Science Publishing Group: American Journal of Sports Science: Table of Contents
<i> American Journal of Sports Science (AJSS) </i>, a peer-reviewed open access journal published bimonthly in English-language, provides a international forum for the presentation of research findings and scholarly exchange in the area of Sports and Recreation. The journal has a special focus on sport science, recreation/leisure studies, exercise science and dance studies, human sciences, broadly defined, applied to sport and exercise. Although preference is given to manuscripts presenting the findings of original research, review and methodological pieces will also be considered.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajss Science Publishing Group: American Journal of Sports Science: Table of Contents
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American Journal of Sports Science
American Journal of Sports Science
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Multiple Injuries in Paramotoring: a Case Report to Assess this Sport's Risks
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20130101.12
Paramotoring is a sport clearly distinct from paragliding in which the pilot flies using a special wing and wearing a motor on his back to take off. Generally paramotoring is not considered a high risk sport but since it is a relatively new sport, there aren't any reports in literature about injuries associated with its practice. We report the case of a 48 year old healthy professional athlete which had an accident during takeoff in one of his training flights and received diffuse axonal injury, vertebral fractures and anterior shoulder sprain with associated humeral trochiter fracture. We compared injuries to those connected to the practice of other aerial sports: paragliding in particular. Probably in paramotoring, unlike in paragliding, take-off is the more critical phase of flight and the use of the motor may aggravate the dynamics of trauma in case of accident. Although the patient was wearing a helmet at the time of the incident, he suffered a diffuse axonal injury: probably the impact location and impact speed compromised the effectiveness of helmet. So more research about the biomechanics of traumatic brain injuries in paramotoring is necessary to improve protection systems, such as helmets, to reduce injury risks in this sport. Furthermore padded back protection should be made obligatory when flying with power paragliding.
Paramotoring is a sport clearly distinct from paragliding in which the pilot flies using a special wing and wearing a motor on his back to take off. Generally paramotoring is not considered a high risk sport but since it is a relatively new sport, there aren't any reports in literature about injuries associated with its practice. We report the case of a 48 year old healthy professional athlete which had an accident during takeoff in one of his training flights and received diffuse axonal injury, vertebral fractures and anterior shoulder sprain with associated humeral trochiter fracture. We compared injuries to those connected to the practice of other aerial sports: paragliding in particular. Probably in paramotoring, unlike in paragliding, take-off is the more critical phase of flight and the use of the motor may aggravate the dynamics of trauma in case of accident. Although the patient was wearing a helmet at the time of the incident, he suffered a diffuse axonal injury: probably the impact location and impact speed compromised the effectiveness of helmet. So more research about the biomechanics of traumatic brain injuries in paramotoring is necessary to improve protection systems, such as helmets, to reduce injury risks in this sport. Furthermore padded back protection should be made obligatory when flying with power paragliding.
Multiple Injuries in Paramotoring: a Case Report to Assess this Sport's Risks
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20130101.12
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Francesco Feletti
Multiple Injuries in Paramotoring: a Case Report to Assess this Sport's Risks
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Effects of High-Intensity Aquatic Exercises on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women with and without Vertebral Fractures
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This prospective controlled study evaluated the efficacy of a high-intensity aquatic exercise program on the safety of vertebral parameters, anthropometry and physical fitness of 108 non exercising postmenopausal women with and without fractures. Participants were divided into intervention group (IG=64) and control group (DG=44) assessed in a first evaluation and after 24 weeks of intervention, data about bone densitometry, morpheme try(fractures), anthropometry, physical fitness, number of falls and pain perception. IG with fractures after training showed better results than CG with fractures for bone mineral density and t-score of the femoral head(p <0.05). Following protocol, IG without fractures showed better results than CG without fractures in flexibility tests, spine extension strength, hip flexor strength, left and right handgrip strength, and decrease in the number of fall sand pain perception (p <0.05). IG without fractures also obtained better results for right handgrip strength and decreased pain perception in comparison to CG with fractures. High-intensity aquatic exercises contribute to decrease pain and number of falls, improve physical fitness, and increase bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with and without vertebral fractures, with better performance in relation to group not submitted to exercises for the parameters studied.
This prospective controlled study evaluated the efficacy of a high-intensity aquatic exercise program on the safety of vertebral parameters, anthropometry and physical fitness of 108 non exercising postmenopausal women with and without fractures. Participants were divided into intervention group (IG=64) and control group (DG=44) assessed in a first evaluation and after 24 weeks of intervention, data about bone densitometry, morpheme try(fractures), anthropometry, physical fitness, number of falls and pain perception. IG with fractures after training showed better results than CG with fractures for bone mineral density and t-score of the femoral head(p <0.05). Following protocol, IG without fractures showed better results than CG without fractures in flexibility tests, spine extension strength, hip flexor strength, left and right handgrip strength, and decrease in the number of fall sand pain perception (p <0.05). IG without fractures also obtained better results for right handgrip strength and decreased pain perception in comparison to CG with fractures. High-intensity aquatic exercises contribute to decrease pain and number of falls, improve physical fitness, and increase bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with and without vertebral fractures, with better performance in relation to group not submitted to exercises for the parameters studied.
Effects of High-Intensity Aquatic Exercises on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women with and without Vertebral Fractures
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20130101.11
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Fernanda Cerveira Abuana Osorio Fronza
Linda Denise Fernandes Moreira-Pfrimer
Rodrigo Nolasco dos Santos
Luzimar Raimundo Teixeira
Diego Augusto Santos Silva
Édio Luiz Petroski
Effects of High-Intensity Aquatic Exercises on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women with and without Vertebral Fractures
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The Effect of the Gender Variable on the Speeches of the Pupils in Handball Game in Tunisia
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In this work, we pass from a behavioral conception that considers the teacher as the only source of information to a constructivist and even a semi-constructivist conception which focuses on the fact that the student is a real actor of the teaching-learning process. The objective is to study the semiotics of language interactions between pupils in Physical Education and Sport sessions and the power balance between girls and boys (Wallian, 2010). Discursive interlocutions of Tunisian pupils in handball are marked by a constant negotiation about domination and by a formulation of action projects (Zghibi, 2009). These language interactions have the advantage of deploying a rich and multifaceted rhetoric which is a sign of dynamic learning.
In this work, we pass from a behavioral conception that considers the teacher as the only source of information to a constructivist and even a semi-constructivist conception which focuses on the fact that the student is a real actor of the teaching-learning process. The objective is to study the semiotics of language interactions between pupils in Physical Education and Sport sessions and the power balance between girls and boys (Wallian, 2010). Discursive interlocutions of Tunisian pupils in handball are marked by a constant negotiation about domination and by a formulation of action projects (Zghibi, 2009). These language interactions have the advantage of deploying a rich and multifaceted rhetoric which is a sign of dynamic learning.
The Effect of the Gender Variable on the Speeches of the Pupils in Handball Game in Tunisia
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20130102.12
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Makram Zghibi
Nabila Bennour
Mohamed Jabri
Hajer Sahli
The Effect of the Gender Variable on the Speeches of the Pupils in Handball Game in Tunisia
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© Science Publishing Group
Physiological Characters in Mixed Martial Arts
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Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a relatively new sport and is a mixture of many different martial arts. Currently, study on the physiological characters in the sport is very limited. The present study evaluated the physiological characters in 5 active male MMA athletes at two occasions with one year between. Aerobic- and anaerobic capacity were estimated through measurement of VO2max and anaerobic threshold using both treadmill running and arm cycling. Muscle strength was evaluated through series measurements. Body composition and personal competition records were also examined. The subjects presented above average aerobic capacity, but rather high anaerobic capacity and threshold levels compared with other similar sports. No significant difference in VO2max, anaerobic threshold or body composition was observed between the two test occasions, despite a decreased tendency in muscle strength/power in the second test compared to the first. The results were interpreted to indicate either the MMA athletes had reached the physiological requirements for MMA or the one year physical training was inefficient in further improving the parameters.
Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a relatively new sport and is a mixture of many different martial arts. Currently, study on the physiological characters in the sport is very limited. The present study evaluated the physiological characters in 5 active male MMA athletes at two occasions with one year between. Aerobic- and anaerobic capacity were estimated through measurement of VO2max and anaerobic threshold using both treadmill running and arm cycling. Muscle strength was evaluated through series measurements. Body composition and personal competition records were also examined. The subjects presented above average aerobic capacity, but rather high anaerobic capacity and threshold levels compared with other similar sports. No significant difference in VO2max, anaerobic threshold or body composition was observed between the two test occasions, despite a decreased tendency in muscle strength/power in the second test compared to the first. The results were interpreted to indicate either the MMA athletes had reached the physiological requirements for MMA or the one year physical training was inefficient in further improving the parameters.
Physiological Characters in Mixed Martial Arts
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20130102.11
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Petter Alm
Ji-Guo Yu
Physiological Characters in Mixed Martial Arts
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A Comparison of Internal/External Rotation Strength and Range of Motion in the Shoulder Joint between Zurkhaneh Athletes and Non-Athletes
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Zurkhaneh as one the oldest sport is include many overhead movements. The purpose of this study was comparison between ratio of strength and range of motion in internal and external rotation in the shoulder joint’s zurkhaneh athletes with Non-athletes. The subjects in this study included 29 zurkhaneh athletes with mean age (23.51±2.04) and mean years of sport history (8.75±4.47) and 30 non-athletes athletes with mean age (24.8±1.56). Data were collected through questionnaires, and subjects' strength was measured by “Hand-held dynamometer” and ROM was measured by “Leighton flexometer”(r=0.90–0.99) in both upper extremities. Data were analyzed by paired samples t-test and independent samples t-test. The results of this study showed significant degrees at internal/external rotation ROM ratio of zurkhaneh athletes than the non-athletes group (p≥0.05). some result also was found in strength ratio in internal/external rotators in this group (p≥0.001). Therefore repeated pattern of movements in the zurkhaneh sport at the long time causes imbalance in strength and range of motion shoulder joint that need to corrective exercise. It can be included due to specific demands such as repeated rotational movements in shoulder joint, they need a compensatory corrective exercises.
Zurkhaneh as one the oldest sport is include many overhead movements. The purpose of this study was comparison between ratio of strength and range of motion in internal and external rotation in the shoulder joint’s zurkhaneh athletes with Non-athletes. The subjects in this study included 29 zurkhaneh athletes with mean age (23.51±2.04) and mean years of sport history (8.75±4.47) and 30 non-athletes athletes with mean age (24.8±1.56). Data were collected through questionnaires, and subjects' strength was measured by “Hand-held dynamometer” and ROM was measured by “Leighton flexometer”(r=0.90–0.99) in both upper extremities. Data were analyzed by paired samples t-test and independent samples t-test. The results of this study showed significant degrees at internal/external rotation ROM ratio of zurkhaneh athletes than the non-athletes group (p≥0.05). some result also was found in strength ratio in internal/external rotators in this group (p≥0.001). Therefore repeated pattern of movements in the zurkhaneh sport at the long time causes imbalance in strength and range of motion shoulder joint that need to corrective exercise. It can be included due to specific demands such as repeated rotational movements in shoulder joint, they need a compensatory corrective exercises.
A Comparison of Internal/External Rotation Strength and Range of Motion in the Shoulder Joint between Zurkhaneh Athletes and Non-Athletes
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20130103.13
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Hamid Dehnavi
Hassan Daneshmandi
Mohammad khajehpoor Glosalari
Hossein Shahrokhi
A Comparison of Internal/External Rotation Strength and Range of Motion in the Shoulder Joint between Zurkhaneh Athletes and Non-Athletes
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The Effect of Fatigue on Functional Stability in the Basketball Players with Functional Ankle Instability
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The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of basketball-specific fatigue on the dynamic postural control of the basketball players with functional ankle instability. The subjects in this study included 28 basketball players in the Youth League in Kerman. Their ages ranged between 16 and 21 years old. Based on the results of ankle instability questionnaire (CAIT) and the medical approval, the participants were selectively divided in two groups: a group of 16 subjects with functional ankle instability and a group of 12 healthy subjects. “Basketball Movement Specific Circuit” protocol was used to induce basketball-specific fatigue, and Y test was employed to quantify postural control. Specifically, Y test was administered as a pretest and posttest at the beginning and the end of the fatigue protocol. To make sure that the intended fatigue was really induced, Borg Scale was employed and the participants were asked to express their true feeling about the intensity of the exercise at the beginning and the end of the protocol. The result of analyzing data through dependent T-test indicated that dynamic postural control significantly decreased after the induction of fatigue in both groups. In addition, running independent T-test determined that fatigue equally affected the participants of both groups. This means that the participants in the experimental group coordinated postural control mechanisms with fatigue. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that both healthy players and those with functional ankle instability are susceptible to ankle sprain when they feel fatigue due to defect in postural control.
The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of basketball-specific fatigue on the dynamic postural control of the basketball players with functional ankle instability. The subjects in this study included 28 basketball players in the Youth League in Kerman. Their ages ranged between 16 and 21 years old. Based on the results of ankle instability questionnaire (CAIT) and the medical approval, the participants were selectively divided in two groups: a group of 16 subjects with functional ankle instability and a group of 12 healthy subjects. “Basketball Movement Specific Circuit” protocol was used to induce basketball-specific fatigue, and Y test was employed to quantify postural control. Specifically, Y test was administered as a pretest and posttest at the beginning and the end of the fatigue protocol. To make sure that the intended fatigue was really induced, Borg Scale was employed and the participants were asked to express their true feeling about the intensity of the exercise at the beginning and the end of the protocol. The result of analyzing data through dependent T-test indicated that dynamic postural control significantly decreased after the induction of fatigue in both groups. In addition, running independent T-test determined that fatigue equally affected the participants of both groups. This means that the participants in the experimental group coordinated postural control mechanisms with fatigue. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that both healthy players and those with functional ankle instability are susceptible to ankle sprain when they feel fatigue due to defect in postural control.
The Effect of Fatigue on Functional Stability in the Basketball Players with Functional Ankle Instability
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20130103.11
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Hamid Dehnavi
Hamid Khorramnezhad
Hamid Hassanpanah
Masoud Hajibigloo
The Effect of Fatigue on Functional Stability in the Basketball Players with Functional Ankle Instability
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© Science Publishing Group
The Comparison of Burnout on the Three Directions of Y Test in the Basketball Players with Ankle Instability
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20130103.12
Maintaining dynamic balance in daily activities and desirable sport functions is indeed crucial. The purpose of the present study was to compare the burnout on the three directions of Y test in the basketball players with ankle instability. The subjects in this study Included 28 basketball players who were selectively divided into two groups based on the ankle instability questionnaire. first group (n=16, mean weight 71.31 ± 10.49, mean height 181.75 ± 9.16 cm, mean age 18.12 ± 1.70 years old) were functionally instable on their ankles, the second group (n=12, mean weight 73.66±9.89 kg, mean height 183.25±7.08 cm, mean age 18.41 ± 1.83 years old) were healthy basketball players.“ Basketball Movement Specific Circuit” protocol was used to achieve basketball-specific fatigue, and Y test was used to quantify postural control. To make sure that fatigue occurred, Borg scale was employed. The result of dependent T test indicated that dynamic postural control decreased after fatigue in both groups(α<0.005). In addition, the result of the one-way ANOVA demonstrated that there is a statistically significant difference between anterior and posteromedial directions in the group with functional ankle instability and between anterior and posterolateral directions in the healthy group. The results of this study showed that fatigue significantly affected the players with functional ankle instability in posteromedial direction and the healthy players in posterolateral direction.
Maintaining dynamic balance in daily activities and desirable sport functions is indeed crucial. The purpose of the present study was to compare the burnout on the three directions of Y test in the basketball players with ankle instability. The subjects in this study Included 28 basketball players who were selectively divided into two groups based on the ankle instability questionnaire. first group (n=16, mean weight 71.31 ± 10.49, mean height 181.75 ± 9.16 cm, mean age 18.12 ± 1.70 years old) were functionally instable on their ankles, the second group (n=12, mean weight 73.66±9.89 kg, mean height 183.25±7.08 cm, mean age 18.41 ± 1.83 years old) were healthy basketball players.“ Basketball Movement Specific Circuit” protocol was used to achieve basketball-specific fatigue, and Y test was used to quantify postural control. To make sure that fatigue occurred, Borg scale was employed. The result of dependent T test indicated that dynamic postural control decreased after fatigue in both groups(α<0.005). In addition, the result of the one-way ANOVA demonstrated that there is a statistically significant difference between anterior and posteromedial directions in the group with functional ankle instability and between anterior and posterolateral directions in the healthy group. The results of this study showed that fatigue significantly affected the players with functional ankle instability in posteromedial direction and the healthy players in posterolateral direction.
The Comparison of Burnout on the Three Directions of Y Test in the Basketball Players with Ankle Instability
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20130103.12
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Hamid Khorramnezhad
Hamid Dehnavi
Mahdi Seyed Alhosseini
Hamid Hassanpanah
The Comparison of Burnout on the Three Directions of Y Test in the Basketball Players with Ankle Instability
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© Science Publishing Group
Employee Performance Appraisal in Health Clubs and Sport Organizations: A Review
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Human Resources evaluation constitutes a useful management tool which can help prosperity, rivalry and the achievements of organizational goals. The company’s ability to evaluate executive performance, using valid, reliable and objective processes to identify actual employee’s performance discrepancies to the ones desired contributes to long-term success, growth, profitability and organizational improvement. Especially, in the highly competitive health and fitness club industry, which are recorded as 133.000 fitness centers worldwide with profits of 72.7 billion dollars, an organization in order to be viable requires from the employees maximum work performance. Job performance is overall a complex meaning, from which its definition and measurement depends on various factors that should be encoded through a scientific documented effort, rather than arbitrary, spasmodic or informally. This review highlights the importance of a valid and reliable human resources assessment where as organizations prosperity competitiveness and effectiveness is increased as well as a strategic planning is developed.
Human Resources evaluation constitutes a useful management tool which can help prosperity, rivalry and the achievements of organizational goals. The company’s ability to evaluate executive performance, using valid, reliable and objective processes to identify actual employee’s performance discrepancies to the ones desired contributes to long-term success, growth, profitability and organizational improvement. Especially, in the highly competitive health and fitness club industry, which are recorded as 133.000 fitness centers worldwide with profits of 72.7 billion dollars, an organization in order to be viable requires from the employees maximum work performance. Job performance is overall a complex meaning, from which its definition and measurement depends on various factors that should be encoded through a scientific documented effort, rather than arbitrary, spasmodic or informally. This review highlights the importance of a valid and reliable human resources assessment where as organizations prosperity competitiveness and effectiveness is increased as well as a strategic planning is developed.
Employee Performance Appraisal in Health Clubs and Sport Organizations: A Review
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20130104.11
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Kaprinis Stylianos
Kipreos George
Vrondou Ourania
Kakkos Vasilios
Employee Performance Appraisal in Health Clubs and Sport Organizations: A Review
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Tripple-Ironman Based on Vegan Raw Vegetable/Fruits Diet: Physiological Echocardiographic and Blood Analysis Findings
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Endurance sport required healthy and balanced diet. This case report presents the findings of an ultra triathlete (three times Ironman with 11.4 km swimming, 540 km cycling and 126 km running in 41 hours 18 minutes) living and finished competitions based on vegan raw diet. To this end, the vegan ultra triathlete and a control group of 10 Ironman triathletes of similar age living on a mixed diet were investigated, using echocardiography and spiroergometry. In addition, blood samples were taken from the vegan athlete both in the sporting season and in the off-season. The vegan athlete showed no signs of dietary deficiencies or impaired health. In comparison with the control group, the vegan athlete showed a higher oxygen intake at the respiratory compensation point. This case demonstrates that even top-class sporting performance, like that of a three times Ironman, is possible on a vegan diet. Whether a vegan diet offers advantages or disadvantages for the performance of endurance athletes remains an open question.
Endurance sport required healthy and balanced diet. This case report presents the findings of an ultra triathlete (three times Ironman with 11.4 km swimming, 540 km cycling and 126 km running in 41 hours 18 minutes) living and finished competitions based on vegan raw diet. To this end, the vegan ultra triathlete and a control group of 10 Ironman triathletes of similar age living on a mixed diet were investigated, using echocardiography and spiroergometry. In addition, blood samples were taken from the vegan athlete both in the sporting season and in the off-season. The vegan athlete showed no signs of dietary deficiencies or impaired health. In comparison with the control group, the vegan athlete showed a higher oxygen intake at the respiratory compensation point. This case demonstrates that even top-class sporting performance, like that of a three times Ironman, is possible on a vegan diet. Whether a vegan diet offers advantages or disadvantages for the performance of endurance athletes remains an open question.
Tripple-Ironman Based on Vegan Raw Vegetable/Fruits Diet: Physiological Echocardiographic and Blood Analysis Findings
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20130104.12
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Roman Leischik
Norman Spelsberg
Birgit Dworrak
Melchior Seyfarth
Tripple-Ironman Based on Vegan Raw Vegetable/Fruits Diet: Physiological Echocardiographic and Blood Analysis Findings
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© Science Publishing Group
Macronutrient Consumption Prior to, and during, a Mountain Marathon
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140201.12
Participation in ultra-endurance events such as mountain marathons is increasing, yet analysis of the nutritional intake and requirements of this group of athletes have received relatively little attention. This field study examined athletes’ food intake prior to, and during a mountain marathon event to assess compliance with recommendations and to identify associations with performance. Nineteen male athletes competing in the Longmynd Hike (LH) completed a 7-day food diary in the week prior to the event and a weighed food inventory of all items consumed during the event. Despite reported intentions to increase carbohydrate (CHO) consumption in the week prior to the event, there was no significant change in consumption across the week. The mean daily CHO intake of 4.5 g/kg/d was below that recommended to effectively enhance glycogen stores. CHO and energy consumption prior to the event were positively associated with performance [energy (kJ/kg/d): r = .56, p = 0.03; CHO (g/kg/d): r = .54, p = 0.04]. Energy and CHO consumption during the event were also positively correlated with performance [energy (kJ/kg/h): r = .80, p < 0.001; CHO (g/kg/h): r = .75, p = 0.001)], despite most participants again failing to meet recommendations for intake. Further research is needed to determine reasons for non-compliance with nutritional guidelines and to investigate to what extent type and timing of macronutrient intake during such events impacts on performance.
Participation in ultra-endurance events such as mountain marathons is increasing, yet analysis of the nutritional intake and requirements of this group of athletes have received relatively little attention. This field study examined athletes’ food intake prior to, and during a mountain marathon event to assess compliance with recommendations and to identify associations with performance. Nineteen male athletes competing in the Longmynd Hike (LH) completed a 7-day food diary in the week prior to the event and a weighed food inventory of all items consumed during the event. Despite reported intentions to increase carbohydrate (CHO) consumption in the week prior to the event, there was no significant change in consumption across the week. The mean daily CHO intake of 4.5 g/kg/d was below that recommended to effectively enhance glycogen stores. CHO and energy consumption prior to the event were positively associated with performance [energy (kJ/kg/d): r = .56, p = 0.03; CHO (g/kg/d): r = .54, p = 0.04]. Energy and CHO consumption during the event were also positively correlated with performance [energy (kJ/kg/h): r = .80, p < 0.001; CHO (g/kg/h): r = .75, p = 0.001)], despite most participants again failing to meet recommendations for intake. Further research is needed to determine reasons for non-compliance with nutritional guidelines and to investigate to what extent type and timing of macronutrient intake during such events impacts on performance.
Macronutrient Consumption Prior to, and during, a Mountain Marathon
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140201.12
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Elizabeth Mahon
Allan Hackett
Timothy Stott
Keith George
Ian Davies
Macronutrient Consumption Prior to, and during, a Mountain Marathon
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© Science Publishing Group
The Effect of Natural and Artificial Grass on Sprinting Performance in Young Soccer Players
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140201.11
The sprint performance on natural and artificial grass of 5th generation was assessed. Sixty eight young male soccer players, which were divided in two groups according to their age [children (n=36; 12.1±0.5y) and adolescents (n=32; 14.2±0.4y)], performed 30-m sprint tests with and without handling the ball on natural and artificial grass. The performance was recorded during 0-10m, 10-30m, and 0-30m running distances. It was found that children were significantly faster during 0-10m running distance on the artificial compared to natural grass when handling the ball while adolescents revealed no differences in sprint performance between the surfaces irrespectively of the ball condition. In running distances 10-30m and 0-30m, children were significant faster in the artificial compared to the natural grass either with or without ball, while the adolescents were significantly faster in the artificial grass only without handling the ball. Children run faster on artificial than natural grass while adolescent soccer players are faster in artificial grass when they do not have to handle the ball. It is clear that children should be more careful when play soccer on artificial grass because the ball is moving faster and greater skill is needed in order to avoid injuries.
The sprint performance on natural and artificial grass of 5th generation was assessed. Sixty eight young male soccer players, which were divided in two groups according to their age [children (n=36; 12.1±0.5y) and adolescents (n=32; 14.2±0.4y)], performed 30-m sprint tests with and without handling the ball on natural and artificial grass. The performance was recorded during 0-10m, 10-30m, and 0-30m running distances. It was found that children were significantly faster during 0-10m running distance on the artificial compared to natural grass when handling the ball while adolescents revealed no differences in sprint performance between the surfaces irrespectively of the ball condition. In running distances 10-30m and 0-30m, children were significant faster in the artificial compared to the natural grass either with or without ball, while the adolescents were significantly faster in the artificial grass only without handling the ball. Children run faster on artificial than natural grass while adolescent soccer players are faster in artificial grass when they do not have to handle the ball. It is clear that children should be more careful when play soccer on artificial grass because the ball is moving faster and greater skill is needed in order to avoid injuries.
The Effect of Natural and Artificial Grass on Sprinting Performance in Young Soccer Players
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140201.11
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Vasileios Kanaras
Thomas I. Metaxas
Athanasios Mandroukas
Ioannis Gissis
Andreas Zafeiridis
Christos S. Riganas
Evaggelos Manolopoulos
Vassilis Paschalis
Ioannis S. Vrabas
The Effect of Natural and Artificial Grass on Sprinting Performance in Young Soccer Players
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4
4
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajss.20140201.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140201.11
© Science Publishing Group
Slow Recovery of the Right and Left Ventricular Deformation after Conversion from Atrial Fibrillation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.11
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a possible complication of sport in middle-aged athletes. When sinus rhythm has been restored, at what time is deformation restored too? This question has never been answered. We studied an one 47-year old cyclist and runner with acute lone atrial fibrillation. A day before, he trained hard intervals and felt at the next day an irregular rhythm, training was not possible. He told this would occure 2 times a year , but after the light training the irregular puls will disappear. At the chest-pain unit we performed echocardiography inclusive strain measurements of the right and left ventricle during atrial fibrillation and immediately after the recovery of the sinus rhythm. He recovered to sinus rhythm during the exercise test. Global strain was at the moment of atrial fibrillation – 11.8%, direct after the recovery of the sinus rhythm -17,2%, and -20.5% at the next day, even though the normalized diastolic function directly after conversion from AF. It seems to be that the heterogenity of the deformation need time to recovery after the conversion to the sinus rhythm, even though the diastolic function seems to be normalized. The further endurance training should be continued only after normalization of deformation values.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a possible complication of sport in middle-aged athletes. When sinus rhythm has been restored, at what time is deformation restored too? This question has never been answered. We studied an one 47-year old cyclist and runner with acute lone atrial fibrillation. A day before, he trained hard intervals and felt at the next day an irregular rhythm, training was not possible. He told this would occure 2 times a year , but after the light training the irregular puls will disappear. At the chest-pain unit we performed echocardiography inclusive strain measurements of the right and left ventricle during atrial fibrillation and immediately after the recovery of the sinus rhythm. He recovered to sinus rhythm during the exercise test. Global strain was at the moment of atrial fibrillation – 11.8%, direct after the recovery of the sinus rhythm -17,2%, and -20.5% at the next day, even though the normalized diastolic function directly after conversion from AF. It seems to be that the heterogenity of the deformation need time to recovery after the conversion to the sinus rhythm, even though the diastolic function seems to be normalized. The further endurance training should be continued only after normalization of deformation values.
Slow Recovery of the Right and Left Ventricular Deformation after Conversion from Atrial Fibrillation
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.11
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Roman Leischik
Henning Littwitz
Slow Recovery of the Right and Left Ventricular Deformation after Conversion from Atrial Fibrillation
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16
16
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Effect of Vestibular Stimulation on Eye-Hand Coordination and Postural Control in Elite Basketball Players
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.12
The game of basketball requires complex eye-hand coordination and exceptional postural control ability. This study compared eye-hand coordination and postural control before and after vestibular stimulation in trained basketball players with healthy, age-matched controls. Fifteen trained basketball players and 17 healthy adults (all male, age range 19-25 years) were recruited. The participants were required to perform a fast finger-pointing task involving a moving visual target in a standing position, before and after whole head-and-body rotation at 150ºs-1 for 30 s seated in a rotational chair. Results show that the trained basketball players had shorter reaction times in eye-hand coordination tasks (a decrease of 23.3% vs an increase of 8.1% of controls, p=0.008) and regained postural control more quickly (mediolateral direction: 0.4% vs 43.3%; p=0.009; anteroposterior direction: 3.9% vs 21.5%, p=0.038) after vestibular stimulation. These data suggest that vestibular stimulation could enhance balance and eye-hand coordination among young basketball players. The findings may provide information for sports training and further research work.
The game of basketball requires complex eye-hand coordination and exceptional postural control ability. This study compared eye-hand coordination and postural control before and after vestibular stimulation in trained basketball players with healthy, age-matched controls. Fifteen trained basketball players and 17 healthy adults (all male, age range 19-25 years) were recruited. The participants were required to perform a fast finger-pointing task involving a moving visual target in a standing position, before and after whole head-and-body rotation at 150ºs-1 for 30 s seated in a rotational chair. Results show that the trained basketball players had shorter reaction times in eye-hand coordination tasks (a decrease of 23.3% vs an increase of 8.1% of controls, p=0.008) and regained postural control more quickly (mediolateral direction: 0.4% vs 43.3%; p=0.009; anteroposterior direction: 3.9% vs 21.5%, p=0.038) after vestibular stimulation. These data suggest that vestibular stimulation could enhance balance and eye-hand coordination among young basketball players. The findings may provide information for sports training and further research work.
The Effect of Vestibular Stimulation on Eye-Hand Coordination and Postural Control in Elite Basketball Players
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.12
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
William W. N. Tsang
Shirley S. M. Fong
Yoyo T. Y. Cheng
Dinisha D. Daswani
Hiu Yan Lau
Carina K. Y. Lun
Shamay S. M. Ng
The Effect of Vestibular Stimulation on Eye-Hand Coordination and Postural Control in Elite Basketball Players
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22
22
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Effects of Eccentric Training on Electromyographic Activity and Performance in Soccer Players
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.13
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of eccentric training using a multi-joint dynamometer, on the electromyographic activity of rectus femoris, biceps femoris and medial gastrocnemius during counter movement jumps, drop jumps as well as during maximal eccentric actions. Sixteen amateur soccer players was divided into equal sized groups, the control group who participated in their regular training and the training group who performed 16 sessions (in 8 weeks) of eccentric exercise using a multi joint isokinetic dynamometer. The performance of counter movement and drop jumps were evaluated on a force plate. Additionally, maximal isometric, concentric and eccentric force were assessed on the isokinetic dynamometer. After the eccentric training, the electromyographic activity during the concentric phase of counter movement jumps was found to be increased in rectus femoris (p<0.05) and reduced in biceps femoris (p<0.05). During drop jumps, electromyographic activity of the experimental group found to be increased in the pre-activation phase of gastrocnemius (p<0.05). Additionally, during the takeoff phase of the drop jumps smaller angles for hip and ankle joints were observed (p<0.05). Finally, the electromyographic activity during eccentric strength evaluation were found to be elevated in rectus femoris (p<0.05) and decreased in gastrocnemius (p<0.05). The eccentric training which can cause neural adaptations, faster recruitment of motor units as well as changes in the architecture in muscle tendon system may also cause the alterations in electromyographic activity of leg muscles as observed in the present investigation.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of eccentric training using a multi-joint dynamometer, on the electromyographic activity of rectus femoris, biceps femoris and medial gastrocnemius during counter movement jumps, drop jumps as well as during maximal eccentric actions. Sixteen amateur soccer players was divided into equal sized groups, the control group who participated in their regular training and the training group who performed 16 sessions (in 8 weeks) of eccentric exercise using a multi joint isokinetic dynamometer. The performance of counter movement and drop jumps were evaluated on a force plate. Additionally, maximal isometric, concentric and eccentric force were assessed on the isokinetic dynamometer. After the eccentric training, the electromyographic activity during the concentric phase of counter movement jumps was found to be increased in rectus femoris (p<0.05) and reduced in biceps femoris (p<0.05). During drop jumps, electromyographic activity of the experimental group found to be increased in the pre-activation phase of gastrocnemius (p<0.05). Additionally, during the takeoff phase of the drop jumps smaller angles for hip and ankle joints were observed (p<0.05). Finally, the electromyographic activity during eccentric strength evaluation were found to be elevated in rectus femoris (p<0.05) and decreased in gastrocnemius (p<0.05). The eccentric training which can cause neural adaptations, faster recruitment of motor units as well as changes in the architecture in muscle tendon system may also cause the alterations in electromyographic activity of leg muscles as observed in the present investigation.
The Effects of Eccentric Training on Electromyographic Activity and Performance in Soccer Players
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.13
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Stergios Komsis
Georgios Komsis
Ioannis Gissis
Christos Papadopoulos
Dimitrios Patikas
Lida Mademli
Panagiotis Papadopoulos
Vassilis Paschalis
Ioannis S. Vrabas
The Effects of Eccentric Training on Electromyographic Activity and Performance in Soccer Players
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.13
© Science Publishing Group
The Relative Age Effect in the 2013 FIFA U-17 Soccer World Cup Competition
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.15
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to check the eventual existence of any Relative Age Effect (RAE) in the recent 2013’ FIFA Male Under-17 (U-17) World Cup Football tournament. The data pertaining to the players who participated in to that event were collected from the FIFA website. They included the players’ dates of birth (day, month and year) and position (goalkeeper, defender, midfielder or striker).The distributions of birth months were significantly different with more players born in the early months of the year compared with the later months. For the entire cohort of players, 38.7% were born in the first quarter of the year while only 10.5% were born in the last 3 months in the same year. This relative age effect held for all FIFA-designated teams except for the Nigeria and the Côte d'Ivoire having shown a reverse relative age effect. The results of this investigation show that at the highest level of youth soccer, the RAE still exists and is a strong bias toward inclusion of players born early in the concerned year.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to check the eventual existence of any Relative Age Effect (RAE) in the recent 2013’ FIFA Male Under-17 (U-17) World Cup Football tournament. The data pertaining to the players who participated in to that event were collected from the FIFA website. They included the players’ dates of birth (day, month and year) and position (goalkeeper, defender, midfielder or striker).The distributions of birth months were significantly different with more players born in the early months of the year compared with the later months. For the entire cohort of players, 38.7% were born in the first quarter of the year while only 10.5% were born in the last 3 months in the same year. This relative age effect held for all FIFA-designated teams except for the Nigeria and the Côte d'Ivoire having shown a reverse relative age effect. The results of this investigation show that at the highest level of youth soccer, the RAE still exists and is a strong bias toward inclusion of players born early in the concerned year.
The Relative Age Effect in the 2013 FIFA U-17 Soccer World Cup Competition
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.15
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ridha Sallaoui
Karim Chamari
Moktar Chtara
Youssef Manai
Mourad Ghrairi
Mohcine Belhaouz
Abdullah Baroon
The Relative Age Effect in the 2013 FIFA U-17 Soccer World Cup Competition
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40
40
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.15
© Science Publishing Group
Assessment of Patellar Alignment in Different Postures
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.14
Introduction: The evaluation of Q angle is a common clinical practice however standardization regarding the best way does not exist. Objective: Compare the value of the Q angle in different static positions and rotations of lower limbs. Methods: Evaluated 56 volunteers, 30 women and 26 men, in the supine andunder static weight-bearing positions with parallel feet and with outward foot rotation. For calculate Q angle used Computerized Biophotogrammetry. Results: Have significant difference between the static weight-bearing position with parallel feet and static weight-bearing with outward foot rotation in the left side for both the sexes (p=0.00) and between the supine position with outward foot rotation and static weight-bearing with parallel feet of the left side (p=0.03), in the feminine sex. Conclusion: it is concluded that there are no differences between different positions and postures to review the Q angle, however we stress the importance of checking the relaxation of the muscles of the lower limbs.
Introduction: The evaluation of Q angle is a common clinical practice however standardization regarding the best way does not exist. Objective: Compare the value of the Q angle in different static positions and rotations of lower limbs. Methods: Evaluated 56 volunteers, 30 women and 26 men, in the supine andunder static weight-bearing positions with parallel feet and with outward foot rotation. For calculate Q angle used Computerized Biophotogrammetry. Results: Have significant difference between the static weight-bearing position with parallel feet and static weight-bearing with outward foot rotation in the left side for both the sexes (p=0.00) and between the supine position with outward foot rotation and static weight-bearing with parallel feet of the left side (p=0.03), in the feminine sex. Conclusion: it is concluded that there are no differences between different positions and postures to review the Q angle, however we stress the importance of checking the relaxation of the muscles of the lower limbs.
Assessment of Patellar Alignment in Different Postures
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.14
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Hugo Machado Sanchez
Eliane Gouveia de Morais Sanchez
Mario Antonio Baraúna
Roberto Sérgio de Tavares Canto
Assessment of Patellar Alignment in Different Postures
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34
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.14
© Science Publishing Group
Physiological Performance and Cardiac Function in Female Ironman- Triathletes
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.16
Background: Data about physiological performance of female ironman-triathletes are rare. However, some papers reported endurance sport may cause damage of the right or left ventricle even in females. Aim: The goal of this study was to assess prospectively the right/left ventricular function and physiological performance in female ironman-athletes (middle- and long-distance). Methods: 33 female healthy triathletes were examined using spiroergometry and echocardiography. Inclusion criterion was participation in at least one middle distance triathlon. Results: The triathletes achieved the following results: VO2max 52.8 ± 5.7 ml/min/kg, Wmax 264.0 ± 26.1, VAT (aerobic threshold) VO2 38.5 ± 7.9 ml/min/kg, 193.0 ± 48.4 Watt. In respect of echocardiographic readings LVEDD (left ventricular end-diastolic diameter) was 4.4 ± 0.3 cm and the left ventricular muscle mass (LVM) was 145.9 ± 31.3 g (LVM index 85.8 g/m² ± 18.7). Conclusions: The performance date of female triathletes can be used as training goals for leisure female triathletes, when middle or long distances in triathlon competitions should be finished. In respect of echocardiographic parameters a right or left ventricular dysfunction could not be found despite of long times of training and finishing of long distance competitions (5.4 ± 2.8 years triathlon competitions non-elite and 7.6 ± 5.8 years elite athletes).
Background: Data about physiological performance of female ironman-triathletes are rare. However, some papers reported endurance sport may cause damage of the right or left ventricle even in females. Aim: The goal of this study was to assess prospectively the right/left ventricular function and physiological performance in female ironman-athletes (middle- and long-distance). Methods: 33 female healthy triathletes were examined using spiroergometry and echocardiography. Inclusion criterion was participation in at least one middle distance triathlon. Results: The triathletes achieved the following results: VO2max 52.8 ± 5.7 ml/min/kg, Wmax 264.0 ± 26.1, VAT (aerobic threshold) VO2 38.5 ± 7.9 ml/min/kg, 193.0 ± 48.4 Watt. In respect of echocardiographic readings LVEDD (left ventricular end-diastolic diameter) was 4.4 ± 0.3 cm and the left ventricular muscle mass (LVM) was 145.9 ± 31.3 g (LVM index 85.8 g/m² ± 18.7). Conclusions: The performance date of female triathletes can be used as training goals for leisure female triathletes, when middle or long distances in triathlon competitions should be finished. In respect of echocardiographic parameters a right or left ventricular dysfunction could not be found despite of long times of training and finishing of long distance competitions (5.4 ± 2.8 years triathlon competitions non-elite and 7.6 ± 5.8 years elite athletes).
Physiological Performance and Cardiac Function in Female Ironman- Triathletes
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.16
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Roman Leischik
Spelsberg N.
Littwitz H.
Dworrak B.
Physiological Performance and Cardiac Function in Female Ironman- Triathletes
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47
47
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.16
© Science Publishing Group
Match Participations, Field Position, Length of Team Membership: Their Impact on Team Cohesion
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.17
The aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between cohesion and its antecedents (match participations, field position and length of team membership). 173 players of Greek amateur leagues participated in the study. They completed the Greek version of the 18-item Group Environment Questionnaire, and also improvised scales for the other variables in the end of the season 2009-2010. The Cronbach alphas of the Group Environment Questionnaire were satisfied for both task and social cohesion. The MANOVA analyses indicated the existence of statistical significant differences on perceptions of cohesion among players with different number of participations, and length of team membership. However, the MANOVA analysis showed that there were not statistical significant differences on perceptions of cohesion among players of different field position. Specifically, players with less participations perceived lower task and social cohesion than players with more participations. Furthermore, players who were members of their team for shorter period perceived lower social cohesion and higher task cohesion than players who were members for longer. Although the no significant results regarding the relationship between cohesion and field position, some trends showed that goalkeepers and attackers perceived the highest cohesion.
The aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between cohesion and its antecedents (match participations, field position and length of team membership). 173 players of Greek amateur leagues participated in the study. They completed the Greek version of the 18-item Group Environment Questionnaire, and also improvised scales for the other variables in the end of the season 2009-2010. The Cronbach alphas of the Group Environment Questionnaire were satisfied for both task and social cohesion. The MANOVA analyses indicated the existence of statistical significant differences on perceptions of cohesion among players with different number of participations, and length of team membership. However, the MANOVA analysis showed that there were not statistical significant differences on perceptions of cohesion among players of different field position. Specifically, players with less participations perceived lower task and social cohesion than players with more participations. Furthermore, players who were members of their team for shorter period perceived lower social cohesion and higher task cohesion than players who were members for longer. Although the no significant results regarding the relationship between cohesion and field position, some trends showed that goalkeepers and attackers perceived the highest cohesion.
Match Participations, Field Position, Length of Team Membership: Their Impact on Team Cohesion
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.17
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-04-08
© Science Publishing Group
Gioldasis Aristotelis
Stavrou Nektarios
Sotiropoulos Aristomenis
Psychountaki Maria
Match Participations, Field Position, Length of Team Membership: Their Impact on Team Cohesion
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52
52
2014-04-08
2014-04-08
10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.17
© Science Publishing Group
Form - A New Cricket Statistics
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140203.11
Traditionally, evaluation of individual player performances in one-day cricket and T -20 has been based on measures such as batting and bowling averages, and strike and economy rates. Whenever a player's performance statistics are quoted, there is nearly always some verbal qualification that is necessary in order to place the statistics into context. We have found a new statistical measure –FORM, which measures the form of a player. We have used what is known as an exponentially decaying average (EDMA). In this statistic, every score is considered in the calculation, but as you go back in time, each score is discounted by a certain percentage. This means recent score is given highest importance and past scores are given less weightage. Simple logic of short term EDMA and long term EDMA is used for calculating FORM. FORM of individual players is vital as the success of the team depends on the number of players who are in form. It can be used to estimate the total team score.
Traditionally, evaluation of individual player performances in one-day cricket and T -20 has been based on measures such as batting and bowling averages, and strike and economy rates. Whenever a player's performance statistics are quoted, there is nearly always some verbal qualification that is necessary in order to place the statistics into context. We have found a new statistical measure –FORM, which measures the form of a player. We have used what is known as an exponentially decaying average (EDMA). In this statistic, every score is considered in the calculation, but as you go back in time, each score is discounted by a certain percentage. This means recent score is given highest importance and past scores are given less weightage. Simple logic of short term EDMA and long term EDMA is used for calculating FORM. FORM of individual players is vital as the success of the team depends on the number of players who are in form. It can be used to estimate the total team score.
Form - A New Cricket Statistics
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140203.11
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-04-25
© Science Publishing Group
Parag Shah
Mitesh Shah
Form - A New Cricket Statistics
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55
55
2014-04-25
2014-04-25
10.11648/j.ajss.20140203.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140203.11
© Science Publishing Group
Designing Iran Sport for all Model
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140203.12
The purpose of this research is to describe and diagnose Iran Sport For All status and to design a model. The population of the research includes: Sport For All Federation managers, its strategic Council members, its sub sport Associations and Sport For All provinces Units. TO benefit the experts and authorities' point of view effectively, a questionnaire within the framework of the federation strategic plan content was designed and sent to the target population including: different federations and associations managers, the provinces sports units and the federation strategic Council members. A five –level Likert scale (strongly agree /agree/ neutral/ disagree/ strongly disagree) was designed. After Investigating and analyzing the results; regarding a Pathological view and approach; Sport For All strong & weak points, treats and opportunities (SWOT) were recognized. Then considering the proportion of Sport For All processes role to the other sports and its relationship with procurement, management and processing control components and culture & religious values, Iran Sport For All development model was designed noticing sport management scientific structure, processing structure and its relationship with other sports and macro management circles for macro policy-making, planning and procurement & executive levels.
The purpose of this research is to describe and diagnose Iran Sport For All status and to design a model. The population of the research includes: Sport For All Federation managers, its strategic Council members, its sub sport Associations and Sport For All provinces Units. TO benefit the experts and authorities' point of view effectively, a questionnaire within the framework of the federation strategic plan content was designed and sent to the target population including: different federations and associations managers, the provinces sports units and the federation strategic Council members. A five –level Likert scale (strongly agree /agree/ neutral/ disagree/ strongly disagree) was designed. After Investigating and analyzing the results; regarding a Pathological view and approach; Sport For All strong & weak points, treats and opportunities (SWOT) were recognized. Then considering the proportion of Sport For All processes role to the other sports and its relationship with procurement, management and processing control components and culture & religious values, Iran Sport For All development model was designed noticing sport management scientific structure, processing structure and its relationship with other sports and macro management circles for macro policy-making, planning and procurement & executive levels.
Designing Iran Sport for all Model
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140203.12
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammad Javadipour
Monireh Ali
Rezvan Hakimzadeh
Designing Iran Sport for all Model
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2014-05-06
2014-05-06
10.11648/j.ajss.20140203.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140203.12
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of Oral Coenzyme Q10 on Preventing the Accumulation of Lactic Acid Developing during the Exercise Performances of Endurance Skiing Athletes
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140203.13
Aim: This study aims to examine the effects of oral coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on preventing the accumulation of lactic acid developing during the exercise performances of endurance skiing athletes. Materials and Methods: The study population was composed of 15 volunteering male athletes. The blood samples thus collected were utilized for the measurement of athletes’ CoQ10, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), heart rate and blood pressure. Results: Significant decreases were identified in the systolic and diastolic blood pressures, pulses and plasma lactate levels of the athletes in the trial group when their pre- and post-exercise results were compared (p<0,01; p<0,001) while an increase of p<0,01 was observed in their plasma CoQ10 levels. However, plasma LDH and CPK levels of the trial group athletes using 100 and 200 mg CoQ10 were observed to increase less when compared to the results of the control group athletes in seven days (p<0,001; p<0,01). Conclusion: regular and gradual exercise is considered to enhance physical performance depending on the usage of CoQ10 while it decreases the accumulation of La and thus delays fatigue.
Aim: This study aims to examine the effects of oral coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on preventing the accumulation of lactic acid developing during the exercise performances of endurance skiing athletes. Materials and Methods: The study population was composed of 15 volunteering male athletes. The blood samples thus collected were utilized for the measurement of athletes’ CoQ10, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), heart rate and blood pressure. Results: Significant decreases were identified in the systolic and diastolic blood pressures, pulses and plasma lactate levels of the athletes in the trial group when their pre- and post-exercise results were compared (p<0,01; p<0,001) while an increase of p<0,01 was observed in their plasma CoQ10 levels. However, plasma LDH and CPK levels of the trial group athletes using 100 and 200 mg CoQ10 were observed to increase less when compared to the results of the control group athletes in seven days (p<0,001; p<0,01). Conclusion: regular and gradual exercise is considered to enhance physical performance depending on the usage of CoQ10 while it decreases the accumulation of La and thus delays fatigue.
Effects of Oral Coenzyme Q10 on Preventing the Accumulation of Lactic Acid Developing during the Exercise Performances of Endurance Skiing Athletes
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140203.13
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-06-09
© Science Publishing Group
Nevzat Demirci
Ebru Beytut
Effects of Oral Coenzyme Q10 on Preventing the Accumulation of Lactic Acid Developing during the Exercise Performances of Endurance Skiing Athletes
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70
70
2014-06-09
2014-06-09
10.11648/j.ajss.20140203.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140203.13
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Different Practice Schedules on Learning and Performance in Handball Task
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.11
The purpose of this study was to investigate different effects of various practice schedules in handball task. 30 participants have been divided into three equal practice groups randomly. Participants have performed a task under blocked, random and serial practice schedules and they were tested in acquisition phase conducted on five consecutive sessions with knowledge of results (KR). Delayed retention test and transfer test had been done on the next day without KR. On the basis of results of this study, there were not significant differences between various practice schedules in acquisition phase, retention and transfer tests. These findings were consistent with Magill and Hall (1990) hypothesis that the learning benefits of contextual interference are more likely to occur, when skill variations are from different classes of movement.
The purpose of this study was to investigate different effects of various practice schedules in handball task. 30 participants have been divided into three equal practice groups randomly. Participants have performed a task under blocked, random and serial practice schedules and they were tested in acquisition phase conducted on five consecutive sessions with knowledge of results (KR). Delayed retention test and transfer test had been done on the next day without KR. On the basis of results of this study, there were not significant differences between various practice schedules in acquisition phase, retention and transfer tests. These findings were consistent with Magill and Hall (1990) hypothesis that the learning benefits of contextual interference are more likely to occur, when skill variations are from different classes of movement.
Effect of Different Practice Schedules on Learning and Performance in Handball Task
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.11
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-06-27
© Science Publishing Group
Vahid Rouhollahi
Mansoorehossadat Rozan
Akhil Mehrotra
Effect of Different Practice Schedules on Learning and Performance in Handball Task
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76
76
2014-06-27
2014-06-27
10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.11
© Science Publishing Group
An Assessment of the Hydration Status of Recreational Endurance Athletes During Mountain Marathon Events
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12
Changes in hydration status have been shown to have deleterious effects on physiological functioning, physical performance, mental decision making, and subjective sensation of effort. This exploratory study assessed the hydration status of athletes taking part in mountain marathon events and the implications on performance, cognition and well-being markers. Twenty-nine male recreational athletes from the Original Mountain Marathon (OMM) and nineteen from the Longmynd Hike (LH) provided urine samples before, at mid-point (in the OMM) and after the events. Body mass; reaction time tests; and subjective ratings of well-being and effort were also collected/performed at these time points. Post-urine specific gravity (Usg) values [(OMM: 1.023 (range: 1.008 – 1.038) g/ml; LH: 1.024 (range: 1.014 – 1.035) g/ml] were significantly higher than pre-values [(OMM: 1.013 (range: 1.002 – 1.026) g/ml; LH: 1.013 (range: 1.002 – 1.026) g/ml] in both events (p < 0.01), but there was no significant change from mid- to post-event in the OMM (p > 0.05). There was no association between hydration status and overall performance in the LH, whilst change in Usg from pre- to mid-event was positively associated with performance in the OMM (r = .561, p = 0.004). Whilst no associations were observed between hydration status and reaction time, rate of perceived exertion and subjective ratings of nausea showed positive associations with Usg. These findings suggest that although changes in hydration status of this level may not significantly affect performance, they can impact on participant sensations of effort and well-being.
Changes in hydration status have been shown to have deleterious effects on physiological functioning, physical performance, mental decision making, and subjective sensation of effort. This exploratory study assessed the hydration status of athletes taking part in mountain marathon events and the implications on performance, cognition and well-being markers. Twenty-nine male recreational athletes from the Original Mountain Marathon (OMM) and nineteen from the Longmynd Hike (LH) provided urine samples before, at mid-point (in the OMM) and after the events. Body mass; reaction time tests; and subjective ratings of well-being and effort were also collected/performed at these time points. Post-urine specific gravity (Usg) values [(OMM: 1.023 (range: 1.008 – 1.038) g/ml; LH: 1.024 (range: 1.014 – 1.035) g/ml] were significantly higher than pre-values [(OMM: 1.013 (range: 1.002 – 1.026) g/ml; LH: 1.013 (range: 1.002 – 1.026) g/ml] in both events (p < 0.01), but there was no significant change from mid- to post-event in the OMM (p > 0.05). There was no association between hydration status and overall performance in the LH, whilst change in Usg from pre- to mid-event was positively associated with performance in the OMM (r = .561, p = 0.004). Whilst no associations were observed between hydration status and reaction time, rate of perceived exertion and subjective ratings of nausea showed positive associations with Usg. These findings suggest that although changes in hydration status of this level may not significantly affect performance, they can impact on participant sensations of effort and well-being.
An Assessment of the Hydration Status of Recreational Endurance Athletes During Mountain Marathon Events
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-07-22
© Science Publishing Group
Elizabeth Mahon
Allan Hackett
Timothy Stott
Keith George
Ian Davies
An Assessment of the Hydration Status of Recreational Endurance Athletes During Mountain Marathon Events
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2014-07-22
2014-07-22
10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of a Single Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise Session on Lipid Peroxidation of Untrained Male Students
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.13
Introduction: The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a single bout of resistance exercise with low intensity of oxidative stress on male students who did not do any regular sports whatsoever. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 16 untrained subjects with a mean age of 24.40 ± 1.7 years, height 176 ± 6.83 cm, weight 69.89 ± 6.6 and BMI 22.89 ± 0.89 kg/ m2, were studied pre and post a low intensity resistance exercise. The exercise protocol involved Scott and leg stretching for the lower limbs and stretch underarm and chest press for the upper limbs. The subjects performed each exercise 3 times (one minute rest between sets). The low- intensity test was performed in 25-30% of one repetition maximum (25 to 30 reps). Malondialdehyde (MDA) as an index of lipid peroxidation was measured before exercise, immediately after and 6 and 24 h after exercise. Results: Our data were analyzed using one factor repeated measures. Our results revealed a significant increase in MDA in response to low intensity resistance exercise at pre and post exercise time points in untrained subjects (P<0.05). The peak increase was observed at immediately post-exercise time point (P<0.0001, F=98.36) and the measures returned to resting values 24 hours after the test. Conclusion: Overall, resistance exercise, even though low-intense one appears to increase resistance oxidative stress.
Introduction: The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a single bout of resistance exercise with low intensity of oxidative stress on male students who did not do any regular sports whatsoever. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 16 untrained subjects with a mean age of 24.40 ± 1.7 years, height 176 ± 6.83 cm, weight 69.89 ± 6.6 and BMI 22.89 ± 0.89 kg/ m2, were studied pre and post a low intensity resistance exercise. The exercise protocol involved Scott and leg stretching for the lower limbs and stretch underarm and chest press for the upper limbs. The subjects performed each exercise 3 times (one minute rest between sets). The low- intensity test was performed in 25-30% of one repetition maximum (25 to 30 reps). Malondialdehyde (MDA) as an index of lipid peroxidation was measured before exercise, immediately after and 6 and 24 h after exercise. Results: Our data were analyzed using one factor repeated measures. Our results revealed a significant increase in MDA in response to low intensity resistance exercise at pre and post exercise time points in untrained subjects (P<0.05). The peak increase was observed at immediately post-exercise time point (P<0.0001, F=98.36) and the measures returned to resting values 24 hours after the test. Conclusion: Overall, resistance exercise, even though low-intense one appears to increase resistance oxidative stress.
Effects of a Single Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise Session on Lipid Peroxidation of Untrained Male Students
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.13
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-07-31
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammad Hossein Sepehri
Masoud Nikbakht
Abdolhamid Habibi
Mustafa Moradi
Effects of a Single Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise Session on Lipid Peroxidation of Untrained Male Students
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4
91
91
2014-07-31
2014-07-31
10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.13
© Science Publishing Group
Offensive Process Analysis in Handball: Identification of Game Actions that Differentiate Winning from Losing Teams
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.14
This present study aims to show the main offensive differences between handball teams that lead to a win or a loss. The samples were collected through quantitative analyses of the Champions League 2011-2012 handball games. This study relied on non-descriptive and non-parametric statistics. The Mann-Whitney U test was used as the statistical method. The variables that show the significant differences in favour of the winners were the goals obtained in positioned attacks, 9-meter goals and 7-meter penalties, which, in the semi-finals and final decided who the winner would be. This study shows that the teams who reached the finals and came out victorious have a wide and well-defined range of offensive actions enabling them to involve all aspects of the game, in any situation. This tendency was particularly visible in positioned attacks, which was the main difference throughout the competition.
This present study aims to show the main offensive differences between handball teams that lead to a win or a loss. The samples were collected through quantitative analyses of the Champions League 2011-2012 handball games. This study relied on non-descriptive and non-parametric statistics. The Mann-Whitney U test was used as the statistical method. The variables that show the significant differences in favour of the winners were the goals obtained in positioned attacks, 9-meter goals and 7-meter penalties, which, in the semi-finals and final decided who the winner would be. This study shows that the teams who reached the finals and came out victorious have a wide and well-defined range of offensive actions enabling them to involve all aspects of the game, in any situation. This tendency was particularly visible in positioned attacks, which was the main difference throughout the competition.
Offensive Process Analysis in Handball: Identification of Game Actions that Differentiate Winning from Losing Teams
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.14
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-08-05
© Science Publishing Group
Willian R. Ferrari
João Valente dos Santos
Vasco Parreiral Simões Vaz
Offensive Process Analysis in Handball: Identification of Game Actions that Differentiate Winning from Losing Teams
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96
96
2014-08-05
2014-08-05
10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.14
© Science Publishing Group
The Effects of Dietary Nitrate (Beetroot Juice) Supplementation on Exercise Performance: A Review
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.15
Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator that increases blood flow and induces various intracellular actions such as increased mitochondrial and contractile efficiency. NO bioavailability may be increased by direct consumption of dietary nitrate and its sequential reduction to nitrite, a regulator of NO-induced hypoxic signaling. Dietary nitrate consumption reduces blood pressure, protects from ischemia-reperfusion injury, and improves endothelial dysfunction. Recently, the popularity of dietary nitrate as an ergogenic aid has been increased dramatically. Most exercise studies have administered dietary nitrate in the form of beetroot juice containing 5-8 mmol of nitrate and a few studies have used sodium and potassium nitrate (8-10 mg/kg). The most prominent and consistent effects of dietary nitrate supplementation is a reduction in the oxygen cost of exercise and an increase in exhaustion time at submaximal workloads. This effect was observed after either a single bolus (2-3 h prior to exercise) or a long-term (2-15 days) supplementation. The ergogenic effects of beetroot supplementation appear to be dose-dependent and are most often observed after long-term ingestion (approximately 6 days), at high exercise intensities and in less fit individuals. The ergogenic value of beetroot supplementation in endurance athletes is not clear; many studies have documented no improvements and a few studies an enhanced performance (0.4% to 3%) in time- and distance-trials. Clearly, more research is needed to document (i) the optimal dosage of beetroot ingestion for enhancing exercise performance in athletes, (ii) the effects of dietary nitrate consumption on training adaptations, (iii) the efficacy of beetroot supplementation in increasing exercise tolerance in individuals with chronic disease, and (iv) the safety of long-term beetroot consumption.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator that increases blood flow and induces various intracellular actions such as increased mitochondrial and contractile efficiency. NO bioavailability may be increased by direct consumption of dietary nitrate and its sequential reduction to nitrite, a regulator of NO-induced hypoxic signaling. Dietary nitrate consumption reduces blood pressure, protects from ischemia-reperfusion injury, and improves endothelial dysfunction. Recently, the popularity of dietary nitrate as an ergogenic aid has been increased dramatically. Most exercise studies have administered dietary nitrate in the form of beetroot juice containing 5-8 mmol of nitrate and a few studies have used sodium and potassium nitrate (8-10 mg/kg). The most prominent and consistent effects of dietary nitrate supplementation is a reduction in the oxygen cost of exercise and an increase in exhaustion time at submaximal workloads. This effect was observed after either a single bolus (2-3 h prior to exercise) or a long-term (2-15 days) supplementation. The ergogenic effects of beetroot supplementation appear to be dose-dependent and are most often observed after long-term ingestion (approximately 6 days), at high exercise intensities and in less fit individuals. The ergogenic value of beetroot supplementation in endurance athletes is not clear; many studies have documented no improvements and a few studies an enhanced performance (0.4% to 3%) in time- and distance-trials. Clearly, more research is needed to document (i) the optimal dosage of beetroot ingestion for enhancing exercise performance in athletes, (ii) the effects of dietary nitrate consumption on training adaptations, (iii) the efficacy of beetroot supplementation in increasing exercise tolerance in individuals with chronic disease, and (iv) the safety of long-term beetroot consumption.
The Effects of Dietary Nitrate (Beetroot Juice) Supplementation on Exercise Performance: A Review
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.15
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-08-05
© Science Publishing Group
Andreas Zafeiridis
The Effects of Dietary Nitrate (Beetroot Juice) Supplementation on Exercise Performance: A Review
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4
110
110
2014-08-05
2014-08-05
10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.15
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of Set Shot in Basketball in Relation with Time to Perform the Course and Displacement of Center of Gravity
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.13
The purpose of the study was to analysis of the technique of set shot while attempting free throws with the performance, in relation with time to perform the course and displacement of center of gravity. Sixty National level male basketball players of three different height groups i.e. Group I: 5’5’’ to 5’8’’,Group II: 5’9” to 6’ and Group III: 6’ 1” to 6’4”,(20 in each group) were selected as subjects for the study. The data was obtained from two given positions (i) Moment of stance in set shot and (ii) Moment of release of ball in set shot. Total ten attempts were given and the successful shots marked as score out of ten as criterion measure of performance. Four Digital Video cameras Sony 2100 series were used in order to register the technique of set shot while attempting set shot. The films were analyzed by using standard motion analyzer. With regard to purpose of the study techniques of product moment correlation and analysis of variance were applied. In order to check the significance, level of significance was set at 0.05. It was found that there is significant relationship between the time to perform the course and the performance in set shot of different height group players in basketball and there is no significant relationship found between the displacement of center of gravity and the performance of set shot of different height group players in basketball and therefore, the selected variable puts no impact on the performance of set shot. It was also concluded that Time to perform the course had lowest impact (7%) in the performance. Further it was concluded that displacement of center of gravity was significantly different in first group (5’5’’ to 5’8’’) from the other two groups.
The purpose of the study was to analysis of the technique of set shot while attempting free throws with the performance, in relation with time to perform the course and displacement of center of gravity. Sixty National level male basketball players of three different height groups i.e. Group I: 5’5’’ to 5’8’’,Group II: 5’9” to 6’ and Group III: 6’ 1” to 6’4”,(20 in each group) were selected as subjects for the study. The data was obtained from two given positions (i) Moment of stance in set shot and (ii) Moment of release of ball in set shot. Total ten attempts were given and the successful shots marked as score out of ten as criterion measure of performance. Four Digital Video cameras Sony 2100 series were used in order to register the technique of set shot while attempting set shot. The films were analyzed by using standard motion analyzer. With regard to purpose of the study techniques of product moment correlation and analysis of variance were applied. In order to check the significance, level of significance was set at 0.05. It was found that there is significant relationship between the time to perform the course and the performance in set shot of different height group players in basketball and there is no significant relationship found between the displacement of center of gravity and the performance of set shot of different height group players in basketball and therefore, the selected variable puts no impact on the performance of set shot. It was also concluded that Time to perform the course had lowest impact (7%) in the performance. Further it was concluded that displacement of center of gravity was significantly different in first group (5’5’’ to 5’8’’) from the other two groups.
Analysis of Set Shot in Basketball in Relation with Time to Perform the Course and Displacement of Center of Gravity
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.13
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-09-11
© Science Publishing Group
Mandeep Singh Nathial
Analysis of Set Shot in Basketball in Relation with Time to Perform the Course and Displacement of Center of Gravity
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126
126
2014-09-11
2014-09-11
10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.13
© Science Publishing Group
Computational Aerodynamics of Baseball, Soccer Ball and Volleyball
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.12
Recent advances in the computing power of modern computers have made computational fluid dynamics studies particularly interesting and feasible. We used the computational fluid dynamics method to solve the physical governing equations of the air flow around balls of popular sports in typical game conditions and investigated their aerodynamics and the flight characteristics. The work presented here describes the construction of the computational fluid dynamics models for a baseball, volleyball and two soccer balls, and the use of these models to analyze the effects of spin rate, surface pattern, and size for their respective sports. The computational results show significant correlations between ball spin rate and the aerodynamics forces, including drag and lift, for soccer ball, baseball and volleyball. For the baseball, the lift and lateral forces are shown to have also been influenced by the lace orientation.
Recent advances in the computing power of modern computers have made computational fluid dynamics studies particularly interesting and feasible. We used the computational fluid dynamics method to solve the physical governing equations of the air flow around balls of popular sports in typical game conditions and investigated their aerodynamics and the flight characteristics. The work presented here describes the construction of the computational fluid dynamics models for a baseball, volleyball and two soccer balls, and the use of these models to analyze the effects of spin rate, surface pattern, and size for their respective sports. The computational results show significant correlations between ball spin rate and the aerodynamics forces, including drag and lift, for soccer ball, baseball and volleyball. For the baseball, the lift and lateral forces are shown to have also been influenced by the lace orientation.
Computational Aerodynamics of Baseball, Soccer Ball and Volleyball
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.12
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-09-10
© Science Publishing Group
Pouya Jalilian
Patrick K. Kreun
MohammadHady M. Makhmalbaf
William W. Liou
Computational Aerodynamics of Baseball, Soccer Ball and Volleyball
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121
2014-09-10
2014-09-10
10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.12
© Science Publishing Group
Lateral Epicondylitis: A Novel Non-Invasive Treatment Approach
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.11
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the TheraPoint Focal Pressure Support (TP-FPS) as a non-invasive treatment for pain associated with lateral Epicondylitis (LE). Design: Prospective cohort study. Participants: n = 25 study subjects (20 males and 5 females) ranging in age from 18-65 with pain in one upper limb either dominant (23) or non-dominant (2) associated with lateral epicondylitis for a minimum of six months. Interventions: Study participants were tasked to wear the TP-FPS for 3 hours per day for two weeks except when bathing or during main sleep hours. Outcome measures: Visual analog scale (VAS) pain score pre- and post-treatment period. Results: The combined (male and female) cohort average pre-treatment VAS pain score was 7.44 +/- 0.57. Post-treatment VAS pain score was 1.07 +/- 0.42, with a total reduction of 6.37 points and reached significance with p=0.0005. Male cohort demonstrated an average pre-treatment VAS pain score of 7.45 +/- 0.56. Post-treatment VAS pain score was 1.40 +/- 0.45, with a total reduction of 6.05 points and reached significance with p=0.006. Female cohort displayed an average pre-treatment VAS pain score of 7.40 +/- 1.92. Post-treatment VAS pain score was 1.70 +/- 1.14, with a total reduction of 5.70 and reached significance with p=0.001. No statistically significant difference was observed in the VAS pain score reduction between the male and female groups. Conclusion: The TP-FPS may indeed be a non-invasive therapeutic option for reducing pain associated with lateral epicondylitis.
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the TheraPoint Focal Pressure Support (TP-FPS) as a non-invasive treatment for pain associated with lateral Epicondylitis (LE). Design: Prospective cohort study. Participants: n = 25 study subjects (20 males and 5 females) ranging in age from 18-65 with pain in one upper limb either dominant (23) or non-dominant (2) associated with lateral epicondylitis for a minimum of six months. Interventions: Study participants were tasked to wear the TP-FPS for 3 hours per day for two weeks except when bathing or during main sleep hours. Outcome measures: Visual analog scale (VAS) pain score pre- and post-treatment period. Results: The combined (male and female) cohort average pre-treatment VAS pain score was 7.44 +/- 0.57. Post-treatment VAS pain score was 1.07 +/- 0.42, with a total reduction of 6.37 points and reached significance with p=0.0005. Male cohort demonstrated an average pre-treatment VAS pain score of 7.45 +/- 0.56. Post-treatment VAS pain score was 1.40 +/- 0.45, with a total reduction of 6.05 points and reached significance with p=0.006. Female cohort displayed an average pre-treatment VAS pain score of 7.40 +/- 1.92. Post-treatment VAS pain score was 1.70 +/- 1.14, with a total reduction of 5.70 and reached significance with p=0.001. No statistically significant difference was observed in the VAS pain score reduction between the male and female groups. Conclusion: The TP-FPS may indeed be a non-invasive therapeutic option for reducing pain associated with lateral epicondylitis.
Lateral Epicondylitis: A Novel Non-Invasive Treatment Approach
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.11
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-09-10
© Science Publishing Group
Christopher Bui
Lateral Epicondylitis: A Novel Non-Invasive Treatment Approach
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114
2014-09-10
2014-09-10
10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.11
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of an Individualized and Time Based Training Program on Physical Fitness and Mood States in Recreational Endurance Runners
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.15
Previous studies have shown that training guided individually by heart rate variability (HRV) elicits benefits on endurance performance. Meanwhile complex programs, which use HRV assessments to tailor exercise prescriptions to individual needs, are included in portable training computers. However, knowledge on health and fitness benefits of such training programs is still limited. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate effects of HRV-based training included in a portable training computer vs general time-based training on aerobic fitness, half-marathon time as well as mood and mental states. Male (n=10) and female endurance runners (n=10) were recruited and randomly assigned to HRV-based (STAR) and predefined time-based training (TBT). At baseline and after 16 weeks of training an incremental exercise test with spirometry was performed to assess aerobic power. Additionally, mood and mental states were asked. After the training period all subjects took part in a half-marathon. Matched-pairs were selected to compare groups based on similar relative weekly energy expenditure during training. With no differences between groups, STAR and TBT reduced weight (p=0.029), body fat (p=0.002) as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p≤0.001). Maximal oxygen uptake significantly increased from 43.0 ± 8.3 to 46.1 ± 9.0 ml.min-1.kg-1 (p≤0.001) and 43.2 ± 4.8 to 46.7 ± 4.7 ml.min-1.kg-1 (p≤0.001) in STAR and TBT, respectively. Moreover, both groups improved maximal velocity (TBT: 0.81 + 0.40 km.h-1 vs STAR: 0.74 + 0.39 km.h-1; p≤0.001) and completed the half-marathon with similar finish times (01:54:35 ± 00:14:02 [hh:mm:ss] vs. 01:52:42 ± 00:13:45 [hh:mm:ss]; p=0.789). Regarding mood and mental states, no major changes were observed over the training period. In conclusion, both HRV- and time-based training elicited similar improvements in aerobic power and body composition. Consequently, HRV-dependent exercise prescriptions serve as a practical tool for day-to-day periodization of aerobic exercise.
Previous studies have shown that training guided individually by heart rate variability (HRV) elicits benefits on endurance performance. Meanwhile complex programs, which use HRV assessments to tailor exercise prescriptions to individual needs, are included in portable training computers. However, knowledge on health and fitness benefits of such training programs is still limited. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate effects of HRV-based training included in a portable training computer vs general time-based training on aerobic fitness, half-marathon time as well as mood and mental states. Male (n=10) and female endurance runners (n=10) were recruited and randomly assigned to HRV-based (STAR) and predefined time-based training (TBT). At baseline and after 16 weeks of training an incremental exercise test with spirometry was performed to assess aerobic power. Additionally, mood and mental states were asked. After the training period all subjects took part in a half-marathon. Matched-pairs were selected to compare groups based on similar relative weekly energy expenditure during training. With no differences between groups, STAR and TBT reduced weight (p=0.029), body fat (p=0.002) as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p≤0.001). Maximal oxygen uptake significantly increased from 43.0 ± 8.3 to 46.1 ± 9.0 ml.min-1.kg-1 (p≤0.001) and 43.2 ± 4.8 to 46.7 ± 4.7 ml.min-1.kg-1 (p≤0.001) in STAR and TBT, respectively. Moreover, both groups improved maximal velocity (TBT: 0.81 + 0.40 km.h-1 vs STAR: 0.74 + 0.39 km.h-1; p≤0.001) and completed the half-marathon with similar finish times (01:54:35 ± 00:14:02 [hh:mm:ss] vs. 01:52:42 ± 00:13:45 [hh:mm:ss]; p=0.789). Regarding mood and mental states, no major changes were observed over the training period. In conclusion, both HRV- and time-based training elicited similar improvements in aerobic power and body composition. Consequently, HRV-dependent exercise prescriptions serve as a practical tool for day-to-day periodization of aerobic exercise.
Effects of an Individualized and Time Based Training Program on Physical Fitness and Mood States in Recreational Endurance Runners
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.15
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-10-15
© Science Publishing Group
Kuno Hottenrott
Sebastian Ludyga
Thomas Gronwald
Stephan Schulze
Effects of an Individualized and Time Based Training Program on Physical Fitness and Mood States in Recreational Endurance Runners
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5
137
137
2014-10-15
2014-10-15
10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.15
© Science Publishing Group
A Comparative Study of Lung Function Test between Physically Trained and Untrained Adults
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.14
Background: The maximum lung function for human being reached around the age of 20-25 years. Studies on lung function indicated a progressive age-related functional change of the respiratory physiology. Regular physical activity throughout the life may delay this deterioration of lung function. Objective of the study: The present study was designed to observe the effect of aging on lung function induced by regular physical activity. Methods: Respiratory function was tested by digital spirometer. 479 persons (Male: 246 and Female: 233) ages between 20-70 years were examined at the department labortory, Jadavpur University, Kolkata. 79 persons were excluded from the study due to acute or chronic respiratory disorders and the history of smoking. All the subject were allotted in the five age category (20-29 yrs; 30-39 yrs;40-49 yrs; 50-59 yrs and 60-70 yrs) to observe the age related changes between the trained (male: 100 and female:100) and untrained (male: 100 and female:100) persons. Mean, Standard deviation and‘t’ test were done to calculate the statistical significance and made a valid conclusion. Result: A slow progressive age related decline were observed in trained group compared to untrained in all the age category for both male and female. Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that regular physical activity may delay the age related decline of lung function for all the age groups and promote healthy aging.
Background: The maximum lung function for human being reached around the age of 20-25 years. Studies on lung function indicated a progressive age-related functional change of the respiratory physiology. Regular physical activity throughout the life may delay this deterioration of lung function. Objective of the study: The present study was designed to observe the effect of aging on lung function induced by regular physical activity. Methods: Respiratory function was tested by digital spirometer. 479 persons (Male: 246 and Female: 233) ages between 20-70 years were examined at the department labortory, Jadavpur University, Kolkata. 79 persons were excluded from the study due to acute or chronic respiratory disorders and the history of smoking. All the subject were allotted in the five age category (20-29 yrs; 30-39 yrs;40-49 yrs; 50-59 yrs and 60-70 yrs) to observe the age related changes between the trained (male: 100 and female:100) and untrained (male: 100 and female:100) persons. Mean, Standard deviation and‘t’ test were done to calculate the statistical significance and made a valid conclusion. Result: A slow progressive age related decline were observed in trained group compared to untrained in all the age category for both male and female. Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that regular physical activity may delay the age related decline of lung function for all the age groups and promote healthy aging.
A Comparative Study of Lung Function Test between Physically Trained and Untrained Adults
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.14
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-10-15
© Science Publishing Group
Sridip Chatterjee
Aloke Sen Borman
Aparup Konar
Samiran Mondal
A Comparative Study of Lung Function Test between Physically Trained and Untrained Adults
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5
130
130
2014-10-15
2014-10-15
10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.14
© Science Publishing Group
Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Scuba Diving or Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.16
Heart rhythm disorders are widely reported as complications of scuba diving but rarely after HBO therapy. We report the case of a professional diver who developed a paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after hyperbaric oxygen therapy as treatment of diving accident. It is a professional diver admitted for the treatment of a cochleovestibular desaturation accident. The initial ECG showed normal sinus rhythm. He received 10 HBO therapy sessions. We discovered a heart rhythm disorder. The ECG showed an atrial fibrillation. Heart rhythm returned to sinus after receiving FLECAIN®. Control ECG after 2 months showed a normal sinus rhythm.
Heart rhythm disorders are widely reported as complications of scuba diving but rarely after HBO therapy. We report the case of a professional diver who developed a paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after hyperbaric oxygen therapy as treatment of diving accident. It is a professional diver admitted for the treatment of a cochleovestibular desaturation accident. The initial ECG showed normal sinus rhythm. He received 10 HBO therapy sessions. We discovered a heart rhythm disorder. The ECG showed an atrial fibrillation. Heart rhythm returned to sinus after receiving FLECAIN®. Control ECG after 2 months showed a normal sinus rhythm.
Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Scuba Diving or Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.16
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-10-17
© Science Publishing Group
Raja Ben Sassi
Karima Taamallah
Imen Mezoughi
Walid Belhaj Brahim
Zied Hajjej
Hedi Gharsallah
Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Scuba Diving or Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
2
5
140
140
2014-10-17
2014-10-17
10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.16
© Science Publishing Group
Soccer Syndrome - Common Presentations and Manual Diagnostic Techniques for Pelvic Malalignment Syndrome
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140206.11
The pelvic malalignment syndrome is the most common in sports injuries and even in every client who presents with low back & pelvis pain or dysfunction. In this study, we used simple bony palpation method to assess the various pelvic malalignments in football players. While there are many methods to determine pelvic symmetry or asymmetry, this method is very simple one and that consistently works well for me. Our method of assessing the pelvic malalignments, even works well to the common individuals suffering with low back & pelvis pain or dysfunction due to various pelvic malalignment presentation. This study includes the healthy football players from National Football Club (NFC) of our institution, who were training or playing during the period of investigation (September 2012 – September 2014) (n = 40) were eligible for participation. At entry to the study, this eligible sample had a mean age of 22.2 ± 3.9 years, height of 175.8 ± 6.6 cm, and mass of 87.5 ± 7.1 kg. The number of eligible participants at each time point was 40 for all the four session time, point 1 (T1; start of preseason-1), point 2 (T2; end of season-1), point 3 (T3; start of preseason-2), and point 4 (T4; end of preseason-2). We instructed participants to nominate their leg preference for kicking, which was considered the dominant leg. Among the total number of eligible players assessed, 12.5% were left-leg dominant, 80% were right-leg dominant, and 7.5% reported no leg dominance. Subjects were limited to men who had a normal muscle strength and Range of Motion (ROM) of the back and lower extremities and who had no history of orthopaedic or neurologic disorders. All the individuals are subject to gain access the malalignment of both Innominate and Sacral bones of the bony pelvis unit. In addition, to justify our diagnosis we access the muscles of the functional slings and the muscles around the bony pelvis related to the malalignment of the pelvic unit. The techniques were repeated in different position and also performed for two times per day and continued for fifteen days to standardize. In this study, we observed, 87.5% i.e., the majority of the soccer's are suffering with multiple pelvic malalignments , includes innominate & sacral stuck. The soccer's suffering with single component malalignment account for about 10%, includes innominate or sacral stuck and soccer's who had the symmetry pelvis is only 2.5%. Conclusion: This method of assessing the pelvic malalignments until then not documented. In this sense, the objective of this study is to analyze and document the different presentations in pelvic malalignments which are common in soccer players and its simple method of evaluation is the literature state of the art. The present study may provide useful information to analyze common presentations of pelvic malalignments in different sports.
The pelvic malalignment syndrome is the most common in sports injuries and even in every client who presents with low back & pelvis pain or dysfunction. In this study, we used simple bony palpation method to assess the various pelvic malalignments in football players. While there are many methods to determine pelvic symmetry or asymmetry, this method is very simple one and that consistently works well for me. Our method of assessing the pelvic malalignments, even works well to the common individuals suffering with low back & pelvis pain or dysfunction due to various pelvic malalignment presentation. This study includes the healthy football players from National Football Club (NFC) of our institution, who were training or playing during the period of investigation (September 2012 – September 2014) (n = 40) were eligible for participation. At entry to the study, this eligible sample had a mean age of 22.2 ± 3.9 years, height of 175.8 ± 6.6 cm, and mass of 87.5 ± 7.1 kg. The number of eligible participants at each time point was 40 for all the four session time, point 1 (T1; start of preseason-1), point 2 (T2; end of season-1), point 3 (T3; start of preseason-2), and point 4 (T4; end of preseason-2). We instructed participants to nominate their leg preference for kicking, which was considered the dominant leg. Among the total number of eligible players assessed, 12.5% were left-leg dominant, 80% were right-leg dominant, and 7.5% reported no leg dominance. Subjects were limited to men who had a normal muscle strength and Range of Motion (ROM) of the back and lower extremities and who had no history of orthopaedic or neurologic disorders. All the individuals are subject to gain access the malalignment of both Innominate and Sacral bones of the bony pelvis unit. In addition, to justify our diagnosis we access the muscles of the functional slings and the muscles around the bony pelvis related to the malalignment of the pelvic unit. The techniques were repeated in different position and also performed for two times per day and continued for fifteen days to standardize. In this study, we observed, 87.5% i.e., the majority of the soccer's are suffering with multiple pelvic malalignments , includes innominate & sacral stuck. The soccer's suffering with single component malalignment account for about 10%, includes innominate or sacral stuck and soccer's who had the symmetry pelvis is only 2.5%. Conclusion: This method of assessing the pelvic malalignments until then not documented. In this sense, the objective of this study is to analyze and document the different presentations in pelvic malalignments which are common in soccer players and its simple method of evaluation is the literature state of the art. The present study may provide useful information to analyze common presentations of pelvic malalignments in different sports.
Soccer Syndrome - Common Presentations and Manual Diagnostic Techniques for Pelvic Malalignment Syndrome
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140206.11
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-11-10
© Science Publishing Group
Ganesh Elumalai
Malarvani Thangamani
Nirmala Palayathan
Ajit Kumar
Manish Kr Singh
Soccer Syndrome - Common Presentations and Manual Diagnostic Techniques for Pelvic Malalignment Syndrome
2
6
154
154
2014-11-10
2014-11-10
10.11648/j.ajss.20140206.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140206.11
© Science Publishing Group
Correlations between Maximal Strength Tests at Different Squat Depths and Sprint Performance in Adolescent Soccer Players
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.11
For track, field and team sports, many authors advise sport-specific strength training with half and quarter squats instead of parallel squats. Due to the sport-specific argument, higher correlations with sprint performance could be expected for half and quarter squats. Hence, correlations between sprint performance (30 m linear sprint) and both One-Repetition-Maximum (1RM) and 1RM in relation to body weight (REL) in young, elite soccer athletes (n=28) were calculated for different squat depths (parallel, half and quarter). Further isometric maximum strength measurements of the trunk muscles were made. Normally distributed data were analysed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. For correlation comparisons, Fisher’s z-transformation was computed and the empirical value was compared to the critical value. The data show significant moderate to high correlations for all 3 squat depths (REL) and the performance in linear sprint LS (r = -0.40 to -0.63). No significant differences were found between the correlations of the different squats. However, low to moderate correlations between the maximum trunk strength values and the performance in LS were calculated (r = -0.25 to -0.48). Medium to high correlations between the different squat depths and trunk strength parameters were measured (r = 0.47 to 0.75). Because there is no statistical difference between the correlations of the squat and sprint performances, the researchers’ advice is to train and test with the parallel or deep squat because the deeper squat variant requires less weight to generate an adequate stress stimulus for the lower extremities compared with the quarter and half squats.
For track, field and team sports, many authors advise sport-specific strength training with half and quarter squats instead of parallel squats. Due to the sport-specific argument, higher correlations with sprint performance could be expected for half and quarter squats. Hence, correlations between sprint performance (30 m linear sprint) and both One-Repetition-Maximum (1RM) and 1RM in relation to body weight (REL) in young, elite soccer athletes (n=28) were calculated for different squat depths (parallel, half and quarter). Further isometric maximum strength measurements of the trunk muscles were made. Normally distributed data were analysed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. For correlation comparisons, Fisher’s z-transformation was computed and the empirical value was compared to the critical value. The data show significant moderate to high correlations for all 3 squat depths (REL) and the performance in linear sprint LS (r = -0.40 to -0.63). No significant differences were found between the correlations of the different squats. However, low to moderate correlations between the maximum trunk strength values and the performance in LS were calculated (r = -0.25 to -0.48). Medium to high correlations between the different squat depths and trunk strength parameters were measured (r = 0.47 to 0.75). Because there is no statistical difference between the correlations of the squat and sprint performances, the researchers’ advice is to train and test with the parallel or deep squat because the deeper squat variant requires less weight to generate an adequate stress stimulus for the lower extremities compared with the quarter and half squats.
Correlations between Maximal Strength Tests at Different Squat Depths and Sprint Performance in Adolescent Soccer Players
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.11
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-11-22
© Science Publishing Group
Michael Keiner
Andre Sander
Klaus Wirth
Hagen Hartmann
Dennis Yaghobi
Correlations between Maximal Strength Tests at Different Squat Depths and Sprint Performance in Adolescent Soccer Players
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6
7
7
2014-11-22
2014-11-22
10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.11
© Science Publishing Group
Differences in Loaded and Unloaded Vertical Jumping Ability and Sprinting Performance between Brazilian Elite Under-20 and Senior Soccer Players
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.12
The aim of this study was to compare performance in sprint, change of direction speed, vertical jump and jump squat tests between elite soccer players from two different age categories (i.e., under-20 and senior players) from the same soccer club. Players performed sprints (average velocity at 5, 10 and 20 m), zig-zag change of direction speed (COD speed), squat and countermovement jump tests and loaded jump squats to obtain the maximum mean propulsive power (MPP) value. Senior players performed better in absolute MPP, while the relative MPP (W/kg) was higher in the U-20 players. Moreover, except for COD speed and average velocity from zero to 5 m (VEL 5 m), the senior soccer players presented superior performance in all tested variables (SJ, CMJ, VEL 10 m, VEL 20 m). In conclusion, most neuromuscular variables improve during the transition from the end of adolescence to the mature phase. However, to enhance the power abilities and sprinting capacity over very short-distances of senior soccer players, soccer fitness coaches are encouraged to increase the frequency and volume of strength/power training during the competitive season.
The aim of this study was to compare performance in sprint, change of direction speed, vertical jump and jump squat tests between elite soccer players from two different age categories (i.e., under-20 and senior players) from the same soccer club. Players performed sprints (average velocity at 5, 10 and 20 m), zig-zag change of direction speed (COD speed), squat and countermovement jump tests and loaded jump squats to obtain the maximum mean propulsive power (MPP) value. Senior players performed better in absolute MPP, while the relative MPP (W/kg) was higher in the U-20 players. Moreover, except for COD speed and average velocity from zero to 5 m (VEL 5 m), the senior soccer players presented superior performance in all tested variables (SJ, CMJ, VEL 10 m, VEL 20 m). In conclusion, most neuromuscular variables improve during the transition from the end of adolescence to the mature phase. However, to enhance the power abilities and sprinting capacity over very short-distances of senior soccer players, soccer fitness coaches are encouraged to increase the frequency and volume of strength/power training during the competitive season.
Differences in Loaded and Unloaded Vertical Jumping Ability and Sprinting Performance between Brazilian Elite Under-20 and Senior Soccer Players
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.12
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
Irineu Loturco
Ronaldo Kobal
Saulo Gil
Bruno Pivetti
Katia Kitamura
Lucas A. Pereira
Cesar Cavinato Cal Abad
Fabio Yuzo Nakamura
Differences in Loaded and Unloaded Vertical Jumping Ability and Sprinting Performance between Brazilian Elite Under-20 and Senior Soccer Players
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6
13
13
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.12
© Science Publishing Group
Anthropometric Characteristic, Body Composition and Somatotype of Canadian Female Soccer Players
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.13
Canadian female junior soccer players were evaluated for their anthropometrical characteristics including somatotype and body composition with a aim to evaluate with their international counterparts. 18 female soccer players with an average age of 16(±0.5) of a local club were assessed during their peak season time . Somatotype was assessed using Heath-Carter method and body composition ( Fat%) was assessed by surface anthropometry . Endomorphic mesomorph (3.0 ±0.8 ─ 3.9±0.8 ─2.58±1.0 ) body type was observed in average with an average 22.1(±3.1) % body fat. Average waist-hip ratio was 0.7 (±0.03) . Though BMI does not reflect the obesity precisely in athletic population, average BMI of the female soccer group was in normal range with an average value of 21.5 (±1.8) kg.m-2 .Thus the Canadian junior female soccer players possessed an average muscularity with slightly higher fat % compare to national level female athletes . The group needed more muscularity with less fattiness.
Canadian female junior soccer players were evaluated for their anthropometrical characteristics including somatotype and body composition with a aim to evaluate with their international counterparts. 18 female soccer players with an average age of 16(±0.5) of a local club were assessed during their peak season time . Somatotype was assessed using Heath-Carter method and body composition ( Fat%) was assessed by surface anthropometry . Endomorphic mesomorph (3.0 ±0.8 ─ 3.9±0.8 ─2.58±1.0 ) body type was observed in average with an average 22.1(±3.1) % body fat. Average waist-hip ratio was 0.7 (±0.03) . Though BMI does not reflect the obesity precisely in athletic population, average BMI of the female soccer group was in normal range with an average value of 21.5 (±1.8) kg.m-2 .Thus the Canadian junior female soccer players possessed an average muscularity with slightly higher fat % compare to national level female athletes . The group needed more muscularity with less fattiness.
Anthropometric Characteristic, Body Composition and Somatotype of Canadian Female Soccer Players
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.13
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-01-27
© Science Publishing Group
Anup Adhikari
Jady Nugent
Anthropometric Characteristic, Body Composition and Somatotype of Canadian Female Soccer Players
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6
18
18
2015-01-27
2015-01-27
10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.13
© Science Publishing Group
Sports Injuries with Special Reference to Soccer: Causes, Consequences and Prevention Strategies
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.15
Sports injury occurs during a sporting activity caused by overuse, direct impact, or the application of force that is greater than the body part can structurally withstand. Soccer is usually defined as a body contact outdoor game and therefore there is a chance of being injured by the opponents or due to not following proper playing rule or not using protective equipment. To maximize the health benefits of sports and exercise and to minimize the direct and indirect costs associated with injuries, developing and adopting injury prevention strategies is an important goal. Successful sports injury prevention programme requires successful implementation of effective interventions. This paper reviews the main mechanisms and risk factors for injuries to the head, groin, knee, ankle, muscle as well as the evidence supporting various strategies to prevent them. Approaches that have been shown to be successful include: (1) using protective equipment to reduce injury risk, (2) adopting the rules of play, and (3) specific exercise programmes developed to reduce injury risk.
Sports injury occurs during a sporting activity caused by overuse, direct impact, or the application of force that is greater than the body part can structurally withstand. Soccer is usually defined as a body contact outdoor game and therefore there is a chance of being injured by the opponents or due to not following proper playing rule or not using protective equipment. To maximize the health benefits of sports and exercise and to minimize the direct and indirect costs associated with injuries, developing and adopting injury prevention strategies is an important goal. Successful sports injury prevention programme requires successful implementation of effective interventions. This paper reviews the main mechanisms and risk factors for injuries to the head, groin, knee, ankle, muscle as well as the evidence supporting various strategies to prevent them. Approaches that have been shown to be successful include: (1) using protective equipment to reduce injury risk, (2) adopting the rules of play, and (3) specific exercise programmes developed to reduce injury risk.
Sports Injuries with Special Reference to Soccer: Causes, Consequences and Prevention Strategies
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.15
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-03-05
© Science Publishing Group
Surjani Chaterjee
Neepa Banerjee
Satabdi Bhattacharjee
Tanaya Santra
Ayan Chatterjee
Sandipan Chatterjee
Bijan Saha
Shankarashis Mukherjee
Indranil Manna
Sports Injuries with Special Reference to Soccer: Causes, Consequences and Prevention Strategies
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30
30
2015-03-05
2015-03-05
10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.15
© Science Publishing Group
A Study on Impact of Receiving Training on Football and Sprinting on Body Composition and Physical Fitness Status of Adolescent Males
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.14
Physical characteristics and body composition have been known to be fundamental to excellence in athletic performance. Specific athletic events require different body types and weights for maximal performance. Therefore determination of body constitution and fitness status of an athlete is very important for producing maximal performance. With growth of children and adolescents there is a change in body composition parameters and the gender difference becomes more pronounced. Soccer playing and sprinting are the popular playing events. Both of them require fast body movements and therefore receiving training on these games may have some impact on body constitution and eventually on fitness status. A study was undertaken, in this backdrop, on randomly selected male adolescents of age range 12-18 years, receiving training in football (n1 = 36) and in sprinting (n2 = 32), the inclusion criterion being that the volunteers for the study should be receiving training for at least a period of 3 years with no chronic disease history. It has been observed that male adolescent individuals receiving similar pattern of training in football and sprinting did not vary significantly in terms of body composition but those being trained in football having better fitness status, compared to their sprinter counterparts.
Physical characteristics and body composition have been known to be fundamental to excellence in athletic performance. Specific athletic events require different body types and weights for maximal performance. Therefore determination of body constitution and fitness status of an athlete is very important for producing maximal performance. With growth of children and adolescents there is a change in body composition parameters and the gender difference becomes more pronounced. Soccer playing and sprinting are the popular playing events. Both of them require fast body movements and therefore receiving training on these games may have some impact on body constitution and eventually on fitness status. A study was undertaken, in this backdrop, on randomly selected male adolescents of age range 12-18 years, receiving training in football (n1 = 36) and in sprinting (n2 = 32), the inclusion criterion being that the volunteers for the study should be receiving training for at least a period of 3 years with no chronic disease history. It has been observed that male adolescent individuals receiving similar pattern of training in football and sprinting did not vary significantly in terms of body composition but those being trained in football having better fitness status, compared to their sprinter counterparts.
A Study on Impact of Receiving Training on Football and Sprinting on Body Composition and Physical Fitness Status of Adolescent Males
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.14
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-03-05
© Science Publishing Group
Neepa Banerjee
Sandipan Chatterjee
Surjani Chaterjee
Ayan Chatterjee
Satabdi Bhattacharjee
Tanaya Santra
Bijan Saha
Shankarashis Mukherjee
Indranil Manna
A Study on Impact of Receiving Training on Football and Sprinting on Body Composition and Physical Fitness Status of Adolescent Males
2
6
23
23
2015-03-05
2015-03-05
10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.s.2014020601.14
© Science Publishing Group
Investigation of Adolescents’ Physical Education Trait Anxiety Levels by a Range of Variables
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150301.11
The aim of this study is to determine adolescents’ trait anxiety levels during physical education lessons and investigate them by a range of variables. Screening model was used in the study. The study group was a total of 1083 high school students (Mage=16.08, SD=1.11), including 491 females (45.3%) and 592 males (%54.7), from high schools in the provinces of Ankara, Aksaray and Istanbul during the academic year 2013-2014. "Physical Education Trait Anxiety Scale" was used to collect data. In the analyses, in addition to descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test of the difference between the arithmetic means and one-way analysis of variance were used. In the study, students were found to have a moderate level of physical education trait anxiety. Significant differences were observed by gender and grade in physical education trait anxiety levels, while no significant difference was found by being licensed athlete.
The aim of this study is to determine adolescents’ trait anxiety levels during physical education lessons and investigate them by a range of variables. Screening model was used in the study. The study group was a total of 1083 high school students (Mage=16.08, SD=1.11), including 491 females (45.3%) and 592 males (%54.7), from high schools in the provinces of Ankara, Aksaray and Istanbul during the academic year 2013-2014. "Physical Education Trait Anxiety Scale" was used to collect data. In the analyses, in addition to descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test of the difference between the arithmetic means and one-way analysis of variance were used. In the study, students were found to have a moderate level of physical education trait anxiety. Significant differences were observed by gender and grade in physical education trait anxiety levels, while no significant difference was found by being licensed athlete.
Investigation of Adolescents’ Physical Education Trait Anxiety Levels by a Range of Variables
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150301.11
American Journal of Sports Science
2014-11-19
© Science Publishing Group
Yaprak Kalemoglu-Varol
Mustafa Kayihan Erbas
Investigation of Adolescents’ Physical Education Trait Anxiety Levels by a Range of Variables
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5
5
2014-11-19
2014-11-19
10.11648/j.ajss.20150301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150301.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Influence of Physical Fitness on Respiratory Muscle Strength in the Elderly
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150301.12
Background: One of the consequences of aging process is the reduction in respiratory muscle strength. So, this study sought to determine the level of physical fitness that influences respiratory muscle strength among participants in a program for senior citizens. Methods: We evaluated 55 elderly between 60 and 80 years, of both sexes, with no history of respiratory disease. The participants were evaluated measuring the maximal in spiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressures and applying the IPAQ questionnaire to assess their level of physical activity. The groups were compared using ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s test with a significance level of 5%. Results: 27.3% of the elderly were classified as active, 43.6% as irregularly active, and 29.1% as sedentary. The MIP values for the active (82.7 cmH2O) and irregularly active groups (80.4 cmH2O) were higher than those observed for the sedentary group (62.5 cmH2O) (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the active and irregularly active groups. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that more active elderly, regardless of the level or duration of activity, have higher inspiratory muscle strength than the sedentary ones.
Background: One of the consequences of aging process is the reduction in respiratory muscle strength. So, this study sought to determine the level of physical fitness that influences respiratory muscle strength among participants in a program for senior citizens. Methods: We evaluated 55 elderly between 60 and 80 years, of both sexes, with no history of respiratory disease. The participants were evaluated measuring the maximal in spiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressures and applying the IPAQ questionnaire to assess their level of physical activity. The groups were compared using ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s test with a significance level of 5%. Results: 27.3% of the elderly were classified as active, 43.6% as irregularly active, and 29.1% as sedentary. The MIP values for the active (82.7 cmH2O) and irregularly active groups (80.4 cmH2O) were higher than those observed for the sedentary group (62.5 cmH2O) (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the active and irregularly active groups. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that more active elderly, regardless of the level or duration of activity, have higher inspiratory muscle strength than the sedentary ones.
The Influence of Physical Fitness on Respiratory Muscle Strength in the Elderly
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150301.12
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-01-20
© Science Publishing Group
Aline Patricia Bonato Miranda
Ada Clarice Gastaldi
Hugo Celso Dutra de Souza
Jair Licio Ferreira Santos
The Influence of Physical Fitness on Respiratory Muscle Strength in the Elderly
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12
12
2015-01-20
2015-01-20
10.11648/j.ajss.20150301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150301.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Association between Psycho-Socio-Demographic Factors and Substance Abuse in Iranian Male Bodybuilders
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150301.13
Background: This study was conducted to investigate the association between psycho-socio-demographic factors and substance abuse in Iranian male bodybuilders. Material and methods: 906 male bodybuilders from 103 randomly selected gymnasia in Tehran participated in this research. By interviews via questionnaires, the following data over age, employment, average monthly family income, family size, gymnasium area (m2), number of trainers, number of gymnasium members, initiation time (months), weekly duration of sporting activity (hours), monthly cost of sporting activity, purpose of participating in sporting activity, mental health as well as body image (via General Health Questionnaire and Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, respectively), and history of substance abuse were collected. Results: All samples were male bodybuilders within the age range of 14 to 56 years (25/7+/-7/1). Substance abuse was reported in 140 (15/5%) of the subjects. Amphetamine was reported as the most commonly-used illicit drug (13/2%). Monthly family income, number of family members, enhancement of self-esteem, maintaining fitness, and satisfaction over body parts were associated with substance abuse. Conclusion: Some psycho-socio-demographic factors including family income, family size, enhancement of self-esteem, maintaining fitness, and satisfaction over body parts were associated with substance abuse among male bodybuilders.
Background: This study was conducted to investigate the association between psycho-socio-demographic factors and substance abuse in Iranian male bodybuilders. Material and methods: 906 male bodybuilders from 103 randomly selected gymnasia in Tehran participated in this research. By interviews via questionnaires, the following data over age, employment, average monthly family income, family size, gymnasium area (m2), number of trainers, number of gymnasium members, initiation time (months), weekly duration of sporting activity (hours), monthly cost of sporting activity, purpose of participating in sporting activity, mental health as well as body image (via General Health Questionnaire and Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, respectively), and history of substance abuse were collected. Results: All samples were male bodybuilders within the age range of 14 to 56 years (25/7+/-7/1). Substance abuse was reported in 140 (15/5%) of the subjects. Amphetamine was reported as the most commonly-used illicit drug (13/2%). Monthly family income, number of family members, enhancement of self-esteem, maintaining fitness, and satisfaction over body parts were associated with substance abuse. Conclusion: Some psycho-socio-demographic factors including family income, family size, enhancement of self-esteem, maintaining fitness, and satisfaction over body parts were associated with substance abuse among male bodybuilders.
The Association between Psycho-Socio-Demographic Factors and Substance Abuse in Iranian Male Bodybuilders
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150301.13
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-02-02
© Science Publishing Group
Hooman Angoorani
Behnoosh Tayyebi
The Association between Psycho-Socio-Demographic Factors and Substance Abuse in Iranian Male Bodybuilders
3
1
17
17
2015-02-02
2015-02-02
10.11648/j.ajss.20150301.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150301.13
© Science Publishing Group
Introducing a New Agility Test in Badminton
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150301.14
In every sport there are different agility demands, and agility measurement was supposed to be different. However, existing tools for measurement agility is considered not valid and reliable for measuring agility in badminton. The purpose of this study is to create agility test which is valid and reliable for badminton. For the purpose of this study, we recruited twenty students (10 badminton students of sport faculty and 10 professional badminton athletes, age range between 17 – 21 yr) by using R & D method. There are six stages; (1) analysis needed; (2) design; (3) prototype; (4) testing; (5) revision; and (6) validity and reliability of the test. Min K. Chin test was adopted to create a Badminton Agility Test (BAT) then inserted additional tools of computer software and hardware to facilitate the operation. Result of the quality and feasibility testing are: (1) the panel was slippery; (2) avoid confusion when start. The solutions of quality and feasibility are; (1) to replace the tread surface with non-slip material, rubber carpet is the most logical choice; (2) adding a sound signal when to start the test. The reliability value of BAT was 0.884, and validity of each item (rcount) were 0.864; 0.884; 0.869; 0.867; 0.858; 0.885; 0.862; 0.863. Statistical analysis revealed that the correlation coefficient is greater than the correlation coefficient table (r count > r table), suggesting that the BAT is reliable and valid to measuring badminton agility. Due to movement specificity, the BAT has significance for badminton agility assessment.
In every sport there are different agility demands, and agility measurement was supposed to be different. However, existing tools for measurement agility is considered not valid and reliable for measuring agility in badminton. The purpose of this study is to create agility test which is valid and reliable for badminton. For the purpose of this study, we recruited twenty students (10 badminton students of sport faculty and 10 professional badminton athletes, age range between 17 – 21 yr) by using R & D method. There are six stages; (1) analysis needed; (2) design; (3) prototype; (4) testing; (5) revision; and (6) validity and reliability of the test. Min K. Chin test was adopted to create a Badminton Agility Test (BAT) then inserted additional tools of computer software and hardware to facilitate the operation. Result of the quality and feasibility testing are: (1) the panel was slippery; (2) avoid confusion when start. The solutions of quality and feasibility are; (1) to replace the tread surface with non-slip material, rubber carpet is the most logical choice; (2) adding a sound signal when to start the test. The reliability value of BAT was 0.884, and validity of each item (rcount) were 0.864; 0.884; 0.869; 0.867; 0.858; 0.885; 0.862; 0.863. Statistical analysis revealed that the correlation coefficient is greater than the correlation coefficient table (r count > r table), suggesting that the BAT is reliable and valid to measuring badminton agility. Due to movement specificity, the BAT has significance for badminton agility assessment.
Introducing a New Agility Test in Badminton
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150301.14
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-02-11
© Science Publishing Group
Donny Wira Yudha Kusuma
Hermawan Pamot Raharjo
Mulawarman Sudjito Taathadi
Introducing a New Agility Test in Badminton
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28
28
2015-02-11
2015-02-11
10.11648/j.ajss.20150301.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150301.14
© Science Publishing Group
Somatic and Body Composition Factors Underlying Aerobic Capacity
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150302.12
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of somatic and body composition variables on aerobic capacity among the male college students. Five hundred (250 trained and 250 untrained) young college levels male students (mean age 20.54 years) participated in this study. In order to evaluate the somatotype components (endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy) and body composition variables (body mass index, % body fat, lean body mass, % skeletal muscle mass, % skeletal mass and body surface area) researcher applied a testing procedure that included measurements of height (cm), body weight (kg), five muscle girths (upper arm, fore arm, chest, thigh and calf) in cm, four bone diameters (humerus, bistyloid, femur and bimalleolus) in cm, and eight skinfolds thickness (triceps, sub-scapular, suprailiac, pectoral, axilla, abdominal, thigh and calf) in mm. Estimation of aerobic capacity through V ̇O2max. Queen College Step Test was administered. A negative correlation was found between the body fat percentage and V ̇O2max. Also a negative correlation was found to V ̇O2max.with body surface area and endomorphy of both trained and untrained groups. The lean body mass, % skeletal muscle mass and mesomorphy components of somatotype have the greatest positive correlations with V ̇O2max.
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of somatic and body composition variables on aerobic capacity among the male college students. Five hundred (250 trained and 250 untrained) young college levels male students (mean age 20.54 years) participated in this study. In order to evaluate the somatotype components (endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy) and body composition variables (body mass index, % body fat, lean body mass, % skeletal muscle mass, % skeletal mass and body surface area) researcher applied a testing procedure that included measurements of height (cm), body weight (kg), five muscle girths (upper arm, fore arm, chest, thigh and calf) in cm, four bone diameters (humerus, bistyloid, femur and bimalleolus) in cm, and eight skinfolds thickness (triceps, sub-scapular, suprailiac, pectoral, axilla, abdominal, thigh and calf) in mm. Estimation of aerobic capacity through V ̇O2max. Queen College Step Test was administered. A negative correlation was found between the body fat percentage and V ̇O2max. Also a negative correlation was found to V ̇O2max.with body surface area and endomorphy of both trained and untrained groups. The lean body mass, % skeletal muscle mass and mesomorphy components of somatotype have the greatest positive correlations with V ̇O2max.
Somatic and Body Composition Factors Underlying Aerobic Capacity
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150302.12
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-03-31
© Science Publishing Group
Sukanta Saha
Somatic and Body Composition Factors Underlying Aerobic Capacity
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40
40
2015-03-31
2015-03-31
10.11648/j.ajss.20150302.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150302.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Dietary Combination of Quercetin and Resveratrol Supplementation May Improve Exercise Tolerance in Young Untrained Males by Modulating IL-6 and NGAL Response
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150302.11
The effect of antioxidant supplementation on exercise performance has not been clearly defined in trained or un-trained individuals. The purpose of this investigation was to test the effects of quercetin-resveratrol combination on plasma anti-inflammatory response and exercise performance in untrained men. After baseline cycling performance testing, the subjects (n=8) were supplemented daily with 500gr quercetin and 500 gr resveratrol for 21 days. The complete blood counts, creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and exercise performance parameters were evaluated at baseline, after 21 days of supplementation and 15 days after the end of the study. The maximal aerobic power (POmax) was increased (19%) in the post-supplementation period compare to baseline and washout period. In the post-supplementation period, the time trial score (TTscore), maximal and average speed significantly increased in the 10 km time trial cycling test compare to the baseline level. Importantly, in response to supplementation, the serum IL-6 and N-GAL levels were upregulated post-supplementation and these levels returned to baseline levels at the end of the washout period. These results suggest that dieatary combination of quercetin and resveretrol may act as a potential tool for enhancing exercise performance by regulation IL-6, NGAL level in untrained men.
The effect of antioxidant supplementation on exercise performance has not been clearly defined in trained or un-trained individuals. The purpose of this investigation was to test the effects of quercetin-resveratrol combination on plasma anti-inflammatory response and exercise performance in untrained men. After baseline cycling performance testing, the subjects (n=8) were supplemented daily with 500gr quercetin and 500 gr resveratrol for 21 days. The complete blood counts, creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and exercise performance parameters were evaluated at baseline, after 21 days of supplementation and 15 days after the end of the study. The maximal aerobic power (POmax) was increased (19%) in the post-supplementation period compare to baseline and washout period. In the post-supplementation period, the time trial score (TTscore), maximal and average speed significantly increased in the 10 km time trial cycling test compare to the baseline level. Importantly, in response to supplementation, the serum IL-6 and N-GAL levels were upregulated post-supplementation and these levels returned to baseline levels at the end of the washout period. These results suggest that dieatary combination of quercetin and resveretrol may act as a potential tool for enhancing exercise performance by regulation IL-6, NGAL level in untrained men.
The Dietary Combination of Quercetin and Resveratrol Supplementation May Improve Exercise Tolerance in Young Untrained Males by Modulating IL-6 and NGAL Response
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150302.11
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-03-04
© Science Publishing Group
Zekine Punduk
Adnan Adil Hismiogullari
Ozlem Yavuz
Khalid Rahman
The Dietary Combination of Quercetin and Resveratrol Supplementation May Improve Exercise Tolerance in Young Untrained Males by Modulating IL-6 and NGAL Response
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2015-03-04
2015-03-04
10.11648/j.ajss.20150302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150302.11
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of Force in Human Muscle Using EMG in Hot Rolling Mill
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.11
The electromyography (EMG) is the measure of electrical activity produced by the muscles which is usually represented as a function of time. This electromyography can be used in various applications including identifying neuromuscular diseases, control signal for prosthetic devices, controlling machines, robots etc. The existing system commercial EMG-controlled devices are limited to rudimentary control capabilities of either discrete states (e.g. hand close/open), or one degree of freedom proportional control. The proposed system investigates the relationship between forearm electrical activity and forces exerted by the fingertips. This system is used to calculate the muscular force while lifting, pulling, pushing the object in Hot Rolling Mill with the help of electromyography. The load cell is used to calculate the force exerted by the fingertips of the human. The value of the force exerted is displayed by using the LCD. A threshold force value is fixed and it is compared with the actual force exerted by the human being. If the actual force exceeds the threshold value human beings will be affected in a way like sprain and bone rubbing etc., so an alarm is provided to indicate this situation to avoid the above mentioned accidents. The proposed system is simulated by using keil C and the simulated results are verified.
The electromyography (EMG) is the measure of electrical activity produced by the muscles which is usually represented as a function of time. This electromyography can be used in various applications including identifying neuromuscular diseases, control signal for prosthetic devices, controlling machines, robots etc. The existing system commercial EMG-controlled devices are limited to rudimentary control capabilities of either discrete states (e.g. hand close/open), or one degree of freedom proportional control. The proposed system investigates the relationship between forearm electrical activity and forces exerted by the fingertips. This system is used to calculate the muscular force while lifting, pulling, pushing the object in Hot Rolling Mill with the help of electromyography. The load cell is used to calculate the force exerted by the fingertips of the human. The value of the force exerted is displayed by using the LCD. A threshold force value is fixed and it is compared with the actual force exerted by the human being. If the actual force exceeds the threshold value human beings will be affected in a way like sprain and bone rubbing etc., so an alarm is provided to indicate this situation to avoid the above mentioned accidents. The proposed system is simulated by using keil C and the simulated results are verified.
Analysis of Force in Human Muscle Using EMG in Hot Rolling Mill
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.11
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-04-22
© Science Publishing Group
K. Govindaraju
B. Sasi Kumar
K. Raja
K. Murugabhoopathy3
Analysis of Force in Human Muscle Using EMG in Hot Rolling Mill
3
3
45
45
2015-04-22
2015-04-22
10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.11
© Science Publishing Group
Study of Heart Rate Variability and Stress Markers in Basketball Players Submitted to Selective Loads Periodization System
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.12
The decrease in the performance of athlete is often associated with an imbalance between workload and recovery period. Thus, it is very important to implement tools which can assist in the quantifying the effects of workloads, so that the maximum performance of the athlete is reached. In this context, we know little about the influence of selective load periodization system (SLPS) on cardiac autonomic control and the effects on stress markers already known. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate if the application of SLPS promoted alterations in autonomic modulation of heart rate variability (HRV), as well as same stress markers. Therefore, sixteen male basketball players (mean ± SE: age 23.3 ± 1.0 years; mass 87.5 ± 3.5 kg; height 194 2 cm) were submitted to SLPS and evaluated before and after a competition period. The HRV was evaluated by a spectral analysis of the time series composed of R-R intervals obtained in the supine position and during a tilt test. The evaluation of stress markers consisted of measuring plasma catecholamines, cortisol and free testosterone. The results demonstrated that the training load used during the competition period did not cause significant changes in the autonomic modulation of HRV. This affirmation is supported by the absence of change in oscillations of low frequency (LF: 0,04-0,15Hz), that corresponding to sympathetic and parasympathetic modulations, and high frequency (HF:0,15-05Hz), that corresponding only to parasympathetic modulations of HRV. Additionally, no changes were observed in plasma concentrations of catecholamines, free testosterone, cortisol and, consequently, in testosterone/cortisol ratio, when pre-competition and post-competition values were compared. In summary, our findings suggest that the use of SLPS in basketball athletes presented balance between workloads and recovery periods. However, further investigations are needed, including in other sports, so that we can evaluate the effects of SLPS on cardiac autonomic modulation and stress markers evaluated in this study.
The decrease in the performance of athlete is often associated with an imbalance between workload and recovery period. Thus, it is very important to implement tools which can assist in the quantifying the effects of workloads, so that the maximum performance of the athlete is reached. In this context, we know little about the influence of selective load periodization system (SLPS) on cardiac autonomic control and the effects on stress markers already known. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate if the application of SLPS promoted alterations in autonomic modulation of heart rate variability (HRV), as well as same stress markers. Therefore, sixteen male basketball players (mean ± SE: age 23.3 ± 1.0 years; mass 87.5 ± 3.5 kg; height 194 2 cm) were submitted to SLPS and evaluated before and after a competition period. The HRV was evaluated by a spectral analysis of the time series composed of R-R intervals obtained in the supine position and during a tilt test. The evaluation of stress markers consisted of measuring plasma catecholamines, cortisol and free testosterone. The results demonstrated that the training load used during the competition period did not cause significant changes in the autonomic modulation of HRV. This affirmation is supported by the absence of change in oscillations of low frequency (LF: 0,04-0,15Hz), that corresponding to sympathetic and parasympathetic modulations, and high frequency (HF:0,15-05Hz), that corresponding only to parasympathetic modulations of HRV. Additionally, no changes were observed in plasma concentrations of catecholamines, free testosterone, cortisol and, consequently, in testosterone/cortisol ratio, when pre-competition and post-competition values were compared. In summary, our findings suggest that the use of SLPS in basketball athletes presented balance between workloads and recovery periods. However, further investigations are needed, including in other sports, so that we can evaluate the effects of SLPS on cardiac autonomic modulation and stress markers evaluated in this study.
Study of Heart Rate Variability and Stress Markers in Basketball Players Submitted to Selective Loads Periodization System
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.12
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-05-21
© Science Publishing Group
José Henrique Mazon
Ada Clarice Gastaldi
Marli Cardoso Martins-Pinge
João Eduardo de Araújo
Hugo Celso Dutra de Souza
Study of Heart Rate Variability and Stress Markers in Basketball Players Submitted to Selective Loads Periodization System
3
3
51
51
2015-05-21
2015-05-21
10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.12
© Science Publishing Group
Positive Effects of Sports Events: From Exaggeration to Reality
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.13
Although sports events are considered a new field for urban and economic development, besides certain advantages that are obtained by hosting sports events, there are also many dangers. Upon considering the effects of sports events, studies on low-accuracy sports events are heavily relied on. These analyses often exaggerate advantages, underestimate costs and make an improper use of statistics. It appears that there positive effects and especially, financial advantages of sports events have often been exaggerated so that financial profits are often estimated too high, and costs are understated. By considering existing evidences and literature, this study aims to find an answer for this question: How much true are the topics propounded as to the positive effects of sports events?
Although sports events are considered a new field for urban and economic development, besides certain advantages that are obtained by hosting sports events, there are also many dangers. Upon considering the effects of sports events, studies on low-accuracy sports events are heavily relied on. These analyses often exaggerate advantages, underestimate costs and make an improper use of statistics. It appears that there positive effects and especially, financial advantages of sports events have often been exaggerated so that financial profits are often estimated too high, and costs are understated. By considering existing evidences and literature, this study aims to find an answer for this question: How much true are the topics propounded as to the positive effects of sports events?
Positive Effects of Sports Events: From Exaggeration to Reality
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.13
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-05-21
© Science Publishing Group
Keivan Shabani Moghaddam
Saifulla Shahabzade
Positive Effects of Sports Events: From Exaggeration to Reality
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2015-05-21
2015-05-21
10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.13
© Science Publishing Group
Considering the Occupational Prestige of Physical Education Teachers Compared with Other Jobs (Hamadan Province Case Study)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.14
Physical education discipline in many countries of the world, in comparison with other academic topics, is considered as possessing lower credibility, and physical education teachers are sometimes seen by some individuals as people with an entertaining and trivial job. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the occupational prestige of physical education teachers compared with other jobs. The study’s statistical sample consisted of 235 physical education teachers in the Hamadan Province. A realized questionnaire was employed to gather data, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine normality of data distribution, and the independent-t test and the one-way ANOVA was employed to test the hypotheses. The study results showed significant difference between the mean credibility of the jobs being considered (physician, teacher, cab driver, salesman, sandwich maker, barber, physical education teacher, and governmental clerk) in the study sample with that of the population. According to respondents, job-owners such as salesmen, barbers, sandwich makers, and cab drivers had higher occupational prestige compared with physical education teachers. Finally, physical education teachers believed that they deserved higher occupational prestige. They were of the belief that physical educationteachers’ job credibility was being considered as lower than some other occupations, and they did not enjoy a social prestige and credibility equal with that of the teachers of other subjects.
Physical education discipline in many countries of the world, in comparison with other academic topics, is considered as possessing lower credibility, and physical education teachers are sometimes seen by some individuals as people with an entertaining and trivial job. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the occupational prestige of physical education teachers compared with other jobs. The study’s statistical sample consisted of 235 physical education teachers in the Hamadan Province. A realized questionnaire was employed to gather data, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine normality of data distribution, and the independent-t test and the one-way ANOVA was employed to test the hypotheses. The study results showed significant difference between the mean credibility of the jobs being considered (physician, teacher, cab driver, salesman, sandwich maker, barber, physical education teacher, and governmental clerk) in the study sample with that of the population. According to respondents, job-owners such as salesmen, barbers, sandwich makers, and cab drivers had higher occupational prestige compared with physical education teachers. Finally, physical education teachers believed that they deserved higher occupational prestige. They were of the belief that physical educationteachers’ job credibility was being considered as lower than some other occupations, and they did not enjoy a social prestige and credibility equal with that of the teachers of other subjects.
Considering the Occupational Prestige of Physical Education Teachers Compared with Other Jobs (Hamadan Province Case Study)
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.14
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-05-23
© Science Publishing Group
Keivan Shabani Moghaddam
Mehdi Roozbahani
Said Janjan
Seifollah Shahabzade
Aboozar Soori
Considering the Occupational Prestige of Physical Education Teachers Compared with Other Jobs (Hamadan Province Case Study)
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3
60
60
2015-05-23
2015-05-23
10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.14
© Science Publishing Group
Anthropometric Characteristic, Somatotype and Body Composition of Canadian Female Rowers
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.15
Canadian female rowers were evaluated for their anthropometrical characteristics including somatotype and body composition to evaluate them with their international counterparts. 31 female rowers with an average age of 28.6 ±3.4 ( range 19-33) yr of different local clubs were assessed during their peak season time. Part of the measurements were done during the fulfilment of assignment for ISAK Kianthropometry accreditation course in Canada and part of the measurements were done during the fitness assessment of rowers at local clubs. Somatotype was assessed using Heath- Carter method and body composition (Fat%) was assessed by surface anthropometry. Endomorphic mesomorph (3.1±0.5 ─4.1±0.6 ─2.3±0.7 ) body type was observed in average with an average 23.4(±2.9) % body fat. Average waist-hip ratio was 0.74 (±0.4) .Canadian female rowers of the present study possessed more than average muscularity with slightly higher body fat % . The present study recommended more muscularity with less body fat % for the Canadian female rowers. The study also recommended a change in body type from endomorphic mesomorph to ectomorphic mesomoeph.
Canadian female rowers were evaluated for their anthropometrical characteristics including somatotype and body composition to evaluate them with their international counterparts. 31 female rowers with an average age of 28.6 ±3.4 ( range 19-33) yr of different local clubs were assessed during their peak season time. Part of the measurements were done during the fulfilment of assignment for ISAK Kianthropometry accreditation course in Canada and part of the measurements were done during the fitness assessment of rowers at local clubs. Somatotype was assessed using Heath- Carter method and body composition (Fat%) was assessed by surface anthropometry. Endomorphic mesomorph (3.1±0.5 ─4.1±0.6 ─2.3±0.7 ) body type was observed in average with an average 23.4(±2.9) % body fat. Average waist-hip ratio was 0.74 (±0.4) .Canadian female rowers of the present study possessed more than average muscularity with slightly higher body fat % . The present study recommended more muscularity with less body fat % for the Canadian female rowers. The study also recommended a change in body type from endomorphic mesomorph to ectomorphic mesomoeph.
Anthropometric Characteristic, Somatotype and Body Composition of Canadian Female Rowers
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.15
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-05-26
© Science Publishing Group
Anup Adhikari
Edward McNeely
Anthropometric Characteristic, Somatotype and Body Composition of Canadian Female Rowers
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3
66
66
2015-05-26
2015-05-26
10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150303.15
© Science Publishing Group
Comparison Between Standard and Gender-Specific Knee Designs in Total Knee Arthroplasty in Female Patients
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150304.11
Objectives: Current study is a comparative, prospective, randomized, short-term outcome study to compare the early results of Total Knee Arthroplasty in female patients using either standard or gender-specific knee prosthesis for treatment of advanced osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Background: Gender-specific knee athroplasty prosthesis is designed to better accommodate the differences noted in distal femoral anatomy in female patients compared to males. Several studies have reported differences in knee morphometry between genders such as the height/width ratio of the distal femoral condyle, the quadriceps angle and the shape of the distal femur. The need for Gender-specific (GS) femoral prostheses is still debated and has led us to compare short-term outcomes of TKA using standard (STD) or GS femoral components. Methods: In the period between February 2012 and February 2013, a comparative prospective randomized study was conducted involving 34 female patients with 40 knees who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty for knee joint advanced osteoarthritis and divided into two groups , The first group included 20 knees underwent total knee arthroplasty using Gender-Specific Knee Design with Gender-Specific femoral component (Zimmer Gender Solutions NexGen High-Flex ( NexGen LPS-Flex ) Implant , The second group included 20 knees underwent total knee arthroplasty using standard Knee Design with Standard femoral component (Zimmer NexGen LPS Implant). Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding pain improvement, range of motion improvement, pre and post operative OXFORD scores, Knee Society Scores, WOMAC scores, satisfaction, preference, complications, and radiographic results. Conclusion: Early clinical outcomes for the knees with a gender-specific NexGen LPS-Flex prosthesis were similar to those for the knees with a standard NexGen LPS prosthesis in female patients. gender-specific knee prosthesis showed no advantages over standard unisex knee prosthesis in terms of early clinical outcomes.
Objectives: Current study is a comparative, prospective, randomized, short-term outcome study to compare the early results of Total Knee Arthroplasty in female patients using either standard or gender-specific knee prosthesis for treatment of advanced osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Background: Gender-specific knee athroplasty prosthesis is designed to better accommodate the differences noted in distal femoral anatomy in female patients compared to males. Several studies have reported differences in knee morphometry between genders such as the height/width ratio of the distal femoral condyle, the quadriceps angle and the shape of the distal femur. The need for Gender-specific (GS) femoral prostheses is still debated and has led us to compare short-term outcomes of TKA using standard (STD) or GS femoral components. Methods: In the period between February 2012 and February 2013, a comparative prospective randomized study was conducted involving 34 female patients with 40 knees who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty for knee joint advanced osteoarthritis and divided into two groups , The first group included 20 knees underwent total knee arthroplasty using Gender-Specific Knee Design with Gender-Specific femoral component (Zimmer Gender Solutions NexGen High-Flex ( NexGen LPS-Flex ) Implant , The second group included 20 knees underwent total knee arthroplasty using standard Knee Design with Standard femoral component (Zimmer NexGen LPS Implant). Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding pain improvement, range of motion improvement, pre and post operative OXFORD scores, Knee Society Scores, WOMAC scores, satisfaction, preference, complications, and radiographic results. Conclusion: Early clinical outcomes for the knees with a gender-specific NexGen LPS-Flex prosthesis were similar to those for the knees with a standard NexGen LPS prosthesis in female patients. gender-specific knee prosthesis showed no advantages over standard unisex knee prosthesis in terms of early clinical outcomes.
Comparison Between Standard and Gender-Specific Knee Designs in Total Knee Arthroplasty in Female Patients
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150304.11
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-06-15
© Science Publishing Group
Elsayed Morsey Zaki
Tarek Ali Elkhadrawe
Ayman Mohammed Ebied
Amro Saber Elsayed
Hany Elsayed Saad
Comparison Between Standard and Gender-Specific Knee Designs in Total Knee Arthroplasty in Female Patients
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72
72
2015-06-15
2015-06-15
10.11648/j.ajss.20150304.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150304.11
© Science Publishing Group
Which Causal Relationships Can Reject or Accept the Significant Optimum Distribution Ratios Phases in the Triple Jump
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150304.12
The objectives of this study were to detect some causal relationships in significant differences optimum distribution ratios phases that the most sources agree that it varies from athlete to the other. Our subjects were the finalists (2009-2011) with Hop-dominated technique, 17 meter as minimum performance and the best performance in the world triple Jump with Jump-dominated technique, 18 meter as minimum performance in other comparison. In the absence of technological means in Algeria, our study explores the reports (IAAF) in order to answer: Which causal relationship explained or dismissed the Optimum distribution ratios phases in the two-practiced dominant technique (Hop and Jump) to achieve results? For this, we chose the analysis of the Regression to be compared, the impact phase distributions (hop, step and jump) charged with the results achieved in their test. Our goal for this research is: Improve search through the Optimum use of data results champions. Find a causal relationship between dominant technique and results as research topic in Optimum ratios phases. The most important results obtained: Optimum distribution ratios phases in the hop-dominated technique varies from athlete to other because the respect of the model theories Russian requires the Stride length of the three phases typically to (39%: 30%: 31%).Optimum distribution ratios phases in the jump-dominated technique should be us as optimum phase ratio in condition that the Stride length of the three phases typically to (34%29%37%).
The objectives of this study were to detect some causal relationships in significant differences optimum distribution ratios phases that the most sources agree that it varies from athlete to the other. Our subjects were the finalists (2009-2011) with Hop-dominated technique, 17 meter as minimum performance and the best performance in the world triple Jump with Jump-dominated technique, 18 meter as minimum performance in other comparison. In the absence of technological means in Algeria, our study explores the reports (IAAF) in order to answer: Which causal relationship explained or dismissed the Optimum distribution ratios phases in the two-practiced dominant technique (Hop and Jump) to achieve results? For this, we chose the analysis of the Regression to be compared, the impact phase distributions (hop, step and jump) charged with the results achieved in their test. Our goal for this research is: Improve search through the Optimum use of data results champions. Find a causal relationship between dominant technique and results as research topic in Optimum ratios phases. The most important results obtained: Optimum distribution ratios phases in the hop-dominated technique varies from athlete to other because the respect of the model theories Russian requires the Stride length of the three phases typically to (39%: 30%: 31%).Optimum distribution ratios phases in the jump-dominated technique should be us as optimum phase ratio in condition that the Stride length of the three phases typically to (34%29%37%).
Which Causal Relationships Can Reject or Accept the Significant Optimum Distribution Ratios Phases in the Triple Jump
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150304.12
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-07-05
© Science Publishing Group
Zerf Mohammed
Mokkedes Moulay Idris
Bengoua Ali
Bendahmane Med Nasreddin
Which Causal Relationships Can Reject or Accept the Significant Optimum Distribution Ratios Phases in the Triple Jump
3
4
78
78
2015-07-05
2015-07-05
10.11648/j.ajss.20150304.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150304.12
© Science Publishing Group
Electromyographic Analysis of Selected Upper Extremity Muscles during Jump Throwing in Handball
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150304.13
The purpose of this study was to determine upper extremity selected muscles activity of throwing performance in handball and work-loading to determine the percentage contribution of the muscles that more activation during throwing performance. Five male high level handball players participated in this study were (age: 20.5 ± 0.53 years; body mass: 81.00 ± 3.16 kg; height: 186.5 ± 3.69 cm). The EMG activity of the selected upper extremity muscles was measured using an 16-channel surface EMG system (ME6000 telemetric hardware system, Mega Electronics Ltd., FINLAND), Bipolar, Ag/AgCl surface electrodes (SKINTACT, FS-521), Innsbruck, Austria) were placed over the motor point of each muscle, and the EMG signals were acquired at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz with the MEGAWIN version 3.1-b12 software. Results showed the activities and arrangement of selected muscles were Deltoid muscle - medial part 1268.20±133.93 (38.70%), Flexor of the wrist 462.00±89.04 (16.30%), Flexor carpi ulnaris 439.30±33.87 (14.40%), Biceps brachii muscle 364.90±31.34 (12.90%), Rectus abdominis muscle 314.80±48.94 (9.70%), and Pectoralis major muscle 225.90±36.70 (8.00%). The rational for using sEMG to study muscle activation during a standardized jump throwing in handball is to provide a better understanding of muscle activation during this sport specific movement and muscle contributions during jump throwing in handball, and these data may be important for handball's coaches to jump throwing performance training.
The purpose of this study was to determine upper extremity selected muscles activity of throwing performance in handball and work-loading to determine the percentage contribution of the muscles that more activation during throwing performance. Five male high level handball players participated in this study were (age: 20.5 ± 0.53 years; body mass: 81.00 ± 3.16 kg; height: 186.5 ± 3.69 cm). The EMG activity of the selected upper extremity muscles was measured using an 16-channel surface EMG system (ME6000 telemetric hardware system, Mega Electronics Ltd., FINLAND), Bipolar, Ag/AgCl surface electrodes (SKINTACT, FS-521), Innsbruck, Austria) were placed over the motor point of each muscle, and the EMG signals were acquired at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz with the MEGAWIN version 3.1-b12 software. Results showed the activities and arrangement of selected muscles were Deltoid muscle - medial part 1268.20±133.93 (38.70%), Flexor of the wrist 462.00±89.04 (16.30%), Flexor carpi ulnaris 439.30±33.87 (14.40%), Biceps brachii muscle 364.90±31.34 (12.90%), Rectus abdominis muscle 314.80±48.94 (9.70%), and Pectoralis major muscle 225.90±36.70 (8.00%). The rational for using sEMG to study muscle activation during a standardized jump throwing in handball is to provide a better understanding of muscle activation during this sport specific movement and muscle contributions during jump throwing in handball, and these data may be important for handball's coaches to jump throwing performance training.
Electromyographic Analysis of Selected Upper Extremity Muscles during Jump Throwing in Handball
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150304.13
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-07-08
© Science Publishing Group
Sherif Ali Taha
Abdel-Rahman Ibrahim Akl
Mohamed Ahmed Zayed
Electromyographic Analysis of Selected Upper Extremity Muscles during Jump Throwing in Handball
3
4
84
84
2015-07-08
2015-07-08
10.11648/j.ajss.20150304.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150304.13
© Science Publishing Group
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Mental Satisfaction in American College Students
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150305.11
The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between college students’ regular physical life and mental satisfaction specifically regarding loneliness and depression happiness and rest and, comfort satisfaction. 238 college students were surveyed for this study, employing Godin Leisure Time-Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ), and General Well-Being Schedule (GWB) to obtain data. Regressions analyses revealed significant relationships between physical activity and two variables. The result of regression analysis for happiness and satisfaction factor was statistically significant (F=145.434, p= .000, R²= 0.414). Additionally, another regression analysis for rest and comfort factor was statistically significant (F= 103.393, p= .000, R²= 0.334). The study results contain meaningful implications for college students suggesting that doing regular physical activity is vital as it promotes their physical and psychological well-being
The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between college students’ regular physical life and mental satisfaction specifically regarding loneliness and depression happiness and rest and, comfort satisfaction. 238 college students were surveyed for this study, employing Godin Leisure Time-Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ), and General Well-Being Schedule (GWB) to obtain data. Regressions analyses revealed significant relationships between physical activity and two variables. The result of regression analysis for happiness and satisfaction factor was statistically significant (F=145.434, p= .000, R²= 0.414). Additionally, another regression analysis for rest and comfort factor was statistically significant (F= 103.393, p= .000, R²= 0.334). The study results contain meaningful implications for college students suggesting that doing regular physical activity is vital as it promotes their physical and psychological well-being
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Mental Satisfaction in American College Students
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150305.11
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-08-14
© Science Publishing Group
Minhyun Kim
Kibum Cho
Heesu Lee
Ilsuk Sun
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Mental Satisfaction in American College Students
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5
88
88
2015-08-14
2015-08-14
10.11648/j.ajss.20150305.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150305.11
© Science Publishing Group
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Use of Doping in the Sport of Bodybuilding
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150305.12
The purposes of this study were to expose the dangers of doping practiced by Algerian teenager (18years) who practices bodybuilding and wants to seek results in the shortest time. From that, our subjects were five (5) Algerian teenager who practices bodybuilder for 5years ago and who volunteered accepted to involve doping as first experience in their practices. Our study based on the follow Analysis of blood, urine, and anthropometric measurements for two months where our work was divided into two team –research: Field team1 and a Lab team2. To verify the hypothesis that support: Doping gives good visual results anthropometric external in addition, it destabilizes the regulation of vital functions. From that, our aims for this study interest: (1) Are there any statistically significant differences anthropometric between the two tests of our sample? (2) Are there any statistically significant can explain destabilizes regulation of vital functions between the two tests of our sample? For that, we have chosen the analysis of T-TEST PAIRS and correlation of the volunteer involve doping practiced by our sample to compare the implementation differences anthropometric and differences of modification in the regulation of the vital functions. Based in the results accuses in two months we confirm: (1) that the Doping gives good visual results anthropometric; (2) Doping destabilizes the regulation of vital functions
The purposes of this study were to expose the dangers of doping practiced by Algerian teenager (18years) who practices bodybuilding and wants to seek results in the shortest time. From that, our subjects were five (5) Algerian teenager who practices bodybuilder for 5years ago and who volunteered accepted to involve doping as first experience in their practices. Our study based on the follow Analysis of blood, urine, and anthropometric measurements for two months where our work was divided into two team –research: Field team1 and a Lab team2. To verify the hypothesis that support: Doping gives good visual results anthropometric external in addition, it destabilizes the regulation of vital functions. From that, our aims for this study interest: (1) Are there any statistically significant differences anthropometric between the two tests of our sample? (2) Are there any statistically significant can explain destabilizes regulation of vital functions between the two tests of our sample? For that, we have chosen the analysis of T-TEST PAIRS and correlation of the volunteer involve doping practiced by our sample to compare the implementation differences anthropometric and differences of modification in the regulation of the vital functions. Based in the results accuses in two months we confirm: (1) that the Doping gives good visual results anthropometric; (2) Doping destabilizes the regulation of vital functions
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Use of Doping in the Sport of Bodybuilding
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150305.12
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-08-22
© Science Publishing Group
Hamadou Ali Djemel Abd Nacer
Zerf Mohammed
Mokkedes Moulay Idriss
Atouti Nouredine
Bengoua Ali
Mebrouki Fatiha
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Use of Doping in the Sport of Bodybuilding
3
5
92
92
2015-08-22
2015-08-22
10.11648/j.ajss.20150305.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150305.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Use of Modular Feed Forward Neural Networks in Anticipating the Results of Handball Championship 2015
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150305.13
Observation is a highly recommended approach in game analysis as it helps form a better understanding for the types of relations within the game. The aim of this study is to present a new approach for predicting competitions results which are based on game analysis by the use of Modular Forward Neural Networks (MFNN). The data of 80 games were analyzed (i.e. Fast break, Breakthrough, different type of shot…). The Data used to train Modular Feed Forward networks include 21 processing elements (PEs) as input, one element as output, 2 hidden layers, 100 epochs – termination Cross Validation, random initial weights, and weight update batch. The MFNN test contains single output case threshold 0, 5 on level 1000. Results show significant correlation between game results and neural network output 0.93, 0.96. Actual network output was 0, 91. Normalized Root Mean Square Error was 0,078. Final mean squared error was 0.9. The variables mostly affecting the results of (MFNN) were: fast breaks, and blocked shots. Using MFNN in predicting game results based on game details is considered a novel approach for evaluating the level of teams and competitors and for improving the training plans and tactics
Observation is a highly recommended approach in game analysis as it helps form a better understanding for the types of relations within the game. The aim of this study is to present a new approach for predicting competitions results which are based on game analysis by the use of Modular Forward Neural Networks (MFNN). The data of 80 games were analyzed (i.e. Fast break, Breakthrough, different type of shot…). The Data used to train Modular Feed Forward networks include 21 processing elements (PEs) as input, one element as output, 2 hidden layers, 100 epochs – termination Cross Validation, random initial weights, and weight update batch. The MFNN test contains single output case threshold 0, 5 on level 1000. Results show significant correlation between game results and neural network output 0.93, 0.96. Actual network output was 0, 91. Normalized Root Mean Square Error was 0,078. Final mean squared error was 0.9. The variables mostly affecting the results of (MFNN) were: fast breaks, and blocked shots. Using MFNN in predicting game results based on game details is considered a novel approach for evaluating the level of teams and competitors and for improving the training plans and tactics
The Use of Modular Feed Forward Neural Networks in Anticipating the Results of Handball Championship 2015
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150305.13
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-08-22
© Science Publishing Group
Amr Hassan
The Use of Modular Feed Forward Neural Networks in Anticipating the Results of Handball Championship 2015
3
5
97
97
2015-08-22
2015-08-22
10.11648/j.ajss.20150305.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150305.13
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of Plyometric Training to Improve a Physical Capacity and Athletic Performance to High School Students 17-18 Years Old
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150305.14
The research aims to know the effect of implying plyometric method to improve the upgrading capacity and the digital achievement in the effectiveness of the long jump. Where researchers used the experimental method to the nature of research, and the sample consisted of high school students of Relizane province (Algeria). The 56 students were selected and divided into two groups in equal number, while the tests used were the broad jump test of the stability, vertical jump, and digital test achievement in the long jump. After statistical processing of the raw results, the researchers concluded that the use plyometric method in physical education and sports classes for high school students has improved the upgrading capacity, as well as digital achievement in the long jump, in addition to the superiority of the experimental sample over the control sample in the test results. The research finding confirms the effectiveness of using plyometric exercises with students while teaching in improving the digital achievement with the experimental research sample.
The research aims to know the effect of implying plyometric method to improve the upgrading capacity and the digital achievement in the effectiveness of the long jump. Where researchers used the experimental method to the nature of research, and the sample consisted of high school students of Relizane province (Algeria). The 56 students were selected and divided into two groups in equal number, while the tests used were the broad jump test of the stability, vertical jump, and digital test achievement in the long jump. After statistical processing of the raw results, the researchers concluded that the use plyometric method in physical education and sports classes for high school students has improved the upgrading capacity, as well as digital achievement in the long jump, in addition to the superiority of the experimental sample over the control sample in the test results. The research finding confirms the effectiveness of using plyometric exercises with students while teaching in improving the digital achievement with the experimental research sample.
Effects of Plyometric Training to Improve a Physical Capacity and Athletic Performance to High School Students 17-18 Years Old
doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150305.14
American Journal of Sports Science
2015-09-09
© Science Publishing Group
Houcine Benzidane
Habib Bensikaddour
Djamel Mokrani
Effects of Plyometric Training to Improve a Physical Capacity and Athletic Performance to High School Students 17-18 Years Old
3
5
102
102
2015-09-09
2015-09-09
10.11648/j.ajss.20150305.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20150305.14
© Science Publishing Group