bertalanffy growth function was estimated as K = 0.154, L∞ = 66.55 cm (LT) and t<sub>0</sub> = −0.91 years. The estimated growth performance index is 2.83. The length weight relationship was estimated as a = 0.0135 and b = 2.9947, r<sup>2</sup> =0.981 indicating an isometric growth of the weight relative to the length.
Age and growth of the associated coral reef grouper, <i>Epinephelus areolatus</i>, were estimated for samples collected from the artisanal fishery in the Gulf of Suez during November 2013 and October 2014. Otoliths of 597 specimens ranged in length from 11.2 to 50.5 cm were used in age determination. The otoliths showed alternating opaque (light) and translucent zones when seen by reflected light against a dark background, a translu¬cent zone plus the opaque zone immediately around it formed an annulus. According to the otolith examination, the maximum life span of <i>E areolatus</i> was eight years with mean lengths of 16.9, 24, 29.9, 35.7, 39.7, 43.4, 46.6 and 49.7 cm for the age groups from one to eight respectively. Individuals belong to age group two constituted the bulk of the catch with more than 60% of the population. The results showed that the <i>E. areolatus</i> is a relatively slow growing species and the values of the von Bertalanffy growth function was estimated as K = 0.154, L∞ = 66.55 cm (LT) and t<sub>0</sub> = −0.91 years. The estimated growth performance index is 2.83. The length weight relationship was estimated as a = 0.0135 and b = 2.9947, r<sup>2</sup> =0.981 indicating an isometric growth of the weight relative to the length.
Age and Growth of the Areolate Grouper <i>Epinephelus areolatus</i> from the Gulf of Suez
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030601.12
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Ezzat Abd-Allah
Azza El-Ganainy
Alaa Osman
Age and Growth of the Areolate Grouper <i>Epinephelus areolatus</i> from the Gulf of Suez
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12
12
2015-09-02
2015-09-02
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030601.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030601.12
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation of Growth Performance of Nile <i>Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Fed Piophila casei</i> Maggot Meal (Magmeal) Diets
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030601.14
A relatively new approach is the use of insects as a source of animal protein in fish nutrition. Houseflies larvae utilise decaying organic waste to produce animal protein and the larvae can be used to produce a meal (magmeal). Interestingly study of the use of magmeal as substitute for fish meal in fish diets have increased in recent times. In the present work, a feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of housefly maggot meal (magmeal) as a protein source for Nile tilapia (<i> Oreochromis niloticus niloticus </i>). The results of the present study revealed that all the experimental diets were accepted by O. niloticus niloticus. This implies that the different experimental feed ingredients did not affect the palatability of the diets. The good overall growth performances and no mortality obtained in both experimental group of this study confirm the suitability of chosen nutritional composition for tilapia. FCR values below 1 have been reported here, indicating the most efficient utilisation of food by <i> Oreochromis niloticus niloticus </i>. The fish fed on maggot diet exhibited a higher K value compared to those fed on commercial diet. The results suggested that dietary maggot meal promoted the growth of Nile tilapia and enhanced nutrient utilization which is reflected in improved length gain, weight gain, FCR, and SGR. Progressive increment in length gain, weight gain and SGR were observed in maggot meal based diet, recording better growth than commercial based diet, concluding that maggot diet has the best performance. Based on the result obtained from the experiment, it is hereby recommended that 100% maggot meal can be included in the diet of O. <i> niloticus nilotcus </i> to reduce cost and maximize profit.
A relatively new approach is the use of insects as a source of animal protein in fish nutrition. Houseflies larvae utilise decaying organic waste to produce animal protein and the larvae can be used to produce a meal (magmeal). Interestingly study of the use of magmeal as substitute for fish meal in fish diets have increased in recent times. In the present work, a feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of housefly maggot meal (magmeal) as a protein source for Nile tilapia (<i> Oreochromis niloticus niloticus </i>). The results of the present study revealed that all the experimental diets were accepted by O. niloticus niloticus. This implies that the different experimental feed ingredients did not affect the palatability of the diets. The good overall growth performances and no mortality obtained in both experimental group of this study confirm the suitability of chosen nutritional composition for tilapia. FCR values below 1 have been reported here, indicating the most efficient utilisation of food by <i> Oreochromis niloticus niloticus </i>. The fish fed on maggot diet exhibited a higher K value compared to those fed on commercial diet. The results suggested that dietary maggot meal promoted the growth of Nile tilapia and enhanced nutrient utilization which is reflected in improved length gain, weight gain, FCR, and SGR. Progressive increment in length gain, weight gain and SGR were observed in maggot meal based diet, recording better growth than commercial based diet, concluding that maggot diet has the best performance. Based on the result obtained from the experiment, it is hereby recommended that 100% maggot meal can be included in the diet of O. <i> niloticus nilotcus </i> to reduce cost and maximize profit.
Evaluation of Growth Performance of Nile <i>Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Fed Piophila casei</i> Maggot Meal (Magmeal) Diets
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030601.14
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Ahmed E. Ali
Mohamed I. Mekhamar
Ali G. Gadel-Rab
Alaa G. M. Osman
Evaluation of Growth Performance of Nile <i>Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Fed Piophila casei</i> Maggot Meal (Magmeal) Diets
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29
29
2015-09-02
2015-09-02
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030601.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030601.14
© Science Publishing Group
A Key for Identification of Spiders at Qena Governorate, Upper Egypt
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030601.13
Spiders are one of the more diverse arthropod taxa, ranking seventh in global diversity, which makes them a fascinating group to study [1]. The correct identification of many spider species is considered problematic due to complex variation in morphology [2]. The Egyptian spider fauna are incompletely known due to scarcity of studies on this group especially in Upper Egypt. So, the present key for identifying terrestrial spiders at Qena Governorate is a part of a comprehensive study conducted at the region to study the ecology and taxonomy of this group. The present key was designed to facilitate identification of terrestrial spiders at Qena Governorate using their morphological characteristics. Samples of spiders were collected during a period of one year (from February, 2012 till January, 2013) from six different sites covering Qena governorate. Qena (15-26<sup>0</sup> N, 32-50<sup>0</sup> E) is located at Upper Egypt about 600 Km south of Cairo and 60 Km north of Luxor and 260 Km west of the Red Sea. Climate of Qena is hot, dry in summer and cold in winter. It rarely rains. Also, it receives a large quantity of solar radiation; especially in summer. Sampling methods of spiders included hand picking, sweep net and pitfall trap. Survey results revealed the occurrence of 14 families that included 23 genera and 23species. The present key for the collected families and species was designed and illustrated using taxonomic characteristics of each species.
Spiders are one of the more diverse arthropod taxa, ranking seventh in global diversity, which makes them a fascinating group to study [1]. The correct identification of many spider species is considered problematic due to complex variation in morphology [2]. The Egyptian spider fauna are incompletely known due to scarcity of studies on this group especially in Upper Egypt. So, the present key for identifying terrestrial spiders at Qena Governorate is a part of a comprehensive study conducted at the region to study the ecology and taxonomy of this group. The present key was designed to facilitate identification of terrestrial spiders at Qena Governorate using their morphological characteristics. Samples of spiders were collected during a period of one year (from February, 2012 till January, 2013) from six different sites covering Qena governorate. Qena (15-26<sup>0</sup> N, 32-50<sup>0</sup> E) is located at Upper Egypt about 600 Km south of Cairo and 60 Km north of Luxor and 260 Km west of the Red Sea. Climate of Qena is hot, dry in summer and cold in winter. It rarely rains. Also, it receives a large quantity of solar radiation; especially in summer. Sampling methods of spiders included hand picking, sweep net and pitfall trap. Survey results revealed the occurrence of 14 families that included 23 genera and 23species. The present key for the collected families and species was designed and illustrated using taxonomic characteristics of each species.
A Key for Identification of Spiders at Qena Governorate, Upper Egypt
doi:10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030601.13
American Journal of Life Sciences
2015-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Ahmad H. Obuid-Allah
Amal A. Mahmoud
ElAmier H. M. Hussien
A Key for Identification of Spiders at Qena Governorate, Upper Egypt
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23
23
2015-09-02
2015-09-02
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030601.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=118&doi=10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030601.13
© Science Publishing Group