Science Publishing Group: Optics: Table of Contents
<i> Optics </i> is aimed to stimulate study and research in fundamental and applied science related to the problems in optics.It publishes Research Papers on results of original and applied research of sufficient merit in all branches of optical physics and technology,such as the science of vision, colour, photometry, illumination, optical/opto-electronics material and devices, optical testing and standardization,and so on. Optics welcomes the following tier 1 article types: Book Review, Editorial, General Commentary, Hypothesis & Theory, Methods, Mini Review, Opinion, Original Research, Perspective, Review, Specialty Grand Challenge and Technology Report.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/optics Science Publishing Group: Optics: Table of Contents
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Optics
Optics
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Planar Gradient Hyperbolic Secant Lens for Subwavelength Focusing and Superresolution Imaging
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Integral relations to describe the propagation of a TE-wave from an external point source through the two-dimensional medium (plane interface) and the plane-parallel plate are proposed. We discuss three types of waves that contribute to the resulting light field, namely, the propagating waves and the first- and second-type surface waves. The comparison of near-field refractive lenses (SIL, NAIL) and a planar hyperbolic secant lens shows their numerical apertures to have close values, with the difference being as small as 5% for the Si-based optical elements. The FDTD-method simulation shows that by combining the gradient-index hyperbolic secant lens with a subwavelength diffraction grating or replacing it with its binary analog, the focal spot size can be made, respectively, 10% and 20% smaller than the diffraction-limited resolution in the 2D medium. We design a Si-based, planar binary microlens to generate a near-surface focal spot of full-width half-maximum size FWHM=0.102λ, where λ is the incident wavelength, which is practically devoid of side-lobes. It is shown that about 10 percent of the total incident beam energy goes to the far-field zone.
Integral relations to describe the propagation of a TE-wave from an external point source through the two-dimensional medium (plane interface) and the plane-parallel plate are proposed. We discuss three types of waves that contribute to the resulting light field, namely, the propagating waves and the first- and second-type surface waves. The comparison of near-field refractive lenses (SIL, NAIL) and a planar hyperbolic secant lens shows their numerical apertures to have close values, with the difference being as small as 5% for the Si-based optical elements. The FDTD-method simulation shows that by combining the gradient-index hyperbolic secant lens with a subwavelength diffraction grating or replacing it with its binary analog, the focal spot size can be made, respectively, 10% and 20% smaller than the diffraction-limited resolution in the 2D medium. We design a Si-based, planar binary microlens to generate a near-surface focal spot of full-width half-maximum size FWHM=0.102λ, where λ is the incident wavelength, which is practically devoid of side-lobes. It is shown that about 10 percent of the total incident beam energy goes to the far-field zone.
Planar Gradient Hyperbolic Secant Lens for Subwavelength Focusing and Superresolution Imaging
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20120101.11
Optics
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
V. V. Kotlyar
A. A. Kovalev
A. G. Nalimov
Planar Gradient Hyperbolic Secant Lens for Subwavelength Focusing and Superresolution Imaging
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Modeling of Vibration Sensing with Variable Fabry-Perot System
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The application of Fabry-Perot (FP) system for vibration sensing is theoretically analyzed and successfully demonstrated by simulation. The separation between the reflecting mirrors of the FP is varying in accordance with the sensed vibration that is in contact with the freely movable mirror. The variable separation is modeled as a small uniform sinusoidal perturbation that satisfies the constructive multiple beam interference inside the cavity. The variation of the separation between the two mirrors of the FP induces a phase variation to the reflected laser beam employed in the system. The constructed signals by signals processing and transformation reveal the effectiveness of the method for vibration sensing and hence the applicability for gravitational and seismic waves monitoring.
The application of Fabry-Perot (FP) system for vibration sensing is theoretically analyzed and successfully demonstrated by simulation. The separation between the reflecting mirrors of the FP is varying in accordance with the sensed vibration that is in contact with the freely movable mirror. The variable separation is modeled as a small uniform sinusoidal perturbation that satisfies the constructive multiple beam interference inside the cavity. The variation of the separation between the two mirrors of the FP induces a phase variation to the reflected laser beam employed in the system. The constructed signals by signals processing and transformation reveal the effectiveness of the method for vibration sensing and hence the applicability for gravitational and seismic waves monitoring.
Modeling of Vibration Sensing with Variable Fabry-Perot System
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20130201.11
Optics
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Fadhali Mohamed
Modeling of Vibration Sensing with Variable Fabry-Perot System
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© Science Publishing Group
Nonlinear Amplification of the Brillouin-Rayleigh Triplet Caused by Two-Photon Heating
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The thin structures of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated temperature scattering (STS) spectral components caused by two-photon heating are analyzed theoretically. In contrast to the linear (single-photon) case for two-photon heating a stokes SBS component exhibits the spectral shift depending on the pump intensity. Emergence of an anti-stokes SBS component is possible when the pump intensity is sufficiently high so that the positive two-photon thermal gain may compensate the negative electrostrictive gain. The spectral components of STS caused by linear or two-photon absorption (essentially different linear or two-photon STS-2) possess the same thin structures.
The thin structures of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated temperature scattering (STS) spectral components caused by two-photon heating are analyzed theoretically. In contrast to the linear (single-photon) case for two-photon heating a stokes SBS component exhibits the spectral shift depending on the pump intensity. Emergence of an anti-stokes SBS component is possible when the pump intensity is sufficiently high so that the positive two-photon thermal gain may compensate the negative electrostrictive gain. The spectral components of STS caused by linear or two-photon absorption (essentially different linear or two-photon STS-2) possess the same thin structures.
Nonlinear Amplification of the Brillouin-Rayleigh Triplet Caused by Two-Photon Heating
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20130201.12
Optics
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
V. B. Karpov
V. V. Korobkin
Nonlinear Amplification of the Brillouin-Rayleigh Triplet Caused by Two-Photon Heating
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© Science Publishing Group
Conditions and Probability of electron-Photon Interactions
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In that paper some aspects of electron-photon interactions are discussed. Although that subject has already been treated in many publications there are still some unsolved problems: like relationship between photon duration and electron transit time, or conditions and probability of interaction processes. These are addressed in this paper and new results are obtained. For example, the electron-photon interaction process can only occur if the electron transit time from an energy level to another one is equal to the length of the photon in time or by other words to the duration of the interacting photon. That means the energy transfer in a specific process requires a specific processing time, i.e. the processing time and the processing energy are strictly connected to each other. If these two conditions are not satisfied simultaneously the interaction cannot be carried out. Further, it can be stated: time is passing as changes occur in the state of the material, like changes in its energy level, location, motion, composition, etc. To perform such a change, some energy is needed. If the inherent energy of a specific physical process which is utilized to carry out the change in the state of material is higher, the change is carried out in a shorter time. This relationship presents strict connection between energy and time
In that paper some aspects of electron-photon interactions are discussed. Although that subject has already been treated in many publications there are still some unsolved problems: like relationship between photon duration and electron transit time, or conditions and probability of interaction processes. These are addressed in this paper and new results are obtained. For example, the electron-photon interaction process can only occur if the electron transit time from an energy level to another one is equal to the length of the photon in time or by other words to the duration of the interacting photon. That means the energy transfer in a specific process requires a specific processing time, i.e. the processing time and the processing energy are strictly connected to each other. If these two conditions are not satisfied simultaneously the interaction cannot be carried out. Further, it can be stated: time is passing as changes occur in the state of the material, like changes in its energy level, location, motion, composition, etc. To perform such a change, some energy is needed. If the inherent energy of a specific physical process which is utilized to carry out the change in the state of material is higher, the change is carried out in a shorter time. This relationship presents strict connection between energy and time
Conditions and Probability of electron-Photon Interactions
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20130201.13
Optics
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Tibor Berceli
Conditions and Probability of electron-Photon Interactions
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10.11648/j.optics.20130201.13
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© Science Publishing Group
Cleanness Evaluation Method of Remaining Dirt on Inner Surface of Narrow Tubule by IR Spectroscopy
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We try to develop a new measurement method for cleanliness evaluation of inner surface of narrow tubule.In this measurement method, we use the infrared spectroscopy and the partial least squares regression (PLSR).The absorption spectrum is measured by using fiber probe and cone mirror.We measure the spectra of the known amount of dirt.We build a calibration curve using these spectra and the PLSR.Next, we measured spectrum of inner surface of narrow tubule, and calculates the amount of remaining this dirt by the calibration curve.This method can be measured in a non-contact and non-destructive.This method can identify the remaining position and the type and amount of dirt.In this paper, we propose this measurement method as new cleanliness evaluation method has overcome the problems that exist in the cleanliness evaluation.
We try to develop a new measurement method for cleanliness evaluation of inner surface of narrow tubule.In this measurement method, we use the infrared spectroscopy and the partial least squares regression (PLSR).The absorption spectrum is measured by using fiber probe and cone mirror.We measure the spectra of the known amount of dirt.We build a calibration curve using these spectra and the PLSR.Next, we measured spectrum of inner surface of narrow tubule, and calculates the amount of remaining this dirt by the calibration curve.This method can be measured in a non-contact and non-destructive.This method can identify the remaining position and the type and amount of dirt.In this paper, we propose this measurement method as new cleanliness evaluation method has overcome the problems that exist in the cleanliness evaluation.
Cleanness Evaluation Method of Remaining Dirt on Inner Surface of Narrow Tubule by IR Spectroscopy
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20130201.14
Optics
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Shouhei Koyama
Yuki Miyauchi
Hiroaki Ishizawa
Cleanness Evaluation Method of Remaining Dirt on Inner Surface of Narrow Tubule by IR Spectroscopy
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© Science Publishing Group
Light Scattering by a Prism and Pyramid in the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye Approximation
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The general approach to finding the form factor of a compound particle and a system of particles in the Ray-leigh-Gans-Debye (RGD) approximation is considered. The rotational-translational properties of light scattering amplitude in the RGD approximation are formulated. Using such properties, the analytical expressions for the amplitude of light scattering by a prism and pyramid with an arbitrary polygonal base in the RGD approximation are obtained. The phase functions of light scattering by a prism and pyramid in the RGD approximation are computed.
The general approach to finding the form factor of a compound particle and a system of particles in the Ray-leigh-Gans-Debye (RGD) approximation is considered. The rotational-translational properties of light scattering amplitude in the RGD approximation are formulated. Using such properties, the analytical expressions for the amplitude of light scattering by a prism and pyramid with an arbitrary polygonal base in the RGD approximation are obtained. The phase functions of light scattering by a prism and pyramid in the RGD approximation are computed.
Light Scattering by a Prism and Pyramid in the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye Approximation
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20130202.11
Optics
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Konstantin A. Shapovalov
Light Scattering by a Prism and Pyramid in the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye Approximation
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© Science Publishing Group
Sensitivity of a Position Sensitive Detector with Quadrant Photodiode
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New relationships of displacement signal using four and only two opposite sectors on quadrant photodiode are derived. Sensitivity of position sensitive devices with quadrant photodiode is analyzed. The sensitivity is bigger for (1+1) than (2+2) configuration, for equal parameters. This is an important parameter in designing of command and control devices in laser guidance systems.
New relationships of displacement signal using four and only two opposite sectors on quadrant photodiode are derived. Sensitivity of position sensitive devices with quadrant photodiode is analyzed. The sensitivity is bigger for (1+1) than (2+2) configuration, for equal parameters. This is an important parameter in designing of command and control devices in laser guidance systems.
Sensitivity of a Position Sensitive Detector with Quadrant Photodiode
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20130202.12
Optics
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ž. Barbarić
Sensitivity of a Position Sensitive Detector with Quadrant Photodiode
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© Science Publishing Group
Polarization Analysis of Antireflection Coating for SOS material System
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Using CAD tool Essential Macleod, MATLAB and Optimac-investigation is done on an antireflection coating for SOS material system. Here the polarization (TE & TM) effect of antireflection coating for SOS material system is mainly analyzed. No coating, single layer coating, optimized single layer coating and finally multilayer coating are used to investigate the polarization effect. It is observed that the mean transmission of 96.56%, 98.74% and 99.99% obtained for no coating, single layer coating and multilayer coating of a SOS material system respectively.
Using CAD tool Essential Macleod, MATLAB and Optimac-investigation is done on an antireflection coating for SOS material system. Here the polarization (TE & TM) effect of antireflection coating for SOS material system is mainly analyzed. No coating, single layer coating, optimized single layer coating and finally multilayer coating are used to investigate the polarization effect. It is observed that the mean transmission of 96.56%, 98.74% and 99.99% obtained for no coating, single layer coating and multilayer coating of a SOS material system respectively.
Polarization Analysis of Antireflection Coating for SOS material System
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20130203.11
Optics
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Imran Khan
M. Mostafizur Rahman
Polarization Analysis of Antireflection Coating for SOS material System
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© Science Publishing Group
Absorption of Light in Positron and Electron States in Quasi-Zero-Dimensional Nanosystems
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A theory is developed for the interaction of an electromagnetic field with one-particle quantum-confined states of positron and electron in spherical nanovoids of metals and semiconductors. In the framework of dipole approximation it is shown that the oscillator forces and dipole moments for the transitions involving one-particle states in nanovoids are rather large, exceeding the corresponding typical parameters of bulk metal and semiconductor materials. It is established that giant optical absorption cross sections in the quasi-zero-dimensional systems to enable to use these nanosystems as new efficient absorbing nanomaterials for infra-red radiation.
A theory is developed for the interaction of an electromagnetic field with one-particle quantum-confined states of positron and electron in spherical nanovoids of metals and semiconductors. In the framework of dipole approximation it is shown that the oscillator forces and dipole moments for the transitions involving one-particle states in nanovoids are rather large, exceeding the corresponding typical parameters of bulk metal and semiconductor materials. It is established that giant optical absorption cross sections in the quasi-zero-dimensional systems to enable to use these nanosystems as new efficient absorbing nanomaterials for infra-red radiation.
Absorption of Light in Positron and Electron States in Quasi-Zero-Dimensional Nanosystems
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20130204.11
Optics
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Sergey I. Pokutnyi
Petro P. Gorbyk
Absorption of Light in Positron and Electron States in Quasi-Zero-Dimensional Nanosystems
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Fourier-Bessel Analysis of Polar Space Symmetric Photonic Crystal; Resonator Modes and Heterostructure
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A Fourier-Bessel equivalent of the plane wave technique is employed to theoretically analyze a circular photonic crystal structure containing both radial and rotational periodicity. The presence of the 12-fold rotational symmetry in the dielectric profile results in a 12-times reduction in the order of the matrix diagonalized when cast using the Fourier-Bessel basis functions. In addition, the Fourier-Bessel technique is highly suited for extracting the localized modes as it can be tuned to solve for a particular mode order. The possibility of using the circular structure as the defect region of a hexagonal array is also examined by studying the localized states obtained in a heterostructure configuration.
A Fourier-Bessel equivalent of the plane wave technique is employed to theoretically analyze a circular photonic crystal structure containing both radial and rotational periodicity. The presence of the 12-fold rotational symmetry in the dielectric profile results in a 12-times reduction in the order of the matrix diagonalized when cast using the Fourier-Bessel basis functions. In addition, the Fourier-Bessel technique is highly suited for extracting the localized modes as it can be tuned to solve for a particular mode order. The possibility of using the circular structure as the defect region of a hexagonal array is also examined by studying the localized states obtained in a heterostructure configuration.
Fourier-Bessel Analysis of Polar Space Symmetric Photonic Crystal; Resonator Modes and Heterostructure
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20130205.11
Optics
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Scott Ronald. Newman
Robert Claude. Gauthier
Fourier-Bessel Analysis of Polar Space Symmetric Photonic Crystal; Resonator Modes and Heterostructure
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© Science Publishing Group
Thermo-Optical Parameters of Propylene Carbonate as a Laser Dye Solvent
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The dual laser wavelength Mach-Zehnder interferometric technique is used to study the thermal and optical properties of propylene carbonate (PC), which consider as important polar dielectric solvent for many laser dyes. Using Argon and He-Ne laser at wavelengths 514.5 and 632.8 nm as a light sources and Mach-Zehnder interferometer, many thermal and optical parameters are measured and many others are calculated. The experimental technique is used for measuring the refractive index and its gradient with temperature. Applying Cauchy,s equation the dispersion of PC can be studied. Using Murphy-Alpert,s equation the gradient of refractive index dn/dT as a function of wavelength and the density versus temperature are calculated and plotted. On the other hand, the constants A and B of Cauchy,s equation as a function of temperature were studied. Additionally, using Fresnel equations many optical properties such as transmittance and reflectance as a function of incident angle, temperature and wavelength are calculated and represented. This paper gives new data measured at high frequencies to be useful and available for all workers in the field of dye lasers (designers and researchers).
The dual laser wavelength Mach-Zehnder interferometric technique is used to study the thermal and optical properties of propylene carbonate (PC), which consider as important polar dielectric solvent for many laser dyes. Using Argon and He-Ne laser at wavelengths 514.5 and 632.8 nm as a light sources and Mach-Zehnder interferometer, many thermal and optical parameters are measured and many others are calculated. The experimental technique is used for measuring the refractive index and its gradient with temperature. Applying Cauchy,s equation the dispersion of PC can be studied. Using Murphy-Alpert,s equation the gradient of refractive index dn/dT as a function of wavelength and the density versus temperature are calculated and plotted. On the other hand, the constants A and B of Cauchy,s equation as a function of temperature were studied. Additionally, using Fresnel equations many optical properties such as transmittance and reflectance as a function of incident angle, temperature and wavelength are calculated and represented. This paper gives new data measured at high frequencies to be useful and available for all workers in the field of dye lasers (designers and researchers).
Thermo-Optical Parameters of Propylene Carbonate as a Laser Dye Solvent
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20130205.12
Optics
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Hassan A. El-Kashef
Asmaa. S. Rezk
Thermo-Optical Parameters of Propylene Carbonate as a Laser Dye Solvent
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The Effect of Mixture of AOT Microemulsion with PEG-PPG-PEG Tri-Block Polymer on Surface
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The mixture of tri-block polymer with microemulsion on surface is studied with AFM. The study the topography of surface shows with increase of concentration of polymer, the high distribution doesn’t change but the wide of size is increasing. Moreover, the mixture of AOT microemulsion with tri-block polymer was coated and drying on surface, is studied with AFM. The results shows, the high distribution parameter increase with increase of polymer concentration on microemulsion
The mixture of tri-block polymer with microemulsion on surface is studied with AFM. The study the topography of surface shows with increase of concentration of polymer, the high distribution doesn’t change but the wide of size is increasing. Moreover, the mixture of AOT microemulsion with tri-block polymer was coated and drying on surface, is studied with AFM. The results shows, the high distribution parameter increase with increase of polymer concentration on microemulsion
The Effect of Mixture of AOT Microemulsion with PEG-PPG-PEG Tri-Block Polymer on Surface
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20130206.11
Optics
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Soheil Sharifi
Esmaeil Doodman
Ahmadreza Daraei
The Effect of Mixture of AOT Microemulsion with PEG-PPG-PEG Tri-Block Polymer on Surface
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Influence of pH on the Electrochemical Deposition of Composite Coatings in Copper Matrix with Tio2 Nanoparticles
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Cu-nanoTiO2 composite coatings electroplated from copper sulfate bath were obtained and characterized.The paper presents the influence of the different pH of Cu– TiO2 coatings obtained at DC current density. The pHwere 0.5and2in electroplating bath.The surface morphology andcomposition of layers were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDX analysis.The influences of pH parameter on the thickness, grain size and surface morphology of coating were studied.
Cu-nanoTiO2 composite coatings electroplated from copper sulfate bath were obtained and characterized.The paper presents the influence of the different pH of Cu– TiO2 coatings obtained at DC current density. The pHwere 0.5and2in electroplating bath.The surface morphology andcomposition of layers were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDX analysis.The influences of pH parameter on the thickness, grain size and surface morphology of coating were studied.
Influence of pH on the Electrochemical Deposition of Composite Coatings in Copper Matrix with Tio2 Nanoparticles
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20140301.11
Optics
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Samira Salehi
Masoud Delgosha
Soheil Sharifi
Influence of pH on the Electrochemical Deposition of Composite Coatings in Copper Matrix with Tio2 Nanoparticles
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© Science Publishing Group
Determination of Effective Photon Lifetime in Nitrogenic Laser in One and Two Dimension
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.20140301.12
Since one of the most valuable measurable parameters in laser, called effective cavity lifetime , gives useful information about laser, this paper aims to study the description of it dependency, τ_ph^eff, on geometrical characteristics of N2-laser, electrodes length and amplifier gap separation. First based on the studies carried out on it , an oscillator-amplifier laser is used which operates under moderate current density conditions; Then in order to obtain a theoretical relation for effective cavity lifetime and to demonstrate the mentioned dependency using rate equations, at first a one-dimensional method is used for the photon density. Since the answers of rate equations in an oscillator-amplifier laser are complicated, a single-oscillator based modelis offered to make rate equations simpler. In this model, at first it is supposed that the photon density of inner part of the amplifier could benph (z,t)= nph (0,t) exp (g0(z)z), If nph≅ nph (z,t), then rate equations are used for this density and since g0 is a function of z or amplifier electrode length (Z≅lAMP), the cavity effective life time is calculated for equivalent oscillator.Then ,Since most of studies carried out in one dimension , so for approaching to more actual system a two -dimensional method is used for the photon density. So, we consider Z andY, which Z is along amplifier electrodes length and Y is along gaps separation. Supposing that Z and Y are independent on the photon density, two independent relations can be considered for the photon density. In this step, 2-dimensional photon density could be regarded as:nph (z,y,t) = nph (z,t) nph (y,t) . and then 2-dimensional effective cavity lifetime amount is obtained as:〖〖(τ〗_eff^ph)〗^(-1)=c/l_AMp (1+ ץ_l^z+bl_AMp ץ_l^z )+c/d_AMp (ץ_l^y+ad_AMp ץ_l^y ), This relation includes 2 independent values along the electrodes length (Z≅lAMP) and gap separation (y≅dAMP). It also demonstrates that the obtained 2-dimentional relation represents a perfect schema for lifetime behavior. The results of this calculation are consistent with other reported N2-laser effective cavity lifetime values measured under moderate current density conditions.
Since one of the most valuable measurable parameters in laser, called effective cavity lifetime , gives useful information about laser, this paper aims to study the description of it dependency, τ_ph^eff, on geometrical characteristics of N2-laser, electrodes length and amplifier gap separation. First based on the studies carried out on it , an oscillator-amplifier laser is used which operates under moderate current density conditions; Then in order to obtain a theoretical relation for effective cavity lifetime and to demonstrate the mentioned dependency using rate equations, at first a one-dimensional method is used for the photon density. Since the answers of rate equations in an oscillator-amplifier laser are complicated, a single-oscillator based modelis offered to make rate equations simpler. In this model, at first it is supposed that the photon density of inner part of the amplifier could benph (z,t)= nph (0,t) exp (g0(z)z), If nph≅ nph (z,t), then rate equations are used for this density and since g0 is a function of z or amplifier electrode length (Z≅lAMP), the cavity effective life time is calculated for equivalent oscillator.Then ,Since most of studies carried out in one dimension , so for approaching to more actual system a two -dimensional method is used for the photon density. So, we consider Z andY, which Z is along amplifier electrodes length and Y is along gaps separation. Supposing that Z and Y are independent on the photon density, two independent relations can be considered for the photon density. In this step, 2-dimensional photon density could be regarded as:nph (z,y,t) = nph (z,t) nph (y,t) . and then 2-dimensional effective cavity lifetime amount is obtained as:〖〖(τ〗_eff^ph)〗^(-1)=c/l_AMp (1+ ץ_l^z+bl_AMp ץ_l^z )+c/d_AMp (ץ_l^y+ad_AMp ץ_l^y ), This relation includes 2 independent values along the electrodes length (Z≅lAMP) and gap separation (y≅dAMP). It also demonstrates that the obtained 2-dimentional relation represents a perfect schema for lifetime behavior. The results of this calculation are consistent with other reported N2-laser effective cavity lifetime values measured under moderate current density conditions.
Determination of Effective Photon Lifetime in Nitrogenic Laser in One and Two Dimension
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20140301.12
Optics
2014-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
S. N. Hosseinimotlagh
M. T. Yazdani
H. Zare
Determination of Effective Photon Lifetime in Nitrogenic Laser in One and Two Dimension
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2014-05-06
2014-05-06
10.11648/j.optics.20140301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.20140301.12
© Science Publishing Group
Speed of Light, the Vanished Points of Reference
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.20140302.11
At the suggestion of H.A. Lorentz, Michelson’s famous experiment of 1881 was repeated in 1887 because of an alleged error pointed out by Potier. By overlooking a minor omission when compounding the newer data, the suggested correction did not materially change the original conclusion, namely, that light was propagated with constant speed (c) irrespective of the motion of its source or observer, contrary to classical Galilean principles. Though universally accepted, careful analysis reveals that, aside from the computational error, old forgotten actual astronomical data militate against this interpretation. Bypassing the limiting constant (c) may therefore open the road to advances in optics.
At the suggestion of H.A. Lorentz, Michelson’s famous experiment of 1881 was repeated in 1887 because of an alleged error pointed out by Potier. By overlooking a minor omission when compounding the newer data, the suggested correction did not materially change the original conclusion, namely, that light was propagated with constant speed (c) irrespective of the motion of its source or observer, contrary to classical Galilean principles. Though universally accepted, careful analysis reveals that, aside from the computational error, old forgotten actual astronomical data militate against this interpretation. Bypassing the limiting constant (c) may therefore open the road to advances in optics.
Speed of Light, the Vanished Points of Reference
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20140302.11
Optics
2014-06-12
© Science Publishing Group
Harry H. Mark
Speed of Light, the Vanished Points of Reference
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2014-06-12
2014-06-12
10.11648/j.optics.20140302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.20140302.11
© Science Publishing Group
AFM Studies of the Effect of Chloride Ion on the Morphology of the Copper Electroplating Surface
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.20140302.12
The influence of plating mode, chloride ion on morphology of copper deposits has been studied on pure copper substrate. The electroplating was conducted at 50mA/〖cm〗^2 , 25°C in cupric sulfate-sulfuric acid bath with various chloride additions 0.001-0.01 ml. The morphology and grain sizes of the electrodeposited copper were examined by atomic force microscopy. The maximum surface roughness and grain sizes of copper deposit were obtained when it was deposited with 0.01 ml of chloride ions. Small particles were observed on the surface of the copper film electroplated with the addition of chloride ions up to the amount of 0.001 ml.
The influence of plating mode, chloride ion on morphology of copper deposits has been studied on pure copper substrate. The electroplating was conducted at 50mA/〖cm〗^2 , 25°C in cupric sulfate-sulfuric acid bath with various chloride additions 0.001-0.01 ml. The morphology and grain sizes of the electrodeposited copper were examined by atomic force microscopy. The maximum surface roughness and grain sizes of copper deposit were obtained when it was deposited with 0.01 ml of chloride ions. Small particles were observed on the surface of the copper film electroplated with the addition of chloride ions up to the amount of 0.001 ml.
AFM Studies of the Effect of Chloride Ion on the Morphology of the Copper Electroplating Surface
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20140302.12
Optics
2014-07-18
© Science Publishing Group
Masoud Delgosha
Samira Salehi
Leila Unesi borujeni
Soheil Sharifi
AFM Studies of the Effect of Chloride Ion on the Morphology of the Copper Electroplating Surface
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18
18
2014-07-18
2014-07-18
10.11648/j.optics.20140302.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.20140302.12
© Science Publishing Group
Crystalography, Morphology and Optical Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Extract of Black Pepper as a Green Method
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.20140303.11
An important aspect of nanotechnology is the development of reliable methods for the synthesis of nanomaterials in vitro that in view of the size, composition and shape can be controlled. In recent years, with increasing environmental problems, many due to green chemistry and attempts for the synthesis of nanomaterials through the environmental clean methods increased. The use of biological organisms for the clean synthesis of nanomaterials is important. In this article we report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from silver nitrate solution by extract of black pepper from silver nitrate aqueous solution in various environment pH, 9, 10, 12 and 13. Then crystalline structure, morphology and optical properties of these nanoparticles is presented. Prepared samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible Spectrometer (UV-vis) and Scattering Electron Microscope (SEM).
An important aspect of nanotechnology is the development of reliable methods for the synthesis of nanomaterials in vitro that in view of the size, composition and shape can be controlled. In recent years, with increasing environmental problems, many due to green chemistry and attempts for the synthesis of nanomaterials through the environmental clean methods increased. The use of biological organisms for the clean synthesis of nanomaterials is important. In this article we report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from silver nitrate solution by extract of black pepper from silver nitrate aqueous solution in various environment pH, 9, 10, 12 and 13. Then crystalline structure, morphology and optical properties of these nanoparticles is presented. Prepared samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible Spectrometer (UV-vis) and Scattering Electron Microscope (SEM).
Crystalography, Morphology and Optical Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Extract of Black Pepper as a Green Method
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20140303.11
Optics
2014-09-20
© Science Publishing Group
Seyed Hamze Adnani Sadat
Masoud Delgosha
Crystalography, Morphology and Optical Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Extract of Black Pepper as a Green Method
3
3
23
23
2014-09-20
2014-09-20
10.11648/j.optics.20140303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.20140303.11
© Science Publishing Group
A Reanalysis of the Theory of Interferometer Experiment Demonstrating that Michelson’s Analysis Contains an Error, Including the Boat Model Analysis, so Readmitting the Ether Presence
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.20140304.11
Theoretical basis of Michelson interferometer experiment is reanalyzed. Initially we reanalyzed the illustrative model, represented by a boat traversing a river which revealed that the correct transversal trajectory is not an isosceles triangle, but a right triangle. Also in the interferometer, the transversal double light path, considering the ether presence and classical theories of light, we found to be too a right triangle instead isosceles one considered by Michelson. But this new path necessitates zero time difference, for which fringes displacements are not expected, unlike Michelson’s analysis. So we found that the light’s double travel times don’t depend on the interferometer arms directions and so the expected by Michelson fringes displacements, must not appear. The above findings are applicable to other similar experiments with ray double travel, including light, lasers, masers, γ-rays, etc. We demonstrated that Michelson’s experiment correct interpretation does not confirm the relativity of the light speed. Consequently, Michelson’s experiment should not be considered negative concerning the presence of ether which must remain the bearer of the E-M phenomena. Consequently, the Special Relativity Theory (SRT) must be reconsidered, based on Lorentz electromagnetic theory from 1895 and the quanta entanglement and E-M field can be physically explained by the ether presence.
Theoretical basis of Michelson interferometer experiment is reanalyzed. Initially we reanalyzed the illustrative model, represented by a boat traversing a river which revealed that the correct transversal trajectory is not an isosceles triangle, but a right triangle. Also in the interferometer, the transversal double light path, considering the ether presence and classical theories of light, we found to be too a right triangle instead isosceles one considered by Michelson. But this new path necessitates zero time difference, for which fringes displacements are not expected, unlike Michelson’s analysis. So we found that the light’s double travel times don’t depend on the interferometer arms directions and so the expected by Michelson fringes displacements, must not appear. The above findings are applicable to other similar experiments with ray double travel, including light, lasers, masers, γ-rays, etc. We demonstrated that Michelson’s experiment correct interpretation does not confirm the relativity of the light speed. Consequently, Michelson’s experiment should not be considered negative concerning the presence of ether which must remain the bearer of the E-M phenomena. Consequently, the Special Relativity Theory (SRT) must be reconsidered, based on Lorentz electromagnetic theory from 1895 and the quanta entanglement and E-M field can be physically explained by the ether presence.
A Reanalysis of the Theory of Interferometer Experiment Demonstrating that Michelson’s Analysis Contains an Error, Including the Boat Model Analysis, so Readmitting the Ether Presence
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20140304.11
Optics
2014-10-29
© Science Publishing Group
Ioan Has
Simona Miclaus
Aurelian Has
A Reanalysis of the Theory of Interferometer Experiment Demonstrating that Michelson’s Analysis Contains an Error, Including the Boat Model Analysis, so Readmitting the Ether Presence
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2014-10-29
2014-10-29
10.11648/j.optics.20140304.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.20140304.11
© Science Publishing Group
Molecular Aggregations and Anisotropy Photoinduction in Organic Compounds
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.20140304.12
The work is dedicated to a study of anisotropy photoinduction during the light-stimulated molecular aggregations in organic compounds. The case of gelatin or polyvinyl films saturated by azo dyes is considered. By using the video and spectral techniques, the time-formation picture of optical image is studied. It is shown that in this case the image is formed in a similar way as in silver emulsions in the process of photographing — "with the grain distribution".
The work is dedicated to a study of anisotropy photoinduction during the light-stimulated molecular aggregations in organic compounds. The case of gelatin or polyvinyl films saturated by azo dyes is considered. By using the video and spectral techniques, the time-formation picture of optical image is studied. It is shown that in this case the image is formed in a similar way as in silver emulsions in the process of photographing — "with the grain distribution".
Molecular Aggregations and Anisotropy Photoinduction in Organic Compounds
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20140304.12
Optics
2014-11-10
© Science Publishing Group
Tariel Ebralidze
Nadia Ebralidze
Giorgi Mumladze
Molecular Aggregations and Anisotropy Photoinduction in Organic Compounds
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2014-11-10
2014-11-10
10.11648/j.optics.20140304.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.20140304.12
© Science Publishing Group
Optical Absorption of One-Particle Quantum-Confined States of Charge Carriers in Quasi-Zero-Dimensional Nanogeterostructures: Theory
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.18
A theory is developed for the interaction of an electromagnetic field with one-particle quantum-confined states of charge carriers in semiconductor quantum dots. It is shown that the oscillator strengths and dipole moments for the transitions involving one-particle states in quantum dots are gigantic parameters, exceeding the corresponding typical pa-rameters of bulk semiconductor materials. In the context of dipole approximation it is established that the gigantic optical absorption cross sections in the quasi-zero-dimensional systems make it possible to use the systems as efficient absorbing materials.
A theory is developed for the interaction of an electromagnetic field with one-particle quantum-confined states of charge carriers in semiconductor quantum dots. It is shown that the oscillator strengths and dipole moments for the transitions involving one-particle states in quantum dots are gigantic parameters, exceeding the corresponding typical pa-rameters of bulk semiconductor materials. In the context of dipole approximation it is established that the gigantic optical absorption cross sections in the quasi-zero-dimensional systems make it possible to use the systems as efficient absorbing materials.
Optical Absorption of One-Particle Quantum-Confined States of Charge Carriers in Quasi-Zero-Dimensional Nanogeterostructures: Theory
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.18
Optics
2014-10-25
© Science Publishing Group
Sergey I. Pokutnyi
Optical Absorption of One-Particle Quantum-Confined States of Charge Carriers in Quasi-Zero-Dimensional Nanogeterostructures: Theory
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2014-10-25
2014-10-25
10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.18
© Science Publishing Group
Size Quantization Stark Effect in Quantum Dots
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.19
Advantages of semiconductor quantum dots for study and diagnostics of biological nanosystems are discussed. A new method for amino acid diagnostics used semiconductor quantum dots is posed. Interaction of isolated quantum dots with charged amino acids is studied in detail. It is shown that such interaction results in a shift of the quantum dots luminescence spectra by several dozens of meV. This effect provides new possibilities for identification of biological nanoobjects using quantum dots.
Advantages of semiconductor quantum dots for study and diagnostics of biological nanosystems are discussed. A new method for amino acid diagnostics used semiconductor quantum dots is posed. Interaction of isolated quantum dots with charged amino acids is studied in detail. It is shown that such interaction results in a shift of the quantum dots luminescence spectra by several dozens of meV. This effect provides new possibilities for identification of biological nanoobjects using quantum dots.
Size Quantization Stark Effect in Quantum Dots
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.19
Optics
2014-10-25
© Science Publishing Group
Sergey I. Pokutnyi
Oksana V. Naumenko
Size Quantization Stark Effect in Quantum Dots
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2014-10-25
2014-10-25
10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.19
© Science Publishing Group
Local Electron States in Ellipsoidal Nanosystems in Magnetic Field: Theory
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.17
The influence of a homogeneous magnetic field on the electron states localized over the surface of an ellipsoidal semiconductor (dielectric) nanoparticle by the electrostatic image forces is studied theoretically. The effects of the resonant interaction of light with such local electron states in presence and in absence of a homogeneous magnetic field are investigated.
The influence of a homogeneous magnetic field on the electron states localized over the surface of an ellipsoidal semiconductor (dielectric) nanoparticle by the electrostatic image forces is studied theoretically. The effects of the resonant interaction of light with such local electron states in presence and in absence of a homogeneous magnetic field are investigated.
Local Electron States in Ellipsoidal Nanosystems in Magnetic Field: Theory
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.17
Optics
2014-10-25
© Science Publishing Group
Sergey I. Pokutnyi
Local Electron States in Ellipsoidal Nanosystems in Magnetic Field: Theory
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2014-10-25
2014-10-25
10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.17
© Science Publishing Group
Quasiatomic Nanoheterostructures: New Model Superatom in the Alkali - Metal Atoms
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.15
The theory of superatom (or artificial atom) formed from spatially separated electrons and holes (hole moving in the volume of a semiconductor (dielectric) quantum dot and an electron localized on the outer spherical interface between the quantum dot and a dielectric matrix) is developed. Predicted a new hydrogen - artificial atom, which is similar to the new alkali - metal atom.
The theory of superatom (or artificial atom) formed from spatially separated electrons and holes (hole moving in the volume of a semiconductor (dielectric) quantum dot and an electron localized on the outer spherical interface between the quantum dot and a dielectric matrix) is developed. Predicted a new hydrogen - artificial atom, which is similar to the new alkali - metal atom.
Quasiatomic Nanoheterostructures: New Model Superatom in the Alkali - Metal Atoms
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.15
Optics
2014-10-25
© Science Publishing Group
Sergey I. Pokutnyi
Petr P. Gorbyk
Quasiatomic Nanoheterostructures: New Model Superatom in the Alkali - Metal Atoms
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41
2014-10-25
2014-10-25
10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.15
© Science Publishing Group
Superatoms and Quasimolecules in Quasi-Zero-Dimensional Nanoheterostructures: Future Research
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.16
This review discusses the current state of research of artificial atoms (superatoms) (quasiatomic nanoheterostructures) and more complex nanostructures based on them - synthetic molecules, proposed a new model of an artificial atom, satisfactorily explaining its electronic properties, as well as the prospects for the development of the new scientific field.
This review discusses the current state of research of artificial atoms (superatoms) (quasiatomic nanoheterostructures) and more complex nanostructures based on them - synthetic molecules, proposed a new model of an artificial atom, satisfactorily explaining its electronic properties, as well as the prospects for the development of the new scientific field.
Superatoms and Quasimolecules in Quasi-Zero-Dimensional Nanoheterostructures: Future Research
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.16
Optics
2014-10-25
© Science Publishing Group
Sergey I. Pokutnyi
Petr P. Gorbyk
Superatoms and Quasimolecules in Quasi-Zero-Dimensional Nanoheterostructures: Future Research
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47
2014-10-25
2014-10-25
10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.16
© Science Publishing Group
Theory of Excitons and Excitonic Quasimolecules Formed from Spatially Separated Electrons and Holes in Quasi - Zero - Dimensional Nanosystems
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.13
The theory of an exciton formed from spatially separated electron and hole (the hole is in the quantum dot volume, and the electron is localized at the outer spherical quantum dot–dielectric matrix interface) is developed within the modified effective mass method. The effect of significantly increasing the exciton binding energy in quantum dots of zinc selenide, synthesized in a borosilicate glass matrix, relative to that in a zinc selenide single crystal is revealed. It was shown that the short-wavelength shift of the peak of the low-temperature luminescence spectrum of samples containing zinc-selenide quantum dots, observed under the experimental conditions, is caused by quantum confinement of the ground-state energy of the exciton with a spatially separated electron and hole. A review devoted to the theory of excitonic quasimolecules (biexcitons) (formed of spatially separated electrons and holes) in a nanosystem that consists of ZnSe quantum dots synthesized in a borosilicate glass matrix is developed within the context of the modified effective mass approximation. It is shown that biexciton (exciton quasimolecule) formation is of the threshold character and possible in nanosystem, in with the spacing between the quantum dots surfaces is larger than a certain critical spacing. On the basis of analogy spectroscopy of electronic states of superatoms (or artificial atoms) and individual alkali metal atoms theoretically predicted a new artificial atom, which is similar to the new alkali metal atom.
The theory of an exciton formed from spatially separated electron and hole (the hole is in the quantum dot volume, and the electron is localized at the outer spherical quantum dot–dielectric matrix interface) is developed within the modified effective mass method. The effect of significantly increasing the exciton binding energy in quantum dots of zinc selenide, synthesized in a borosilicate glass matrix, relative to that in a zinc selenide single crystal is revealed. It was shown that the short-wavelength shift of the peak of the low-temperature luminescence spectrum of samples containing zinc-selenide quantum dots, observed under the experimental conditions, is caused by quantum confinement of the ground-state energy of the exciton with a spatially separated electron and hole. A review devoted to the theory of excitonic quasimolecules (biexcitons) (formed of spatially separated electrons and holes) in a nanosystem that consists of ZnSe quantum dots synthesized in a borosilicate glass matrix is developed within the context of the modified effective mass approximation. It is shown that biexciton (exciton quasimolecule) formation is of the threshold character and possible in nanosystem, in with the spacing between the quantum dots surfaces is larger than a certain critical spacing. On the basis of analogy spectroscopy of electronic states of superatoms (or artificial atoms) and individual alkali metal atoms theoretically predicted a new artificial atom, which is similar to the new alkali metal atom.
Theory of Excitons and Excitonic Quasimolecules Formed from Spatially Separated Electrons and Holes in Quasi - Zero - Dimensional Nanosystems
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.13
Optics
2014-07-31
© Science Publishing Group
Sergey I. Pokutnyi
Theory of Excitons and Excitonic Quasimolecules Formed from Spatially Separated Electrons and Holes in Quasi - Zero - Dimensional Nanosystems
3
6
21
21
2014-07-31
2014-07-31
10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.13
© Science Publishing Group
Optics and Spectroscopy of Exciton States in Quasi - Zero - Dimensional Nanostruсtures: Theory
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.11
The review analyzes the results of theoretical investigations of excitons states (electron - hole pairs states) in a quasi - zero - dimensional nanosystems consisting of spherical semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots) placed in transparent dielectric matrices. The theory of exciton states in a quantum dot under conditions of dominating polarization interaction of an electron and a hole with a spherical (quantum dot – dielectric matrix) interface are developed. An shown, that the energy spectrum of heavy hole in the valence band quantum dot is equivalent to the spectrum of hole carrying out oscillator vibrations in the adiabatic electron potential. We show that the absorption and emission edge of quantum dots is formed by two transitions of comparable intensity from different hole size – quantization levels and into a lower electron size – quantization level. Propose a theoretical prospect of using hole transitions between equidistant series of quantum levels observed in nanocrystals for desining a nanolaser. The theory of an exciton formed from spatially separated electron and hole (the hole is in the quantum dot volume, and the electron is localized at the outer spherical quantum dot–dielectric matrix interface) is developed within the modified effective mass method. The effect of significantly increasing the exciton binding energy in quantum dots of zinc selenide, synthesized in a borosilicate glass matrix, relative to that in a zinc selenide single crystal is revealed. We developed the theory of a biexcitons formed from spatially separated electrons and holes (the hole is in quantum dot volume, and the electron is localized at the outer surface of the quantum dot – dielectric matrix interface) in a nanosystem that consists of zinc selenide quantum dots synthesized in a glassy matrix.
The review analyzes the results of theoretical investigations of excitons states (electron - hole pairs states) in a quasi - zero - dimensional nanosystems consisting of spherical semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots) placed in transparent dielectric matrices. The theory of exciton states in a quantum dot under conditions of dominating polarization interaction of an electron and a hole with a spherical (quantum dot – dielectric matrix) interface are developed. An shown, that the energy spectrum of heavy hole in the valence band quantum dot is equivalent to the spectrum of hole carrying out oscillator vibrations in the adiabatic electron potential. We show that the absorption and emission edge of quantum dots is formed by two transitions of comparable intensity from different hole size – quantization levels and into a lower electron size – quantization level. Propose a theoretical prospect of using hole transitions between equidistant series of quantum levels observed in nanocrystals for desining a nanolaser. The theory of an exciton formed from spatially separated electron and hole (the hole is in the quantum dot volume, and the electron is localized at the outer spherical quantum dot–dielectric matrix interface) is developed within the modified effective mass method. The effect of significantly increasing the exciton binding energy in quantum dots of zinc selenide, synthesized in a borosilicate glass matrix, relative to that in a zinc selenide single crystal is revealed. We developed the theory of a biexcitons formed from spatially separated electrons and holes (the hole is in quantum dot volume, and the electron is localized at the outer surface of the quantum dot – dielectric matrix interface) in a nanosystem that consists of zinc selenide quantum dots synthesized in a glassy matrix.
Optics and Spectroscopy of Exciton States in Quasi - Zero - Dimensional Nanostruсtures: Theory
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.11
Optics
2014-07-31
© Science Publishing Group
Sergey I. Pokutnyi
Optics and Spectroscopy of Exciton States in Quasi - Zero - Dimensional Nanostruсtures: Theory
3
6
1
1
2014-07-31
2014-07-31
10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.11
© Science Publishing Group
Optical Nonlinearity of Dielectric Nanocomposite
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.14
In paper, being based upon the results of our works deals with experimental and theoretical studies of physical characteristics of nanoparticles responsible for specific optical properties of dielectric nanocomposites. During theoretical description and explanation of experimental data obtained, we considered nanoparticle as a multi-particle quantum system of charges which combines elements of quantum structures of a polyatomic molecule and a bulk crystal. Considering nanocomposites with quite a low concentration of nanoparticles (fractions of a percent), we didn’t take into account interparticle interaction.
In paper, being based upon the results of our works deals with experimental and theoretical studies of physical characteristics of nanoparticles responsible for specific optical properties of dielectric nanocomposites. During theoretical description and explanation of experimental data obtained, we considered nanoparticle as a multi-particle quantum system of charges which combines elements of quantum structures of a polyatomic molecule and a bulk crystal. Considering nanocomposites with quite a low concentration of nanoparticles (fractions of a percent), we didn’t take into account interparticle interaction.
Optical Nonlinearity of Dielectric Nanocomposite
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.14
Optics
2014-07-31
© Science Publishing Group
Vladimir P. Dzyuba
Yurii N. Kulchin
Sergey I. Pokutnyi
Optical Nonlinearity of Dielectric Nanocomposite
3
6
37
37
2014-07-31
2014-07-31
10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.14
© Science Publishing Group
Exciton States Spectroscopy in Quasi - Zero - Dimensional Nanostruсtures: Theory
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.12
The theory of exciton states in a quantum dot under conditions of dominating polarization interaction of an electron and a hole with a spherical (quantum dot – dielectric matrix) interface is developed. An shown, that the energy spectrum of heavy hole in the valence band quantum dot is equivalent to the spectrum of hole carrying out oscillator vibrations in the adiabatic electron potential. In the framework of the dipole approximation studied interband absorption of light in a quasi - zero - dimensional nanosystems. We show that the absorption and emission edge of quantum dots is formed by two transitions of comparable intensity from different hole size – quantization levels and into a lower electron size – quantization level. Propose a theoretical prospect of using hole transitions between equidistant series of quantum levels observed in nanocrystals for desining a nanolaser.
The theory of exciton states in a quantum dot under conditions of dominating polarization interaction of an electron and a hole with a spherical (quantum dot – dielectric matrix) interface is developed. An shown, that the energy spectrum of heavy hole in the valence band quantum dot is equivalent to the spectrum of hole carrying out oscillator vibrations in the adiabatic electron potential. In the framework of the dipole approximation studied interband absorption of light in a quasi - zero - dimensional nanosystems. We show that the absorption and emission edge of quantum dots is formed by two transitions of comparable intensity from different hole size – quantization levels and into a lower electron size – quantization level. Propose a theoretical prospect of using hole transitions between equidistant series of quantum levels observed in nanocrystals for desining a nanolaser.
Exciton States Spectroscopy in Quasi - Zero - Dimensional Nanostruсtures: Theory
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.12
Optics
2014-07-31
© Science Publishing Group
Sergey I. Pokutnyi
Exciton States Spectroscopy in Quasi - Zero - Dimensional Nanostruсtures: Theory
3
6
9
9
2014-07-31
2014-07-31
10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2014030601.12
© Science Publishing Group
Polymer Optic Technology
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.20150401.11
A polymer is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits. Because of their broad range of properties, [1] both synthetic and natural polymers play an essential and ubiquitous role in everyday life.[2] Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function. Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are created via polymerization of many small molecules, known as monomers. Their consequently large molecular mass relative to small molecule compounds produces unique physical properties, including toughness, viscoelasticity, and a tendency to form glasses and semi crystalline structures rather than crystals. In this article we will investigate the role of polymers in optics and photonics and we will cite examples of polymers used in optics.
A polymer is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits. Because of their broad range of properties, [1] both synthetic and natural polymers play an essential and ubiquitous role in everyday life.[2] Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function. Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are created via polymerization of many small molecules, known as monomers. Their consequently large molecular mass relative to small molecule compounds produces unique physical properties, including toughness, viscoelasticity, and a tendency to form glasses and semi crystalline structures rather than crystals. In this article we will investigate the role of polymers in optics and photonics and we will cite examples of polymers used in optics.
Polymer Optic Technology
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20150401.11
Optics
2015-04-20
© Science Publishing Group
Askari Mohammad Bagher
Bahrampour Mohammad Reza
Polymer Optic Technology
4
1
12
12
2015-04-20
2015-04-20
10.11648/j.optics.20150401.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.20150401.11
© Science Publishing Group
Fault Diagnosis of Three-Phase Induction Motor: A Review
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040101.11
Now a days the use of Condition Monitoring of electrical machines are increasing due to its potential to reduce operating costs, enhance the reliability of operation and improve service to customers. Different alternatives to detect and diagnose faults in induction machines have been proposed and implemented in the last years. These new alternatives are characterized by an on-line and non-invasive feature, that is to say, the capacity to detect faults while the machine is working and the capacity to work sensor less. These characteristics, obtained by the new techniques, distinguish them from the traditional ones, which, in most cases, need that the machine which is being analyzed is not working to do the diagnosis. The main purpose of this article is to revise the main alternatives in the detection of faults in induction machines and compare their contributions according to the information they require for the diagnosis, the number and relevance of the faults that can be detected, the speed to anticipate a fault and the accuracy in the diagnosis. and to identify various such diagnosis techniques that can be applied for automatic condition monitoring of induction motors and can be extended easily to other electrical machines also.
Now a days the use of Condition Monitoring of electrical machines are increasing due to its potential to reduce operating costs, enhance the reliability of operation and improve service to customers. Different alternatives to detect and diagnose faults in induction machines have been proposed and implemented in the last years. These new alternatives are characterized by an on-line and non-invasive feature, that is to say, the capacity to detect faults while the machine is working and the capacity to work sensor less. These characteristics, obtained by the new techniques, distinguish them from the traditional ones, which, in most cases, need that the machine which is being analyzed is not working to do the diagnosis. The main purpose of this article is to revise the main alternatives in the detection of faults in induction machines and compare their contributions according to the information they require for the diagnosis, the number and relevance of the faults that can be detected, the speed to anticipate a fault and the accuracy in the diagnosis. and to identify various such diagnosis techniques that can be applied for automatic condition monitoring of induction motors and can be extended easily to other electrical machines also.
Fault Diagnosis of Three-Phase Induction Motor: A Review
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040101.11
Optics
2014-11-29
© Science Publishing Group
Malik Abadulrazzaq Alsaedi
Fault Diagnosis of Three-Phase Induction Motor: A Review
4
1
8
8
2014-11-29
2014-11-29
10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040101.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040101.11
© Science Publishing Group
Metamaterial-Dielectric Photonics Crystal Waveguide Structure
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040102.11
Photonic crystals (PCs) are a revolutionary science that has a great impact on the field of photonics. In purpose of extend the applications of PCs, we introduce a new photonic structure which is composed of alternating lamellae of MTMs and Dielectric. The electromagnetic waves propagating through photonic crystal structures are numerically investigated. Results show improvement in the characteristics of the photonic crystal.
Photonic crystals (PCs) are a revolutionary science that has a great impact on the field of photonics. In purpose of extend the applications of PCs, we introduce a new photonic structure which is composed of alternating lamellae of MTMs and Dielectric. The electromagnetic waves propagating through photonic crystal structures are numerically investigated. Results show improvement in the characteristics of the photonic crystal.
Metamaterial-Dielectric Photonics Crystal Waveguide Structure
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040102.11
Optics
2015-01-12
© Science Publishing Group
Hala J. El-Khozondar
Rifa J. El-Khozondar
Mohammed M. Shabat
Metamaterial-Dielectric Photonics Crystal Waveguide Structure
4
1
4
4
2015-01-12
2015-01-12
10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040102.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040102.11
© Science Publishing Group
Molecular Aggregations and Induction of Anisotropy by Light in Azodyes
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.20150402.11
The anisotropy induction by light in self-induced molecular aggregations ensemble of azodyes has been studied. In the dynamic regime of anisotropy photoinduction the video-microscopy investigations of the film having photoinduced anisotropy in the crossed polarizers have been conducted. It is shown that image formation herein can be carried out in the way of light modulation of the granular anisotropy integral area of the film. According to an active light exposition, both the concentration and sizes of molecular aggregates having photoinduced anisotropy are being modulated.
The anisotropy induction by light in self-induced molecular aggregations ensemble of azodyes has been studied. In the dynamic regime of anisotropy photoinduction the video-microscopy investigations of the film having photoinduced anisotropy in the crossed polarizers have been conducted. It is shown that image formation herein can be carried out in the way of light modulation of the granular anisotropy integral area of the film. According to an active light exposition, both the concentration and sizes of molecular aggregates having photoinduced anisotropy are being modulated.
Molecular Aggregations and Induction of Anisotropy by Light in Azodyes
doi:10.11648/j.optics.20150402.11
Optics
2015-07-25
© Science Publishing Group
Tariel Ebralidze
Nadia Ebralidze
Giorgi Mumladze
Molecular Aggregations and Induction of Anisotropy by Light in Azodyes
4
2
16
16
2015-07-25
2015-07-25
10.11648/j.optics.20150402.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.20150402.11
© Science Publishing Group
Residual Stress Measurement of an Interference Fit Specimen Based on Moiré Interferometry and Hole-Drilling Method
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.11
In this paper, moiré interferometry is combined with hole-drilling method to measure the residual stress of an interference fit specimen. And, finite element method is used to calibrate the coefficient of hole-drilling method. The experimental results are consistent with theoretical results, which manifests that moiré interferometry combined with hole-drilling method are reliable and effective for residual stress measurement.
In this paper, moiré interferometry is combined with hole-drilling method to measure the residual stress of an interference fit specimen. And, finite element method is used to calibrate the coefficient of hole-drilling method. The experimental results are consistent with theoretical results, which manifests that moiré interferometry combined with hole-drilling method are reliable and effective for residual stress measurement.
Residual Stress Measurement of an Interference Fit Specimen Based on Moiré Interferometry and Hole-Drilling Method
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.11
Optics
2015-05-12
© Science Publishing Group
Baoge Zhang
Jianguo Zhu
Residual Stress Measurement of an Interference Fit Specimen Based on Moiré Interferometry and Hole-Drilling Method
4
3
4
4
2015-05-12
2015-05-12
10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.11
© Science Publishing Group
Fabrication of Micro-grating Structure by Nanosecond Laser
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.12
The fabrication method by nanosecond laser technology for micro-grating is investigated in this paper. A nanosecond laser system is established and the mechanism of laser processing on material surface is theoretically analyzed. The damage threshold of stainless steel is obtained experimentally when the nanosecond laser irradiates on the specimen’s surface and the influence of the laser pulse energy to the fabricated micro-gratings are also studied. In the end, micro-gratings with high-quality are provided to validate the feasibility of the fabrication method by nanosecond laser technology.
The fabrication method by nanosecond laser technology for micro-grating is investigated in this paper. A nanosecond laser system is established and the mechanism of laser processing on material surface is theoretically analyzed. The damage threshold of stainless steel is obtained experimentally when the nanosecond laser irradiates on the specimen’s surface and the influence of the laser pulse energy to the fabricated micro-gratings are also studied. In the end, micro-gratings with high-quality are provided to validate the feasibility of the fabrication method by nanosecond laser technology.
Fabrication of Micro-grating Structure by Nanosecond Laser
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.12
Optics
2015-05-12
© Science Publishing Group
Yanlong Huang
Jianguo Zhu
Fabrication of Micro-grating Structure by Nanosecond Laser
4
3
8
8
2015-05-12
2015-05-12
10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.12
© Science Publishing Group
Full-Field Displacement Measurement Technique by Using Repeated Patterns and JPEG Compressed Images
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.13
This paper presents an experimental technique for measuring displacement distribution from an image of repeated patterns and JPEG compressed images. The measurement accuracy of the developed method is insusceptible to the degree of JPEG compression because only lower spatial frequency components of the repeated pattern are used to calculate the displacement distribution, and high spatial frequency components have high priority to cut-off according to the JPEG compression algorithm. The insensitivity to the JPEG compression was confirmed by a displacement measurement using JPEG images of various compression ratios or image qualities. We found that by using the highest quality JPEG image, the accuracy of displacement measurement could research 1/1000 of the repeated pattern pitch, as same the uncompressed BMP images. In addition, displacement with accuracy of 1/500 pitch could be measured from a compressed JPEG image of which the file size was 1/50 of that of the BMP image. This technique is useful for measurement using a high-speed camera with high-resolution digital images for a long-term or wireless image transfer.
This paper presents an experimental technique for measuring displacement distribution from an image of repeated patterns and JPEG compressed images. The measurement accuracy of the developed method is insusceptible to the degree of JPEG compression because only lower spatial frequency components of the repeated pattern are used to calculate the displacement distribution, and high spatial frequency components have high priority to cut-off according to the JPEG compression algorithm. The insensitivity to the JPEG compression was confirmed by a displacement measurement using JPEG images of various compression ratios or image qualities. We found that by using the highest quality JPEG image, the accuracy of displacement measurement could research 1/1000 of the repeated pattern pitch, as same the uncompressed BMP images. In addition, displacement with accuracy of 1/500 pitch could be measured from a compressed JPEG image of which the file size was 1/50 of that of the BMP image. This technique is useful for measurement using a high-speed camera with high-resolution digital images for a long-term or wireless image transfer.
Full-Field Displacement Measurement Technique by Using Repeated Patterns and JPEG Compressed Images
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.13
Optics
2015-07-06
© Science Publishing Group
Shien Ri
Satoshi Hayashi
Hiroshi Tsuda
Shinji Ogihara
Full-Field Displacement Measurement Technique by Using Repeated Patterns and JPEG Compressed Images
4
3
13
13
2015-07-06
2015-07-06
10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.13
© Science Publishing Group
Measurement of Distortion Using the Moire Interferometry
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.14
Image forming lens systemsdo not provide perfect images. Lens abberations can be detected with complex optical ray-tracing. A single aberration in lenses, the distortion, can be detected at the image plane with optical mapping. Therefore moiré interferometry can be adapted to detect and measure distortion. This method is adaptable by serial testing of the universal measuring cameras, projection cameras, photogrammetrical cameras, etc. The distortion of the whole image plane can be represented on one moiré image. This can be useful if the distortion is not rotationally symmetrical for example because of errors of assembly. The distortion of 1 µm regarding the focal plane can be measured by using the moiré method presented in this paper.
Image forming lens systemsdo not provide perfect images. Lens abberations can be detected with complex optical ray-tracing. A single aberration in lenses, the distortion, can be detected at the image plane with optical mapping. Therefore moiré interferometry can be adapted to detect and measure distortion. This method is adaptable by serial testing of the universal measuring cameras, projection cameras, photogrammetrical cameras, etc. The distortion of the whole image plane can be represented on one moiré image. This can be useful if the distortion is not rotationally symmetrical for example because of errors of assembly. The distortion of 1 µm regarding the focal plane can be measured by using the moiré method presented in this paper.
Measurement of Distortion Using the Moire Interferometry
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.14
Optics
2015-07-25
© Science Publishing Group
K. Wenzel
Gy. Abraham
P. Tamas
A. Urbin
Measurement of Distortion Using the Moire Interferometry
4
3
17
17
2015-07-25
2015-07-25
10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.14
© Science Publishing Group
Calibration of a Fringe Projection 3D Measurement System Using an Equi-Phase Coordinate Method Based on Two-Reference-Plane
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.15
Calibration is to transform the 2D phase information to the world coordinates in a fringe projection 3D measurement system. For the phase-to-height conversion, an equi-phase coordinate method based on two-reference-plane is proposed in this paper. The surface height is calculated by a linear interpolation using the coordinates where have the identical phase value of the object and the two reference planes. The conventional method, called equi-coordinate phase method in this paper, builds the function of the absolute phase and height by using the absolute phase obtained by subtracting the phase of object from that of the reference plane in the same coordinate. The proposed method can handle phase-to-height conversion and non-sinusoidal error caused by nonlinear response of the fringe projection system in one go. Theoretical and experimental analysis is given to prove the validity of the proposed method. Result indicates that the RMS error produced by equi-phase coordinate method is less half of equi-coordinate phase method when the primary error source is from the non-sinusoidal fringe patterns
Calibration is to transform the 2D phase information to the world coordinates in a fringe projection 3D measurement system. For the phase-to-height conversion, an equi-phase coordinate method based on two-reference-plane is proposed in this paper. The surface height is calculated by a linear interpolation using the coordinates where have the identical phase value of the object and the two reference planes. The conventional method, called equi-coordinate phase method in this paper, builds the function of the absolute phase and height by using the absolute phase obtained by subtracting the phase of object from that of the reference plane in the same coordinate. The proposed method can handle phase-to-height conversion and non-sinusoidal error caused by nonlinear response of the fringe projection system in one go. Theoretical and experimental analysis is given to prove the validity of the proposed method. Result indicates that the RMS error produced by equi-phase coordinate method is less half of equi-coordinate phase method when the primary error source is from the non-sinusoidal fringe patterns
Calibration of a Fringe Projection 3D Measurement System Using an Equi-Phase Coordinate Method Based on Two-Reference-Plane
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.15
Optics
2015-07-28
© Science Publishing Group
Dai Meiling
Yang Fujun
He Xiaoyuan
Calibration of a Fringe Projection 3D Measurement System Using an Equi-Phase Coordinate Method Based on Two-Reference-Plane
4
3
23
23
2015-07-28
2015-07-28
10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.15
© Science Publishing Group
Virtually and Depth Sensor Generated Moire Pictures in Screening and Treatment of Scoliosis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.16
In this paper, different moiré picture generation techniques are presented. This paper presents the basics of moiré effects, a virtual way of moiré generation, depth sensor based moiré picture generation and usage. One of the most common advantages of these methods is rapidity. The computer generated moiré pictures provide an opportunity of screening diagnosis. The depth sensor generated moiré fringes are precise and easy to process. A neural network based reconstruction of vertebral supports both the screening diagnosis and the treatment of scoliosis.
In this paper, different moiré picture generation techniques are presented. This paper presents the basics of moiré effects, a virtual way of moiré generation, depth sensor based moiré picture generation and usage. One of the most common advantages of these methods is rapidity. The computer generated moiré pictures provide an opportunity of screening diagnosis. The depth sensor generated moiré fringes are precise and easy to process. A neural network based reconstruction of vertebral supports both the screening diagnosis and the treatment of scoliosis.
Virtually and Depth Sensor Generated Moire Pictures in Screening and Treatment of Scoliosis
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.16
Optics
2015-08-08
© Science Publishing Group
Akos Antal
Attila Katona
Peter Major
Jozsef Molnar
Norbert Szakaly
Peter Tamás
Klara Wenzel
Virtually and Depth Sensor Generated Moire Pictures in Screening and Treatment of Scoliosis
4
3
28
28
2015-08-08
2015-08-08
10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.16
© Science Publishing Group
Residual Stress Measurement in Micro-region Using Digital Image Correlation Method
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.17
The residual stress of the zirconia film on a stainless steel substrate is measured using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. A lattice structure is milled by focused ion beam (FIB) and used as the deformation carrier. An annular groove is etched by FIB in order to release the residual stress. The DIC method is used to calculate the deformation caused by the release of residual stress and the residual stress is derived by mechanics equations. The results demonstrate that this method can be extended for micro-region residual stress measurement of other thin films on substrates.
The residual stress of the zirconia film on a stainless steel substrate is measured using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. A lattice structure is milled by focused ion beam (FIB) and used as the deformation carrier. An annular groove is etched by FIB in order to release the residual stress. The DIC method is used to calculate the deformation caused by the release of residual stress and the residual stress is derived by mechanics equations. The results demonstrate that this method can be extended for micro-region residual stress measurement of other thin films on substrates.
Residual Stress Measurement in Micro-region Using Digital Image Correlation Method
doi:10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.17
Optics
2015-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Yanjie Li
Guang Han
Residual Stress Measurement in Micro-region Using Digital Image Correlation Method
4
3
32
32
2015-09-02
2015-09-02
10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=126&doi=10.11648/j.optics.s.2015040301.17
© Science Publishing Group