Science Publishing Group: American Journal of Applied Chemistry: Table of Contents
<i>American Journal of Applied Chemistry (AJAC) </i> a peer-reviewed open access journal published bimonthly in English-language, provides rapid publication of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The attendant goal is to promote widespread acceptance of the Journal as an authoritative and indispensable holding in academic and institutional libraries. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajac Science Publishing Group: American Journal of Applied Chemistry: Table of Contents
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American Journal of Applied Chemistry
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
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An Ultra-Sensitive and Selective LC-UV Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Pravastatin, Diltiazem, Naproxen Sodium and Meloxicam in API, Pharmaceutical Formulations and Human Serum
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20130101.11
The aim of the present work was to develop a sensitive liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of pravastatin and diltiazem along with naproxen and meloxicam using ultraviolet detector. The separation of components was achieved on Purospher Star, C18 (5 µm, 25 x 0.46 cm) column using methanol-water (80:20 v/v) as mobile phase and pH adjusted 3.4 with 85% o-phosphoric acid. Related parameters that may influence the enrichment efficiency of speration of drugs such as the kind and volume of elute, sample flow rate, sample pH, and volume of the drug samples were investi-gated. Detection was performed at ambient temperature at 220 nm by pumping the mobile phase at the flow rate 1.0 mL min-1. The experimental results indicated a good linearity (R 2 > 0.9947) over the concentration range of 0.5-20 µg mL-1 for pravastatin, naproxen and meloxicam and 0.75-24 µg mL-1 for diltiazem. The method was compared by programming the detector adjusting the wavelength with time to match the individual analyte's chromophore which enhanced sensitivity with linear range 0.25-8.0, 0.5-16, 0.4-12 and 0.2-4.0 µg mL-1 for pravastatin, diltiazem, naproxen and meloxicam respectively. The LOD values shifted down from 33, 70, 50 and 80 ng mL-1 to 15, 42, 20 and 10 ng mL-1 for pravastatin, diltiazem, na-proxen and meloxicam respectively. Validation of the method showed good precision and accuracy for the proposed method. All the results indicated that this procedure could allow the simultaneous determination of these four compounds in API, pharmaceutical formulations and serum at trace levels. The method can be successfully applied for the determination of these drugs in human serum, clinical laboratories and in pharmaceutical formulations without diode array detector and without interference of excipients or endogenous components of serum.
The aim of the present work was to develop a sensitive liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of pravastatin and diltiazem along with naproxen and meloxicam using ultraviolet detector. The separation of components was achieved on Purospher Star, C18 (5 µm, 25 x 0.46 cm) column using methanol-water (80:20 v/v) as mobile phase and pH adjusted 3.4 with 85% o-phosphoric acid. Related parameters that may influence the enrichment efficiency of speration of drugs such as the kind and volume of elute, sample flow rate, sample pH, and volume of the drug samples were investi-gated. Detection was performed at ambient temperature at 220 nm by pumping the mobile phase at the flow rate 1.0 mL min-1. The experimental results indicated a good linearity (R 2 > 0.9947) over the concentration range of 0.5-20 µg mL-1 for pravastatin, naproxen and meloxicam and 0.75-24 µg mL-1 for diltiazem. The method was compared by programming the detector adjusting the wavelength with time to match the individual analyte's chromophore which enhanced sensitivity with linear range 0.25-8.0, 0.5-16, 0.4-12 and 0.2-4.0 µg mL-1 for pravastatin, diltiazem, naproxen and meloxicam respectively. The LOD values shifted down from 33, 70, 50 and 80 ng mL-1 to 15, 42, 20 and 10 ng mL-1 for pravastatin, diltiazem, na-proxen and meloxicam respectively. Validation of the method showed good precision and accuracy for the proposed method. All the results indicated that this procedure could allow the simultaneous determination of these four compounds in API, pharmaceutical formulations and serum at trace levels. The method can be successfully applied for the determination of these drugs in human serum, clinical laboratories and in pharmaceutical formulations without diode array detector and without interference of excipients or endogenous components of serum.
An Ultra-Sensitive and Selective LC-UV Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Pravastatin, Diltiazem, Naproxen Sodium and Meloxicam in API, Pharmaceutical Formulations and Human Serum
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20130101.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Najma Sultana
Muhammad Saeed Arayne
Saeeda Nadir Ali
An Ultra-Sensitive and Selective LC-UV Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Pravastatin, Diltiazem, Naproxen Sodium and Meloxicam in API, Pharmaceutical Formulations and Human Serum
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© Science Publishing Group
Preparation of Dielectric Greases from Some Inorganic Thickeners
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According to this study wax gel grease (S0) is formulated from base lube oil grade 260/290, transformer oil, microcrystalline wax, additives (0.1-2%) of Polyoxyethylene sorbiton-nano-palmitate antioxidant and 2, 2` methylene bis (4-methyl-6-tertiary butyl phenol) anticorrosion, was found that it had not well enough physico-chemical and dielectric properties, so other thicker may be used as (nano talc, nano kaolin, sodium silicate, ultramarine and silica from rice husk) and added to wax gel in certain proportions in an attempt to improve its physico-chemical properties (viscosity, penetration, dropping point and water resistance) and dielectric properties (dielectric constant, dielectric loss and volume resistivity) at frequency ranging 1-1000KHz at 35°C. Grease includes nano talc and silica from rice husk which has the best dielectric properties
According to this study wax gel grease (S0) is formulated from base lube oil grade 260/290, transformer oil, microcrystalline wax, additives (0.1-2%) of Polyoxyethylene sorbiton-nano-palmitate antioxidant and 2, 2` methylene bis (4-methyl-6-tertiary butyl phenol) anticorrosion, was found that it had not well enough physico-chemical and dielectric properties, so other thicker may be used as (nano talc, nano kaolin, sodium silicate, ultramarine and silica from rice husk) and added to wax gel in certain proportions in an attempt to improve its physico-chemical properties (viscosity, penetration, dropping point and water resistance) and dielectric properties (dielectric constant, dielectric loss and volume resistivity) at frequency ranging 1-1000KHz at 35°C. Grease includes nano talc and silica from rice husk which has the best dielectric properties
Preparation of Dielectric Greases from Some Inorganic Thickeners
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20130101.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
A.M. Hassan
A. M. Hassan
M. A. Youssif
M.A. Youssif
A.M. Mazrouaa
A. M. Mazrouaa
R. M. Abou Shahba
R.M.Abou Shahba
M.A.E. Youssif
M. A. E. Youssif
Preparation of Dielectric Greases from Some Inorganic Thickeners
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© Science Publishing Group
Levels of Selected Heavy Metals in Wheat Flour on the Ghanaian Market: A Determination by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
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Wheat flour is an important source of nutrient and as such is widely consumed in most part of the world, as bread and other pastries. Due to its high consumption, the presence of heavy metal at high concentration would be a significant health risk. Based on the soil in which the wheat was grown and the milling technology employed in making the flour, the heavy metal content of wheat flour varies. In analyzing heavy metal content of flour on the Ghanaian market, (one made in Ghana and another made in Turkey) an atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis of milestone acid digested flour was used with the appropriate standards. With a 9% - 100.4% recovery rate, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cd, Pb were detected at varying concentrations in both flour brands, while Co, Ni, Cu, Cr, As, Hg were below detection limits. The levels of the nutritionally important elements such as Fe and Zn would be beneficial to human health, while those of the toxic element present are not likely to pose any health risk to consumers of this flour.
Wheat flour is an important source of nutrient and as such is widely consumed in most part of the world, as bread and other pastries. Due to its high consumption, the presence of heavy metal at high concentration would be a significant health risk. Based on the soil in which the wheat was grown and the milling technology employed in making the flour, the heavy metal content of wheat flour varies. In analyzing heavy metal content of flour on the Ghanaian market, (one made in Ghana and another made in Turkey) an atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis of milestone acid digested flour was used with the appropriate standards. With a 9% - 100.4% recovery rate, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cd, Pb were detected at varying concentrations in both flour brands, while Co, Ni, Cu, Cr, As, Hg were below detection limits. The levels of the nutritionally important elements such as Fe and Zn would be beneficial to human health, while those of the toxic element present are not likely to pose any health risk to consumers of this flour.
Levels of Selected Heavy Metals in Wheat Flour on the Ghanaian Market: A Determination by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20130102.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
E. D. Doe
A. K. Awua
O. K. Gyamfi
N. O. Bentil
Levels of Selected Heavy Metals in Wheat Flour on the Ghanaian Market: A Determination by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
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© Science Publishing Group
Preparation, Characterization, and Catalytic Studies of Iron and Cobalt Complexes Supported by ONNO – Tetradentate Schiff-Base Ligands
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The free and polymer anchored complexes of iron and cobalt [3-MHBdMBn-M and P-3-MHBdMBn-M], supported by ONNO-tetradentate Schiff-base ligands are prepared by the reactions of metal solution with one molar equivalent of unsupported 3-MHBdMBn (N, N'-bis (2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde) 4-Methylbenzene-1,2-diamine) or polymer supported (P-3-MHBdMBn) Schiff-base ligands in methanol. The structural study reveals that iron(III) complex of 3-MHBdMBn Schiff base is octahedral in geometry, whereas, cobalt(II) ions complexes is square planar. Complexation of metal ions increased the thermal stability of 3-MHBdMBn Schiff base. The catalytic activities of metal complexes towards the oxidation of phenol are investigated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Experimental results indicate that the reactivity of P-3-MHBdMBn-M is dramatically affected by the polymer support over 3-MHBdMBn-M and iron complexes have greater activity than the cobalt analogue.
The free and polymer anchored complexes of iron and cobalt [3-MHBdMBn-M and P-3-MHBdMBn-M], supported by ONNO-tetradentate Schiff-base ligands are prepared by the reactions of metal solution with one molar equivalent of unsupported 3-MHBdMBn (N, N'-bis (2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde) 4-Methylbenzene-1,2-diamine) or polymer supported (P-3-MHBdMBn) Schiff-base ligands in methanol. The structural study reveals that iron(III) complex of 3-MHBdMBn Schiff base is octahedral in geometry, whereas, cobalt(II) ions complexes is square planar. Complexation of metal ions increased the thermal stability of 3-MHBdMBn Schiff base. The catalytic activities of metal complexes towards the oxidation of phenol are investigated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Experimental results indicate that the reactivity of P-3-MHBdMBn-M is dramatically affected by the polymer support over 3-MHBdMBn-M and iron complexes have greater activity than the cobalt analogue.
Preparation, Characterization, and Catalytic Studies of Iron and Cobalt Complexes Supported by ONNO – Tetradentate Schiff-Base Ligands
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20130102.13
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Alekha Kumar Sutar
Yasobanta Das
Sasmita Pattanaik
Anita Routaray
Prasanta Rath
Tungabidya Maharana
Preparation, Characterization, and Catalytic Studies of Iron and Cobalt Complexes Supported by ONNO – Tetradentate Schiff-Base Ligands
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© Science Publishing Group
Central Composite Experimental Design Applied to the Catalytic Carbon-Sulfur Bond Formation by Fluorapatite Catalyst
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The aim of this study was to apply experimental design in the optimization of the thia-Michael addition reaction between chalcone derivatives and mercaptans catalyzed by Fluorapatite catalyst (FAP). The central composite design was used to design an experimental program to provide data to model the effects of various factors on reaction yield (Y). The variables chosen were catalyst weight (X1), reaction time (X2) and solvent volume (X3). The mathematical relationship of reaction yield on the three significant independent variables can be approximated by a nonlinear polynomial model. Predicted values were found to be in good agreement with experimental values. The optimum reaction conditions (x1= 350 mg, x2= 30 min and x3= 2 mL) for reaction model (chalcone and thiophenol) obtained by response surface were applied to other substrates. This study has shown that central composite design could efficiently be applied for the modeling of catalytic carbon-sulfur bond formation by FAP catalyst under mild reaction condition with high yield, and it is an economical way of obtaining the maximum amount of information with the fewest number of experiments.
The aim of this study was to apply experimental design in the optimization of the thia-Michael addition reaction between chalcone derivatives and mercaptans catalyzed by Fluorapatite catalyst (FAP). The central composite design was used to design an experimental program to provide data to model the effects of various factors on reaction yield (Y). The variables chosen were catalyst weight (X1), reaction time (X2) and solvent volume (X3). The mathematical relationship of reaction yield on the three significant independent variables can be approximated by a nonlinear polynomial model. Predicted values were found to be in good agreement with experimental values. The optimum reaction conditions (x1= 350 mg, x2= 30 min and x3= 2 mL) for reaction model (chalcone and thiophenol) obtained by response surface were applied to other substrates. This study has shown that central composite design could efficiently be applied for the modeling of catalytic carbon-sulfur bond formation by FAP catalyst under mild reaction condition with high yield, and it is an economical way of obtaining the maximum amount of information with the fewest number of experiments.
Central Composite Experimental Design Applied to the Catalytic Carbon-Sulfur Bond Formation by Fluorapatite Catalyst
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20130102.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Younes Abrouki
Abdelkader Anouzla
Hayat Loukili
Rabiaâ Lotfi
Ahmed Rayadh
My Abdellah Bahlaoui
Saı̈d Sebti
Driss Zakarya
Mohamed Zahouily
Central Composite Experimental Design Applied to the Catalytic Carbon-Sulfur Bond Formation by Fluorapatite Catalyst
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© Science Publishing Group
Preparation, Characterization and Theoretical Study of Metal Complexes Derived from N5 Acyclic Ligand
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The complexes of a new pentadentate acyclic ligand derived from 1,2-diamino benzen and 2,6-diacetylpyridine ,with vanadium(IV), Mn(II) and Fe(III )have been synthesized and characterized on the bases of their elemental analysis, GS mass for ligand, conductivity, magnetic moments in addition to spectral data of IR and UV-Visible Spectra. Metal to ligand ratio in all complexes has been found to be (1:1). The polydentate ligand behaves as N5 system upon linkage with Fe(III) and Mn(II) ions. All the complexes have been assigned as octahedral geometries of general formula [MnL]Cl, [FeLCl]Cl2 and [VOL]SO. A theoretical treatment of the formation of complexes in the gas phase was studied; this was done using the HYPERCHEM-6 program for the Molecular mechanics and Semi-empirical calculations.
The complexes of a new pentadentate acyclic ligand derived from 1,2-diamino benzen and 2,6-diacetylpyridine ,with vanadium(IV), Mn(II) and Fe(III )have been synthesized and characterized on the bases of their elemental analysis, GS mass for ligand, conductivity, magnetic moments in addition to spectral data of IR and UV-Visible Spectra. Metal to ligand ratio in all complexes has been found to be (1:1). The polydentate ligand behaves as N5 system upon linkage with Fe(III) and Mn(II) ions. All the complexes have been assigned as octahedral geometries of general formula [MnL]Cl, [FeLCl]Cl2 and [VOL]SO. A theoretical treatment of the formation of complexes in the gas phase was studied; this was done using the HYPERCHEM-6 program for the Molecular mechanics and Semi-empirical calculations.
Preparation, Characterization and Theoretical Study of Metal Complexes Derived from N5 Acyclic Ligand
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20130103.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mahmoud Najim Al-jibouri
Omar Hamad Shehab AL-Obaidi
Preparation, Characterization and Theoretical Study of Metal Complexes Derived from N5 Acyclic Ligand
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© Science Publishing Group
Performances Analysis of the Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant of Brackish Water Used for Irrigation: Case Study
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Desalinated brackish water is becoming an important water source for agricultural irrigation. In Brackish water desalination, pretreatment of reverse osmosis is the key step in designing the plants to avoid membrane fouling and scaling. It is enormously important to carry out a study designed at ensuring the optimization of the pretreatment system for brackish desalination plant in order to optimize the quality of the water fed through the reverse osmosis membranes, to guarantee the highest performance and to minimize the number of shutdowns for chemical cleaning. In this paper, performance evaluation carried out for a brackish water reverse osmosis plant for agricultural application, located in Dokkala Region in Morocco. This plant showed poor performances after few months of operating and frequent shutdown. The operating pressure increased significantly and the permeate conductivity decreased surprisingly. To identify the causes for the poor performance, different investigations were carried out. Thus, the pretreatment scheme was thoroughly reviewed to find out the causes of anomalies. The problem was resolved by removing chlorination and sodium bisulfate steps from the pretreatment.
Desalinated brackish water is becoming an important water source for agricultural irrigation. In Brackish water desalination, pretreatment of reverse osmosis is the key step in designing the plants to avoid membrane fouling and scaling. It is enormously important to carry out a study designed at ensuring the optimization of the pretreatment system for brackish desalination plant in order to optimize the quality of the water fed through the reverse osmosis membranes, to guarantee the highest performance and to minimize the number of shutdowns for chemical cleaning. In this paper, performance evaluation carried out for a brackish water reverse osmosis plant for agricultural application, located in Dokkala Region in Morocco. This plant showed poor performances after few months of operating and frequent shutdown. The operating pressure increased significantly and the permeate conductivity decreased surprisingly. To identify the causes for the poor performance, different investigations were carried out. Thus, the pretreatment scheme was thoroughly reviewed to find out the causes of anomalies. The problem was resolved by removing chlorination and sodium bisulfate steps from the pretreatment.
Performances Analysis of the Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant of Brackish Water Used for Irrigation: Case Study
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20130103.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Nada. El Harrak
Fatima. Elazhar
Abdel ali. Zdeg
Nourdine. Zouhri
Maryem. Elazhar
Azzeddine. Elmidaoui.
Performances Analysis of the Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant of Brackish Water Used for Irrigation: Case Study
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© Science Publishing Group
Synthesis and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes of N6 – Macrocyclic Schiff Base
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A new macrocyclic Schiff base complexes were prepared in the presence of lanthanide metal ion[La(III), Ce(III) and Gd(III)] by the reaction of 2,6 – diamino pyridine, benzoyl aceton and metal ion as template effect in the molar ratio of 2: 2: 1 respectively. The lanthanide metal complexes were characterized and investigated by using; 1HNMR, FTIR, UV/Visible spectroscopy, Elemental analysis (C.H.N.), Magnetic susceptibility and Molar conductivity measurements. The lanthanide metal ions coordinated to six nitrogen atoms of the ligand and three chloride ions to complete geometry of nine coordination complexes.
A new macrocyclic Schiff base complexes were prepared in the presence of lanthanide metal ion[La(III), Ce(III) and Gd(III)] by the reaction of 2,6 – diamino pyridine, benzoyl aceton and metal ion as template effect in the molar ratio of 2: 2: 1 respectively. The lanthanide metal complexes were characterized and investigated by using; 1HNMR, FTIR, UV/Visible spectroscopy, Elemental analysis (C.H.N.), Magnetic susceptibility and Molar conductivity measurements. The lanthanide metal ions coordinated to six nitrogen atoms of the ligand and three chloride ions to complete geometry of nine coordination complexes.
Synthesis and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes of N6 – Macrocyclic Schiff Base
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20130104.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
KHALIL KHALAF ABID
Synthesis and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes of N6 – Macrocyclic Schiff Base
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© Science Publishing Group
Extractable Phenolic and Flavonoid Content from Selected Natural and Industry Processed Spices
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A total number of 22 different spices (both natural spices and industry produced spices) bought from the Accra Markets, Ghana, were analyzed for phenolic and flavonoid content to see their impact in food preparation. The phenolic concentrations were high in the natural spices compared to the industry produced spices with the exception of IPS1 and IPS2. The trend observed is as follows: NS3> NS5> NS4> IPS2> IPS1> NS7> NS6, and NS5> NS3> NS7 > NS2> NS6 > NS4 > IPS1> IPS2 for 30˚C and cold extraction respectively. The trend observed for flavonoids in the cold extract was NS3> NS6> NS5> NS2> NS4> IPS2> IPS1> IPS13> LS7, while that of the 30˚C extract was NS3> NS5> NS4> IPS1> NS7> IPS2> IPS3> NS6> IPS. Generally, natural spices will potentially contribute extremely more phenolic and flavonoid than industry produced spices if about the same amounts are used in preparing food.
A total number of 22 different spices (both natural spices and industry produced spices) bought from the Accra Markets, Ghana, were analyzed for phenolic and flavonoid content to see their impact in food preparation. The phenolic concentrations were high in the natural spices compared to the industry produced spices with the exception of IPS1 and IPS2. The trend observed is as follows: NS3> NS5> NS4> IPS2> IPS1> NS7> NS6, and NS5> NS3> NS7 > NS2> NS6 > NS4 > IPS1> IPS2 for 30˚C and cold extraction respectively. The trend observed for flavonoids in the cold extract was NS3> NS6> NS5> NS2> NS4> IPS2> IPS1> IPS13> LS7, while that of the 30˚C extract was NS3> NS5> NS4> IPS1> NS7> IPS2> IPS3> NS6> IPS. Generally, natural spices will potentially contribute extremely more phenolic and flavonoid than industry produced spices if about the same amounts are used in preparing food.
Extractable Phenolic and Flavonoid Content from Selected Natural and Industry Processed Spices
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20130104.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Edna Dzifa Doe
Adolf Kofi Awua
Seyram Elom Achoribo
Sandra Agbenyegah
Extractable Phenolic and Flavonoid Content from Selected Natural and Industry Processed Spices
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© Science Publishing Group
Synthesis, Characterization and in Vitro Antimicrobial Studies of Schiff-Bases Derived from Acetylacetone and Amino Acids and their Oxovanadium(IV) Complexes
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A series of novel amino acid derived Schiff-bases and their Oxovanadium(IV) complexes were synthesized and well characterized by elemental analyses, spectral studies, conductivity and magnetic measurements. Physical and analytical data suggest that the Schiff bases act as tridentate ligands towards metal ion via azomethine-N, deprotonated-O of carboxylic group and enolic-O group of acetylacetone. All the complexes have lower molar conductance values, indicating their non-electrolytic nature. The synthesized ligands, along with their metal complexes were screened for their in-vitro antibacterial activity against two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi) and two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains and for in vitro antifungal activity against Trichophyton longifusus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, and Candida glaberata species. The results of these studies revealed that all the compounds and their metal complexes showed significant antibacterial and antifungal potency. Brine shrimp bioassay was also carried out for in vitro cytotoxic properties against Artemia salina.
A series of novel amino acid derived Schiff-bases and their Oxovanadium(IV) complexes were synthesized and well characterized by elemental analyses, spectral studies, conductivity and magnetic measurements. Physical and analytical data suggest that the Schiff bases act as tridentate ligands towards metal ion via azomethine-N, deprotonated-O of carboxylic group and enolic-O group of acetylacetone. All the complexes have lower molar conductance values, indicating their non-electrolytic nature. The synthesized ligands, along with their metal complexes were screened for their in-vitro antibacterial activity against two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi) and two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains and for in vitro antifungal activity against Trichophyton longifusus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, and Candida glaberata species. The results of these studies revealed that all the compounds and their metal complexes showed significant antibacterial and antifungal potency. Brine shrimp bioassay was also carried out for in vitro cytotoxic properties against Artemia salina.
Synthesis, Characterization and in Vitro Antimicrobial Studies of Schiff-Bases Derived from Acetylacetone and Amino Acids and their Oxovanadium(IV) Complexes
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20130104.13
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Misbah ur Rehman
Muhammad Imran
Muhammad Arif
Synthesis, Characterization and in Vitro Antimicrobial Studies of Schiff-Bases Derived from Acetylacetone and Amino Acids and their Oxovanadium(IV) Complexes
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© Science Publishing Group
Generation of Sulfuric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide from the Sodium Sulphate Salt by Electro-Electrodialysis(EED)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20130104.15
The electro-electrodialysis process (EED) is used to generate H2SO4 and NaOH from sulphate sodium salt Na2SO4. The key phenomenon limiting the current efficiency of this process is the proton leakage through the anion selective membrane was not observed. The electro-electrodialysis was carried out with a three-compartment cell with two platinum-coated titanium electrodes separated by three compartments. The couple membrane used in this work is AFN and CMX. The experiments were carried out for four current densities 8.33 mA.cm-2 11.11mA.cm-2, 13.88mA.cm-2 and 27.77 mA.cm-2. For each current density, a voltage variation of cell and concentrations of H2SO4 and NaOH in the two compartments with the current density was used. The concentration of H2SO4 and NaOH increases with current density and with time, but higher for NaOH. The current efficiency increases with the current applied to the cell. The request for the electro-electrodialysis operation power was calculated in terms of the electrical energy consumed to produce H2SO4 and NaOH for 6 hours of electro-electrodialysis and it was found floating with the current applied and concentration sodium sulphate used and the concentration of H2SO4 and NaOH products, but is comparable for both initial concentrations of sodium sulfate.
The electro-electrodialysis process (EED) is used to generate H2SO4 and NaOH from sulphate sodium salt Na2SO4. The key phenomenon limiting the current efficiency of this process is the proton leakage through the anion selective membrane was not observed. The electro-electrodialysis was carried out with a three-compartment cell with two platinum-coated titanium electrodes separated by three compartments. The couple membrane used in this work is AFN and CMX. The experiments were carried out for four current densities 8.33 mA.cm-2 11.11mA.cm-2, 13.88mA.cm-2 and 27.77 mA.cm-2. For each current density, a voltage variation of cell and concentrations of H2SO4 and NaOH in the two compartments with the current density was used. The concentration of H2SO4 and NaOH increases with current density and with time, but higher for NaOH. The current efficiency increases with the current applied to the cell. The request for the electro-electrodialysis operation power was calculated in terms of the electrical energy consumed to produce H2SO4 and NaOH for 6 hours of electro-electrodialysis and it was found floating with the current applied and concentration sodium sulphate used and the concentration of H2SO4 and NaOH products, but is comparable for both initial concentrations of sodium sulfate.
Generation of Sulfuric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide from the Sodium Sulphate Salt by Electro-Electrodialysis(EED)
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20130104.15
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Noureddine. Zouhri
Said. Ait Habzize
Mahacine. El Amrani
Mohamed. Taky
Azzeddine. Elmidaoui
Generation of Sulfuric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide from the Sodium Sulphate Salt by Electro-Electrodialysis(EED)
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20130104.15
© Science Publishing Group
Pentadentate N2O3 Schiff Base Complexes of Rare Earth Metals
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20130105.12
Acyclic Schiff base ligand containing N2O3 donor atoms was synthesized by the reaction of 2,6 – diformyl – 4 – ter-butylphenol and 4 – aminoantipyrine in 1:2 molar ratio. The synthesized ligand (H1L) and Ln(III) complexes [Ln= LaIII, CeIII and GdIII] were characterized by1HN.M.R., 13CN.M.R., mass spectrometry, UV /Visible, FTIR, Elemental analysis (C.H.N.), Magnetic susceptibility and Molar conductivity measurements. A seven coordinated complex obtained through N2O3 and two chloride atoms coordinated to metal ions.
Acyclic Schiff base ligand containing N2O3 donor atoms was synthesized by the reaction of 2,6 – diformyl – 4 – ter-butylphenol and 4 – aminoantipyrine in 1:2 molar ratio. The synthesized ligand (H1L) and Ln(III) complexes [Ln= LaIII, CeIII and GdIII] were characterized by1HN.M.R., 13CN.M.R., mass spectrometry, UV /Visible, FTIR, Elemental analysis (C.H.N.), Magnetic susceptibility and Molar conductivity measurements. A seven coordinated complex obtained through N2O3 and two chloride atoms coordinated to metal ions.
Pentadentate N2O3 Schiff Base Complexes of Rare Earth Metals
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20130105.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Khalil Khalaf Abid
Pentadentate N2O3 Schiff Base Complexes of Rare Earth Metals
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajac.20130105.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20130105.12
© Science Publishing Group
Anti-Corrosion Ability of Some Surfactants Based on Corn Oil and Monoethanolamine
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20130105.11
The new group of surfactants was synthesized based on corn oil and monoethanolamine and their inhibiting action on the corrosion of mild steel in CO2-saturated solution was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization and linear polarization resistance corrosion rate. The results revealed that, the studied surfactants were an excellent inhibitors and the inhibition efficiencies obtained from potentiodynamic polarization and Linear polarization resistance corrosion rate were in good agreement. Potentiodynamic polarization studies clearly revealed that surfactants acted essentially as the mixed-type inhibitors. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were obtained from potentiodynamic polarization, which suggested that at 323 K, the adsorption of inhibitors on the metal surface obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm model
The new group of surfactants was synthesized based on corn oil and monoethanolamine and their inhibiting action on the corrosion of mild steel in CO2-saturated solution was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization and linear polarization resistance corrosion rate. The results revealed that, the studied surfactants were an excellent inhibitors and the inhibition efficiencies obtained from potentiodynamic polarization and Linear polarization resistance corrosion rate were in good agreement. Potentiodynamic polarization studies clearly revealed that surfactants acted essentially as the mixed-type inhibitors. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were obtained from potentiodynamic polarization, which suggested that at 323 K, the adsorption of inhibitors on the metal surface obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm model
Anti-Corrosion Ability of Some Surfactants Based on Corn Oil and Monoethanolamine
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20130105.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ismayil T. Ismayilov
Hany M. Abd El-Lateef
Vagif M. Abbasov
Sevindj A. Mamedxanova
Ulviyya C. Yolchuyeva
Chimnaz K. Salmanova
Anti-Corrosion Ability of Some Surfactants Based on Corn Oil and Monoethanolamine
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajac.20130105.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20130105.11
© Science Publishing Group
Corrosion Inhibition of 316 Stainless Steel in 20%(W/W) HCl Solution using Dithizone
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.11
The inhibiting effect of dithizone (Diphenylthiocarbazone) has been studied regarding the corrosion of 316 stainless steel in 20% w/w HCl at 35C. The effects of the inhibitor have been demonstrated using weight loss measurements. The increase of the inhibitor concentration leads to a decrease in the corrosion rate. This indicates a good adsorbability of dithizone (Diphenylthiocarbazone) on the metal surface. The value of ΔGad s has been calculated and dithizone has the potent to interact with 316 stainless steel through semi-physiosorption and/or semi-chemisorptions.
The inhibiting effect of dithizone (Diphenylthiocarbazone) has been studied regarding the corrosion of 316 stainless steel in 20% w/w HCl at 35C. The effects of the inhibitor have been demonstrated using weight loss measurements. The increase of the inhibitor concentration leads to a decrease in the corrosion rate. This indicates a good adsorbability of dithizone (Diphenylthiocarbazone) on the metal surface. The value of ΔGad s has been calculated and dithizone has the potent to interact with 316 stainless steel through semi-physiosorption and/or semi-chemisorptions.
Corrosion Inhibition of 316 Stainless Steel in 20%(W/W) HCl Solution using Dithizone
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mohamed Nuri Rahuma
Fadwa Mahamed Al-Sonosy
Atega Mohamed Al-Frjany
Corrosion Inhibition of 316 Stainless Steel in 20%(W/W) HCl Solution using Dithizone
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.11
© Science Publishing Group
Vegetable Oils Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from an Algerian Quagmire
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.12
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic substances which are resistant to environmental degradation due to their high hydrophobic nature. Soil contaminated with PAHs pose potential risks to human and ecological health, therefore concern over their adverse effects have resulted in extensive studies on their removal from contaminated soils. The main propose of this work was to extract this pollutants from two real quagmire samples from the region of Hassi Messaoud (Algeria), using three kinds of vegetable oils (Peanut oil, rapeseed oil, and coconut oil) which are naturals, cost effectives, and biodegradables extractors at two different temperatures (30 and 70 °C). Three PAHs that are representing of their present in contaminated quagmire were characterized using IR-FTIR and HPLC.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic substances which are resistant to environmental degradation due to their high hydrophobic nature. Soil contaminated with PAHs pose potential risks to human and ecological health, therefore concern over their adverse effects have resulted in extensive studies on their removal from contaminated soils. The main propose of this work was to extract this pollutants from two real quagmire samples from the region of Hassi Messaoud (Algeria), using three kinds of vegetable oils (Peanut oil, rapeseed oil, and coconut oil) which are naturals, cost effectives, and biodegradables extractors at two different temperatures (30 and 70 °C). Three PAHs that are representing of their present in contaminated quagmire were characterized using IR-FTIR and HPLC.
Vegetable Oils Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from an Algerian Quagmire
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Berrabia Nadjet
Pemanos Yelda Bakoz
Gherbi Abdellah
Hamada Boudjema
Vegetable Oils Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from an Algerian Quagmire
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.12
© Science Publishing Group
Synthesis of a Biobased Antioxidant Additive for Diesel Fuel
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.13
In this study, our objective is to synthesize a biobased antioxidant additive for Diesel fuel during the storage. Our choice was made particularly on the olive oil as raw material because of its oleic acid content which is more to 75%. The processes involved were epoxidation of oleic acid of the olive oil, opening of the oxirane ring, and esterification. The structures of the products were confirmed by FTIR. To test the effectiveness of our biobased antioxidant additive, we carried out Accelerated Oxidation Test – AOT on diesel without additive (blank) and diesel with additive with various concentrations: 2000,4000 and 6000 ppm. The oxidative degradation of diesel with or without antioxidants was investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy was used to monitor the changes using peroxide value. A remarkable stability of diesel with antioxidant additive comparing with the blank confirms the inhibition of the oxidation phoneme and thus of the good efficiency of antioxidant additive from the optimal concentration of 2000ppm.
In this study, our objective is to synthesize a biobased antioxidant additive for Diesel fuel during the storage. Our choice was made particularly on the olive oil as raw material because of its oleic acid content which is more to 75%. The processes involved were epoxidation of oleic acid of the olive oil, opening of the oxirane ring, and esterification. The structures of the products were confirmed by FTIR. To test the effectiveness of our biobased antioxidant additive, we carried out Accelerated Oxidation Test – AOT on diesel without additive (blank) and diesel with additive with various concentrations: 2000,4000 and 6000 ppm. The oxidative degradation of diesel with or without antioxidants was investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy was used to monitor the changes using peroxide value. A remarkable stability of diesel with antioxidant additive comparing with the blank confirms the inhibition of the oxidation phoneme and thus of the good efficiency of antioxidant additive from the optimal concentration of 2000ppm.
Synthesis of a Biobased Antioxidant Additive for Diesel Fuel
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.13
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Chikh Sabrina
Pemanos Yelda Bakoz
Zourane Tinhinane
Hamada Boudjema
Synthesis of a Biobased Antioxidant Additive for Diesel Fuel
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.13
© Science Publishing Group
Spectro-Magnetic and Antimicrobial Studies on some 3d Metal Complexes with Ethylenedianil of Ortho-Hydroxyphenylglyoxal
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.14
The Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes with a novel tetradentate ligand obtained by condensation of ethylenediamine with ortho-hydroxyphenylglyoxal have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance and magnetic susceptibility measurements, IR, UV-Visible and atomic absorption studies. The Cr(III), Fe(III) and Co(II) complexes possess six coordinate octahedral geometry whereas Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes are square planar and tetrahedral respectively. Bactericidal and fungicidal activities of the compounds were evaluated in vitro by disc diffusion method. The perusal of antimicrobial activities of the compounds reveals that the complexes possess greater bactericidal and fungicidal activities against all the microbes in comparison to ligand which is due to their higher lipophilicity.
The Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes with a novel tetradentate ligand obtained by condensation of ethylenediamine with ortho-hydroxyphenylglyoxal have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance and magnetic susceptibility measurements, IR, UV-Visible and atomic absorption studies. The Cr(III), Fe(III) and Co(II) complexes possess six coordinate octahedral geometry whereas Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes are square planar and tetrahedral respectively. Bactericidal and fungicidal activities of the compounds were evaluated in vitro by disc diffusion method. The perusal of antimicrobial activities of the compounds reveals that the complexes possess greater bactericidal and fungicidal activities against all the microbes in comparison to ligand which is due to their higher lipophilicity.
Spectro-Magnetic and Antimicrobial Studies on some 3d Metal Complexes with Ethylenedianil of Ortho-Hydroxyphenylglyoxal
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.14
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ali Mohammed Yimer
T. Baraki
R. K. Upadhyay
Masood Akhtar
Spectro-Magnetic and Antimicrobial Studies on some 3d Metal Complexes with Ethylenedianil of Ortho-Hydroxyphenylglyoxal
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.14
© Science Publishing Group
In Vitro Antimicrobial Screening of Metal Complexes of Schiff Base derived from Streptomycin and Amoxicillin: Synthesis, Characterization and Molecular Modelling
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.15
A series of three new metal (II) complexes of Schiff base were synthesized from the novel ligand derived from Streptomycin and Amoxicillin in stoichiometric ratio. They were characterized by elemental analysis and spectral techniques like IR, 1H NMR, electronic spectrum and mass spectrum. IR spectral data suggested that the tetradentate ligand has coordination to metal ions through azomethine nitrogen, glycosidic oxygen and two amine nitrogens. Electronic spectral measurement indicated square planar geometry of Ni and Zn-complexes and tetrahedral geometry of Cu-complex with diamagnetic behavior. Molar conductivity measurements revealed non-electrolyte nature of the complexes where metal ions have coordination through doubly negative charged anions of the Schiff base. The thermal behavior (TGA/DTA) of the complexes was studied and kinetic parameters were determined by Coats-Redfern method. XRPD technique revealed monoclinic crystal systems for Ni- and Zn-complexes and hexagonal crystal system for Cu-complex. The possible geometries of the metal complexes with their bond length were optimized by MM2 calculations using CsChem3D Ultra-11 program package software. Antibacterial sensitivity of the ligand and its metal complexes were assayed in vitro against four bacterial pathogens viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus and K. pneumonia by Kirby Bauer paper disc diffusion method and showed moderate to better potency.
A series of three new metal (II) complexes of Schiff base were synthesized from the novel ligand derived from Streptomycin and Amoxicillin in stoichiometric ratio. They were characterized by elemental analysis and spectral techniques like IR, 1H NMR, electronic spectrum and mass spectrum. IR spectral data suggested that the tetradentate ligand has coordination to metal ions through azomethine nitrogen, glycosidic oxygen and two amine nitrogens. Electronic spectral measurement indicated square planar geometry of Ni and Zn-complexes and tetrahedral geometry of Cu-complex with diamagnetic behavior. Molar conductivity measurements revealed non-electrolyte nature of the complexes where metal ions have coordination through doubly negative charged anions of the Schiff base. The thermal behavior (TGA/DTA) of the complexes was studied and kinetic parameters were determined by Coats-Redfern method. XRPD technique revealed monoclinic crystal systems for Ni- and Zn-complexes and hexagonal crystal system for Cu-complex. The possible geometries of the metal complexes with their bond length were optimized by MM2 calculations using CsChem3D Ultra-11 program package software. Antibacterial sensitivity of the ligand and its metal complexes were assayed in vitro against four bacterial pathogens viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus and K. pneumonia by Kirby Bauer paper disc diffusion method and showed moderate to better potency.
In Vitro Antimicrobial Screening of Metal Complexes of Schiff Base derived from Streptomycin and Amoxicillin: Synthesis, Characterization and Molecular Modelling
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.15
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Narendra Kumar Chaudhary
Parashuram Mishra
In Vitro Antimicrobial Screening of Metal Complexes of Schiff Base derived from Streptomycin and Amoxicillin: Synthesis, Characterization and Molecular Modelling
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140201.15
© Science Publishing Group
Determination of Isotopic Composition and Concentration of Uranium and Boron by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometric Isotopic Dilution Technique
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140202.11
In this study, the determination of isotopic composition and concentration of uranium and boron by mass spectrometric isotopic dilution have been performed .The isotopic composition was measured using thermal ionization mass spectrometer methodology employing U-233 and B-10 as spike isotope standards. The accuracy and reproducibility of the isotopic ratio and concentration measurements were evaluated
In this study, the determination of isotopic composition and concentration of uranium and boron by mass spectrometric isotopic dilution have been performed .The isotopic composition was measured using thermal ionization mass spectrometer methodology employing U-233 and B-10 as spike isotope standards. The accuracy and reproducibility of the isotopic ratio and concentration measurements were evaluated
Determination of Isotopic Composition and Concentration of Uranium and Boron by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometric Isotopic Dilution Technique
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140202.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-04-16
© Science Publishing Group
Hilal Shahab Wahab
Khalil Ibraheem Hussain
Determination of Isotopic Composition and Concentration of Uranium and Boron by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometric Isotopic Dilution Technique
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2014-04-16
2014-04-16
10.11648/j.ajac.20140202.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140202.11
© Science Publishing Group
Colour and Dyeing Properties of Hetarylazo Disperse Dyes: Visual and Instrumental Evaluation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140202.12
The colour and dyeing properties temperature range and rate of dyeing of 14 hetarylazo disperse dyes previously synthesized and applied by exhaustion on cellulose acetate were evaluated visually and instrumentally and the results were compared and reported. A satisfactory agreement between the visual and the instrumental evaluation of these properties was concluded.
The colour and dyeing properties temperature range and rate of dyeing of 14 hetarylazo disperse dyes previously synthesized and applied by exhaustion on cellulose acetate were evaluated visually and instrumentally and the results were compared and reported. A satisfactory agreement between the visual and the instrumental evaluation of these properties was concluded.
Colour and Dyeing Properties of Hetarylazo Disperse Dyes: Visual and Instrumental Evaluation
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140202.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-05-08
© Science Publishing Group
Georgiadou Kyriaki
Eleftheriadis Ioannis
Tsatsaroni Eforia
Colour and Dyeing Properties of Hetarylazo Disperse Dyes: Visual and Instrumental Evaluation
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2014-05-08
2014-05-08
10.11648/j.ajac.20140202.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140202.12
© Science Publishing Group
Investigation Some Physicochemical Properties, Lipids, Glycerides and Fatty acid Composition of Mulberry (Morus Alba L) Seed oil of three Different Regions of Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140203.11
The physicochemical properties, glycerides, lipids and fatty acid compositions of mulberry (tut) seed oil have been studied. It was observed that tut, a shrub grown well under the soil and climatic conditions of Bangladesh contains 31.41% of orange yellow colored oil. The oil was fractionated into mono, di and triglycerides by silicic acid column chromatography. The triglyceride was varied from 90.08-91.05%, diglyceride from 3.25-4.10% and monoglyceride from 1.47-2.05%. The total lipids were fractionated into three major lipid groups, neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospho-lipids by silicic acid column chromatograpy. The neutral lipid ranges from 92.97-93.10%, glycolipids from 2.12-2.43% and phospholipid from 1.85-1.92% of the total oil of the lipid applied. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids present in the oil were separated and the amount varied from 15.04-16.28% and 74.29-75.86%, respectively, depending on soil conditions of the areas in which the plant grows. The percentage of fatty acid compositions of the oil were analyzed by GLC and found to contain linoleic acid (74.29%), palmitic acid (10.60%), stearic acid (5.61%) and myristic acid (0.07%).
The physicochemical properties, glycerides, lipids and fatty acid compositions of mulberry (tut) seed oil have been studied. It was observed that tut, a shrub grown well under the soil and climatic conditions of Bangladesh contains 31.41% of orange yellow colored oil. The oil was fractionated into mono, di and triglycerides by silicic acid column chromatography. The triglyceride was varied from 90.08-91.05%, diglyceride from 3.25-4.10% and monoglyceride from 1.47-2.05%. The total lipids were fractionated into three major lipid groups, neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospho-lipids by silicic acid column chromatograpy. The neutral lipid ranges from 92.97-93.10%, glycolipids from 2.12-2.43% and phospholipid from 1.85-1.92% of the total oil of the lipid applied. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids present in the oil were separated and the amount varied from 15.04-16.28% and 74.29-75.86%, respectively, depending on soil conditions of the areas in which the plant grows. The percentage of fatty acid compositions of the oil were analyzed by GLC and found to contain linoleic acid (74.29%), palmitic acid (10.60%), stearic acid (5.61%) and myristic acid (0.07%).
Investigation Some Physicochemical Properties, Lipids, Glycerides and Fatty acid Composition of Mulberry (Morus Alba L) Seed oil of three Different Regions of Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140203.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-07-14
© Science Publishing Group
Md. Munsur Rahman
Ayesha Akther
Md. Moinuddin
Mst. Sarmina Yeasmin
Md. Mizanur Rahman
Md. Saifur Rahman
Shawkat Ara Ferdousi
M. Abu Sayeed
Investigation Some Physicochemical Properties, Lipids, Glycerides and Fatty acid Composition of Mulberry (Morus Alba L) Seed oil of three Different Regions of Bangladesh
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2014-07-14
10.11648/j.ajac.20140203.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140203.11
© Science Publishing Group
Nutrient Content of Selected Edible Leafy Vegetables
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140203.12
The analysis of proximate and some essential major elements (calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium) of the leaves of Telfairia occidentalis, Moringa oleifera and Brassica oleracea was carried out using standard methods of food analysis. The result of proximate composition revealed remarkable ash contents of 16.40±0.5 and 11.17±0.2% for leaves of Telfairia occidentalis and Brassica oleracea respectively, indicating that these two vegetable samples are good mineral sources, since ash content of a plant material is an index of total mineral content. High carbohydrate contents led to a corresponding high energy values of 354.20±0.7 kcal/100g (Telfairia occidentalis), 363.60±1.2 kcal/100g (Moringa oleifera) and 319.80±0.7kcal/100g (Brassica oleracea). High potassium concentrations of 742±1.60, 667±3.80 and 1917±1.03mg/100g obtained for the leaves of Telfairia occidentalis, Moringa oleifera and Brassica oleracea respectively also implied that these vegetables could serve as better potassium sources for hypertensive patients. Recorded Nutrient density (ND) of greater than 100% recorded for all the elements revealed that the analysed selected vegetables could serve as alternative source of supplement for these mineral elements.
The analysis of proximate and some essential major elements (calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium) of the leaves of Telfairia occidentalis, Moringa oleifera and Brassica oleracea was carried out using standard methods of food analysis. The result of proximate composition revealed remarkable ash contents of 16.40±0.5 and 11.17±0.2% for leaves of Telfairia occidentalis and Brassica oleracea respectively, indicating that these two vegetable samples are good mineral sources, since ash content of a plant material is an index of total mineral content. High carbohydrate contents led to a corresponding high energy values of 354.20±0.7 kcal/100g (Telfairia occidentalis), 363.60±1.2 kcal/100g (Moringa oleifera) and 319.80±0.7kcal/100g (Brassica oleracea). High potassium concentrations of 742±1.60, 667±3.80 and 1917±1.03mg/100g obtained for the leaves of Telfairia occidentalis, Moringa oleifera and Brassica oleracea respectively also implied that these vegetables could serve as better potassium sources for hypertensive patients. Recorded Nutrient density (ND) of greater than 100% recorded for all the elements revealed that the analysed selected vegetables could serve as alternative source of supplement for these mineral elements.
Nutrient Content of Selected Edible Leafy Vegetables
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140203.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-07-18
© Science Publishing Group
Yahaya Ahmed Iyaka
Suleiman Idris
Rahmatallah Adenike Alawode
Bello Usman Bagudo
Nutrient Content of Selected Edible Leafy Vegetables
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2014-07-18
2014-07-18
10.11648/j.ajac.20140203.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140203.12
© Science Publishing Group
Development and Validation of a Method for the Simultaneous Determination of 20 Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Corn by Accelerated Solvent Extraction and Gas Chromatography with Nitrogen Phosphorus Detection
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140204.11
The method for simultaneous determination of 20 organophosphorus pesticide residues in corn samples has been developed and validated. For the extraction of organophosporus pesticide residues from the samples, the accelerated solvent technique with the mixture of dichloromethane: acetone (1:1, V/V) was used. Clean up was done using liquid – liquid extraction with n – hexane, followed by solid phase extraction on primary secondary amine adsorbent, and elution with the mixture of acetone: toluene (65:35). The determination of the pesticides was carried out by gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection. Separation and quantitative determination of the analytes were performed on a fused silica capillary ZB-35 column (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 µm, Phenomenex). The recovery was investigated in blank corn samples fortified with mevinphos, diazinon, dimethoate, bromofos-methyl, chlorfenvinphos, fenamiphos, ethion and phosalone at 5 ng/g, 10 ng/g, 15 ng/g , 20 ng/g and 25 ng/g, respectively and with methacrifos, phorate, etrimfos, parathion-methyl, pirimiphos - methyl, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, malathion, parathion, bromofos-ethyl, phosmet and azinphos-methyl at 10 ng/g, 20 ng/g, 30 ng/g, 40 ng/g and 50 ng/g, respectively. The recovery ranged from 76.0% to 112.0%. Repeatability expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 8.2%. Linearity expressed as correlation coefficient (R2) ranged from 0.9935 to 0.9996. Measurement uncertainty (Ux) was lower than 14.2% for all tested pesticides. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were bellow 5 ng/g for all tested pesticides. The satisfactory Z-score results of international proficiency tests confirm good analytical performances of the developed method.
The method for simultaneous determination of 20 organophosphorus pesticide residues in corn samples has been developed and validated. For the extraction of organophosporus pesticide residues from the samples, the accelerated solvent technique with the mixture of dichloromethane: acetone (1:1, V/V) was used. Clean up was done using liquid – liquid extraction with n – hexane, followed by solid phase extraction on primary secondary amine adsorbent, and elution with the mixture of acetone: toluene (65:35). The determination of the pesticides was carried out by gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection. Separation and quantitative determination of the analytes were performed on a fused silica capillary ZB-35 column (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 µm, Phenomenex). The recovery was investigated in blank corn samples fortified with mevinphos, diazinon, dimethoate, bromofos-methyl, chlorfenvinphos, fenamiphos, ethion and phosalone at 5 ng/g, 10 ng/g, 15 ng/g , 20 ng/g and 25 ng/g, respectively and with methacrifos, phorate, etrimfos, parathion-methyl, pirimiphos - methyl, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, malathion, parathion, bromofos-ethyl, phosmet and azinphos-methyl at 10 ng/g, 20 ng/g, 30 ng/g, 40 ng/g and 50 ng/g, respectively. The recovery ranged from 76.0% to 112.0%. Repeatability expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 8.2%. Linearity expressed as correlation coefficient (R2) ranged from 0.9935 to 0.9996. Measurement uncertainty (Ux) was lower than 14.2% for all tested pesticides. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were bellow 5 ng/g for all tested pesticides. The satisfactory Z-score results of international proficiency tests confirm good analytical performances of the developed method.
Development and Validation of a Method for the Simultaneous Determination of 20 Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Corn by Accelerated Solvent Extraction and Gas Chromatography with Nitrogen Phosphorus Detection
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140204.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-08-08
© Science Publishing Group
Vesna Kostik
Biljana Gjorgeska
Bistra Angelovska
Development and Validation of a Method for the Simultaneous Determination of 20 Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Corn by Accelerated Solvent Extraction and Gas Chromatography with Nitrogen Phosphorus Detection
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54
54
2014-08-08
2014-08-08
10.11648/j.ajac.20140204.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140204.11
© Science Publishing Group
Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste with Human Excreta for Biogas Production: A Review
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140204.12
Biogas, which is principally composed of methane and carbon dioxide, can be obtained by anaerobic fermentation of biomass like: manure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste. Biogas production represents a very promising way to overcome the problem of waste treatment. Furthermore, the solid residuals of fermentation might be reused as fertilizers. This review clearly indicates that co-digestion of organic waste is one of the most effective biological processes to treat a wide variety of solid organic waste products and sludge as well as biogas production. The prime advantages of this technology include (i) organic wastes with a low nutrient content can be degraded by co-digesting with different substrates in the anaerobic bioreactors, and (ii) the process simultaneously leads to low cost production of biogas, which could be vital for meeting future energy-needs.
Biogas, which is principally composed of methane and carbon dioxide, can be obtained by anaerobic fermentation of biomass like: manure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste. Biogas production represents a very promising way to overcome the problem of waste treatment. Furthermore, the solid residuals of fermentation might be reused as fertilizers. This review clearly indicates that co-digestion of organic waste is one of the most effective biological processes to treat a wide variety of solid organic waste products and sludge as well as biogas production. The prime advantages of this technology include (i) organic wastes with a low nutrient content can be degraded by co-digesting with different substrates in the anaerobic bioreactors, and (ii) the process simultaneously leads to low cost production of biogas, which could be vital for meeting future energy-needs.
Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste with Human Excreta for Biogas Production: A Review
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140204.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-08-24
© Science Publishing Group
Alemayehu Gashaw
Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste with Human Excreta for Biogas Production: A Review
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62
62
2014-08-24
2014-08-24
10.11648/j.ajac.20140204.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140204.12
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of Environmental Degradation in Natural Resources
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.11
For centuries the area which is now Bangladesh was known throughout the civilized world for its fabled wealth, of which the exquisite muslin, Sundarbans, Cox’s Bazar un-broken sea beaches were the apt symbol. Aryans, Turks, Mughals, Afghans, Arabs, Dutch, Portuguese, French and British were attracted by the opulence of Bengal. They came as invaders, traders, settlers, missionaries and in their different ways, contributed towards making this country a distinctive entity among the world’s nations, boasting numerous historical and natural assets. However, this is kaleidoscopic presentation of our land called coastal belt in Bangladesh, its valiant people imbued with a sense of history, its rich and flora and fauna, its verdant landscape with lush green fields, enchanting hills and hillocks and the meandering rivers falling into the vast blue expanse of the Bay of Bengal. It is a land of enormous economic potentials, inhabited by diligent and hard-working people who have a love for heritage. It is a land of ancient and variegated religious and cultural traditions. All of these together make Sundarbans a colorful mosaic of nature’s splendor and bounty (Awal, 2014). Despite various hypotheses as to the causes of this natural degradation, the underlying causes are still not well understood. The present work has explored some of the possible factors involved, focusing particularly on the relationship among the environmental factors and the human destruction of Sundarbans ecosystem as well as abnormal concentrations of a number of chemical elements present in the soil, in order to test the hypothesis that ecological pollution, along with chemical pollution might be responsible. However, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, soil pH, Pb , Zn and Ni could be directly linked with top-dying disease of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans, probably particularly by weakening the vigor of the trees and people and allowing other factors such as pathological agents to attack the plants and surrounding people in Sundarbans, Bangladesh (Awal, 2014). In fact, from since then and still now, the natural resource of Bangladesh like Sundarbans is being disturbed ecologically by human destruction.
For centuries the area which is now Bangladesh was known throughout the civilized world for its fabled wealth, of which the exquisite muslin, Sundarbans, Cox’s Bazar un-broken sea beaches were the apt symbol. Aryans, Turks, Mughals, Afghans, Arabs, Dutch, Portuguese, French and British were attracted by the opulence of Bengal. They came as invaders, traders, settlers, missionaries and in their different ways, contributed towards making this country a distinctive entity among the world’s nations, boasting numerous historical and natural assets. However, this is kaleidoscopic presentation of our land called coastal belt in Bangladesh, its valiant people imbued with a sense of history, its rich and flora and fauna, its verdant landscape with lush green fields, enchanting hills and hillocks and the meandering rivers falling into the vast blue expanse of the Bay of Bengal. It is a land of enormous economic potentials, inhabited by diligent and hard-working people who have a love for heritage. It is a land of ancient and variegated religious and cultural traditions. All of these together make Sundarbans a colorful mosaic of nature’s splendor and bounty (Awal, 2014). Despite various hypotheses as to the causes of this natural degradation, the underlying causes are still not well understood. The present work has explored some of the possible factors involved, focusing particularly on the relationship among the environmental factors and the human destruction of Sundarbans ecosystem as well as abnormal concentrations of a number of chemical elements present in the soil, in order to test the hypothesis that ecological pollution, along with chemical pollution might be responsible. However, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, soil pH, Pb , Zn and Ni could be directly linked with top-dying disease of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans, probably particularly by weakening the vigor of the trees and people and allowing other factors such as pathological agents to attack the plants and surrounding people in Sundarbans, Bangladesh (Awal, 2014). In fact, from since then and still now, the natural resource of Bangladesh like Sundarbans is being disturbed ecologically by human destruction.
Analysis of Environmental Degradation in Natural Resources
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-09-23
© Science Publishing Group
Awal, Mohd Abdul
Analysis of Environmental Degradation in Natural Resources
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73
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2014-09-23
2014-09-23
10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.11
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Substituent Groups in Rhenium Bipyridine Complexes on Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.12
We synthesized four different rhenium complexes, Re(bpy-R)(CO)3Cl (bpy = 2,2-bipyridine and R = H, CH3, COOH, or CN), as photocatalysts that selectively reduce CO2 to CO and investigated the effect of substituent groups (Rs) on the absorption and photocatalystic properties for CO2 reduction under 365-nm light irradiation. The Re(bpy-R)(CO)3Cl (R = H or CH3 or COOH) reduced CO2 to CO in CO2-saturated DMF-triethanolamine solution, which was irradiated with 365-nm light. The amount of CO produced by CO2 reduction differed, depending on the introduced Rs in the bipyridine moiety. We found that the ability of Re(bpy-R)(CO)3Cl (R = H or CH3 or COOH) to produce CO has a linear relationship to molar absorption coefficients of rhenium complexes at the irradiated light wavelength. Introduction of the COOH group, which has the highest molar absorption coefficient among four rhenium complexes, enhanced CO2-to-CO reduction capacity (6.59 mol/cat-mol2h) five times that of Re(bpy-H)(CO)3Cl with no R.
We synthesized four different rhenium complexes, Re(bpy-R)(CO)3Cl (bpy = 2,2-bipyridine and R = H, CH3, COOH, or CN), as photocatalysts that selectively reduce CO2 to CO and investigated the effect of substituent groups (Rs) on the absorption and photocatalystic properties for CO2 reduction under 365-nm light irradiation. The Re(bpy-R)(CO)3Cl (R = H or CH3 or COOH) reduced CO2 to CO in CO2-saturated DMF-triethanolamine solution, which was irradiated with 365-nm light. The amount of CO produced by CO2 reduction differed, depending on the introduced Rs in the bipyridine moiety. We found that the ability of Re(bpy-R)(CO)3Cl (R = H or CH3 or COOH) to produce CO has a linear relationship to molar absorption coefficients of rhenium complexes at the irradiated light wavelength. Introduction of the COOH group, which has the highest molar absorption coefficient among four rhenium complexes, enhanced CO2-to-CO reduction capacity (6.59 mol/cat-mol2h) five times that of Re(bpy-H)(CO)3Cl with no R.
Effect of Substituent Groups in Rhenium Bipyridine Complexes on Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-09-30
© Science Publishing Group
Yoko Ono
Jiro Nakamura
Masahiko Hayashi
Kazue Ichino Takahashi
Effect of Substituent Groups in Rhenium Bipyridine Complexes on Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
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79
79
2014-09-30
2014-09-30
10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.12
© Science Publishing Group
Investigation of Sorption and Mechanical Properties of Anacardium Occidentale L. Exudate/Polystyrene Blends
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.13
This research employed the technique of melt blending to successfully blend commercial polystyrene (PS) with purified cashew gum (PCG) and induce biodegradation on the resulting polymer blend. Water sorption tests on the resulting polymer blends were investigated according to ASTM D0570 standard. Also tensile, hardness and charpy impact tests were conducted according to ASTM D3039, ASTM D2240-89 and ASTM 370 standards respectively. There was an observed increase in density with increase in PCG composition. The maximum density recorded was 0.996gcm^(-3). The water sorption analysis show that DS (degree of swelling) and WL (weight loss) increase with PCG concentration to a maximum value of 100% recorded for the sample 20%PS/80%PCG. The tensile test results indicate a general decrease in Young’s modulus, tensile strength and percentage elongation with increase in the percentage of PCG. Also hardness test results based on the Rockwell F – scale indicate an improvement in mechanical strength with increase in PCG composition. The sample with composition 30%PS/70%PCG has the highest hardness value of 69.1 HRF. While the results of charpy impact test indicate a general decrease in impact strength as the concentration of PCG in PS increases with a minimum value of 2272.72Jm^(-2) for the composition 20%PS/80%PCG.
This research employed the technique of melt blending to successfully blend commercial polystyrene (PS) with purified cashew gum (PCG) and induce biodegradation on the resulting polymer blend. Water sorption tests on the resulting polymer blends were investigated according to ASTM D0570 standard. Also tensile, hardness and charpy impact tests were conducted according to ASTM D3039, ASTM D2240-89 and ASTM 370 standards respectively. There was an observed increase in density with increase in PCG composition. The maximum density recorded was 0.996gcm^(-3). The water sorption analysis show that DS (degree of swelling) and WL (weight loss) increase with PCG concentration to a maximum value of 100% recorded for the sample 20%PS/80%PCG. The tensile test results indicate a general decrease in Young’s modulus, tensile strength and percentage elongation with increase in the percentage of PCG. Also hardness test results based on the Rockwell F – scale indicate an improvement in mechanical strength with increase in PCG composition. The sample with composition 30%PS/70%PCG has the highest hardness value of 69.1 HRF. While the results of charpy impact test indicate a general decrease in impact strength as the concentration of PCG in PS increases with a minimum value of 2272.72Jm^(-2) for the composition 20%PS/80%PCG.
Investigation of Sorption and Mechanical Properties of Anacardium Occidentale L. Exudate/Polystyrene Blends
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.13
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-10-17
© Science Publishing Group
Alisi Ikechukwu Ogadimma
Gimba Casmir Emmanuel
Kolawole Emmanuel Gbadebo
Investigation of Sorption and Mechanical Properties of Anacardium Occidentale L. Exudate/Polystyrene Blends
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84
84
2014-10-17
2014-10-17
10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.13
© Science Publishing Group
Assessment of Chemical Dissolution Method for Conservation of Underwater Archaeological Ceramics
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.14
The application of chemical dissolution for removal of sediment covering ceramics of underwater archaeology has been studied. The first step of this research was analysis and identification of the content of sediment covering ceramics of underwater archaeology using IR spectrophotometer, X-Ray Diffractometer, and Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The second step was dissolution process of the sediment using water, Na2EDTA, and H2O2 solution. In this step, the influences of dissolution time using water and various concentration of the Na2EDTA and H2O2 solution have been evaluated. The result of this research showed that the sediment covering ceramics of underwater archaeology contains of organic compound, soluble salts of Na+ and K+, and insoluble salts of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+. Increasing the dissolution time in water has considerably increased the dissolution of the Na+ and K+ salts from sediment. On the other hand, increasing of concentration Na2EDTA gives an increase in the Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+ salts dissolution from the sediment. The optimum concentration of H2O2 solution for dissolving organic compound is 30%.
The application of chemical dissolution for removal of sediment covering ceramics of underwater archaeology has been studied. The first step of this research was analysis and identification of the content of sediment covering ceramics of underwater archaeology using IR spectrophotometer, X-Ray Diffractometer, and Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The second step was dissolution process of the sediment using water, Na2EDTA, and H2O2 solution. In this step, the influences of dissolution time using water and various concentration of the Na2EDTA and H2O2 solution have been evaluated. The result of this research showed that the sediment covering ceramics of underwater archaeology contains of organic compound, soluble salts of Na+ and K+, and insoluble salts of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+. Increasing the dissolution time in water has considerably increased the dissolution of the Na+ and K+ salts from sediment. On the other hand, increasing of concentration Na2EDTA gives an increase in the Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+ salts dissolution from the sediment. The optimum concentration of H2O2 solution for dissolving organic compound is 30%.
Assessment of Chemical Dissolution Method for Conservation of Underwater Archaeological Ceramics
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.14
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-10-25
© Science Publishing Group
Nurul Hidayat Aprilita
Endang Tri Wahyuni
Mahirta
Farida Yulita Putri Yuani
Raisa Deborah
Assessment of Chemical Dissolution Method for Conservation of Underwater Archaeological Ceramics
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90
90
2014-10-25
2014-10-25
10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.14
© Science Publishing Group
Physicochemical Properties of Effluents from Three Food Processing Industries in Anambra State, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.15
Effluent samples from three food processing industries in Anambra State, Nigeria were monitored for levels of physicochemical properties using standard analytical methods. The results obtained were compared with the Nigeria Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) effluent limit to ascertain the level of conformity of these industries with the standard. Results showed that the pH levels of the effluents were acidic in the rainy season and lower than the value set by the FMENV for industrial effluent limit. Hardness levels were higher in the rainy season than values obtained in the dry season and were higher than the set standard (except KP, dry season). Other physicochemical properties of the effluents were either within or below the allowable industrial effluent limit. Two sample paired t-test showed that pH, TS, TDS, TSS and sulphate levels were highly significant (p<0.05) between rainy and dry season. Analysis of variance indicated that there were significant difference (P<0.05) in the mean levels of pH, TS, TDS and nitrate among the three samples but TSS was not significant.
Effluent samples from three food processing industries in Anambra State, Nigeria were monitored for levels of physicochemical properties using standard analytical methods. The results obtained were compared with the Nigeria Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) effluent limit to ascertain the level of conformity of these industries with the standard. Results showed that the pH levels of the effluents were acidic in the rainy season and lower than the value set by the FMENV for industrial effluent limit. Hardness levels were higher in the rainy season than values obtained in the dry season and were higher than the set standard (except KP, dry season). Other physicochemical properties of the effluents were either within or below the allowable industrial effluent limit. Two sample paired t-test showed that pH, TS, TDS, TSS and sulphate levels were highly significant (p<0.05) between rainy and dry season. Analysis of variance indicated that there were significant difference (P<0.05) in the mean levels of pH, TS, TDS and nitrate among the three samples but TSS was not significant.
Physicochemical Properties of Effluents from Three Food Processing Industries in Anambra State, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.15
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-10-29
© Science Publishing Group
Nwosu Udoka Lovelyn
Ajiwe Vincent Ishmael Egbulezu
Okoye Patrice-Anthony Chudi
Physicochemical Properties of Effluents from Three Food Processing Industries in Anambra State, Nigeria
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95
2014-10-29
2014-10-29
10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140205.15
© Science Publishing Group
Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Locally Sourced Sesame Seed Oil, Used Cooking Oil and other Commercial Vegetable Oils in Erbil-Iraqi Kurdistan
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.12
Production of biodiesel from locally produced sesame oil and commercially available sunflower oil, corn oil, and hazelnut oil and used cooking oil was carried out by transesterification method. Effect of different parameters was studied; including effect of temperature, oil to alcohol ratio, time of transesterification, and type and amount of alkaline catalyst in order to achieve the optimum condition to obtain the highest conversion. The results indicate that 60oC, 1:6 oil to methanol ratio, 2hrs reaction time and 1.5 wt % KOH were optimum conditions for transesterification to achieve the highest conversion of the vegetable oils to the corresponding biodiesel. The obtained biodiesels were analyzed using ASTM methods to determine the characteristic fuel properties; kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, flash point, pour and cloud point, water content, total sulfur content, acid number and cetane number. For comparison, two commercially available petro-diesels were analyzed using the same tests used for the produced biodiesels.
Production of biodiesel from locally produced sesame oil and commercially available sunflower oil, corn oil, and hazelnut oil and used cooking oil was carried out by transesterification method. Effect of different parameters was studied; including effect of temperature, oil to alcohol ratio, time of transesterification, and type and amount of alkaline catalyst in order to achieve the optimum condition to obtain the highest conversion. The results indicate that 60oC, 1:6 oil to methanol ratio, 2hrs reaction time and 1.5 wt % KOH were optimum conditions for transesterification to achieve the highest conversion of the vegetable oils to the corresponding biodiesel. The obtained biodiesels were analyzed using ASTM methods to determine the characteristic fuel properties; kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, flash point, pour and cloud point, water content, total sulfur content, acid number and cetane number. For comparison, two commercially available petro-diesels were analyzed using the same tests used for the produced biodiesels.
Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Locally Sourced Sesame Seed Oil, Used Cooking Oil and other Commercial Vegetable Oils in Erbil-Iraqi Kurdistan
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-11-29
© Science Publishing Group
Karim A. Younis
Jabbar L. Gardy
Kasim S. Barzinji
Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Locally Sourced Sesame Seed Oil, Used Cooking Oil and other Commercial Vegetable Oils in Erbil-Iraqi Kurdistan
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111
2014-11-29
2014-11-29
10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.12
© Science Publishing Group
Analytical Methods for Characterization of Bile Acids and Its Application in Quality Control of Cow-Bezoar and Bear Bile Powder
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.11
Bile acids as characteristic compounds of human and animal bile are major endogenous products of cholesterol and play very important roles in cholesterol homeostasis, lipid absorption and production of bile flow. At present, bile acids are useful biomarkers and signaling molecules for the diagnosis or treatment of many diseases in clinic. Various analytical methods, from overall to individual, qualitative to quantitative, have been developed for the determination of bile acids in biomedical samples and even bile-based medicinal materials. The most precious and commonly-used bile-based traditional animal medicines are cow-bezoar (CB) and bear bile powder (BBP), which regard bile acids as the main bioactive constituents and have extensive use for treating many diseases since thousands of years ago. However, extensive consumption of CB and BBP make their natural resource scarcity and price valuableness. Currently, artificial, in-vitro cultured substitutes and even worse adulterants or counterfeits mix in the medicine market and they have seriously compromised the therapeutic effects of these two traditional medicines. To guarantee the long-term development of ethnodrugs, many analytical approaches have been utilized in quality control of CB and BBP. In this paper, various analytical methods of bile acids are summarized and compared with each other.
Bile acids as characteristic compounds of human and animal bile are major endogenous products of cholesterol and play very important roles in cholesterol homeostasis, lipid absorption and production of bile flow. At present, bile acids are useful biomarkers and signaling molecules for the diagnosis or treatment of many diseases in clinic. Various analytical methods, from overall to individual, qualitative to quantitative, have been developed for the determination of bile acids in biomedical samples and even bile-based medicinal materials. The most precious and commonly-used bile-based traditional animal medicines are cow-bezoar (CB) and bear bile powder (BBP), which regard bile acids as the main bioactive constituents and have extensive use for treating many diseases since thousands of years ago. However, extensive consumption of CB and BBP make their natural resource scarcity and price valuableness. Currently, artificial, in-vitro cultured substitutes and even worse adulterants or counterfeits mix in the medicine market and they have seriously compromised the therapeutic effects of these two traditional medicines. To guarantee the long-term development of ethnodrugs, many analytical approaches have been utilized in quality control of CB and BBP. In this paper, various analytical methods of bile acids are summarized and compared with each other.
Analytical Methods for Characterization of Bile Acids and Its Application in Quality Control of Cow-Bezoar and Bear Bile Powder
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-11-28
© Science Publishing Group
Xiaoyuan Niu
Ying Xu
Qiaoling Yang
Xiaowen Tang
Li Yang
Zhengtao Wang
Analytical Methods for Characterization of Bile Acids and Its Application in Quality Control of Cow-Bezoar and Bear Bile Powder
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104
104
2014-11-28
2014-11-28
10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.11
© Science Publishing Group
Changes of Antioxidant Activity in Honey as a Result of Haber-Wais Reaction
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.13
The antioxidants present in natural food products show a higher antioxidant activity than synthetic one [1]. Polyphenolic compounds are the most important antioxidants in bee honey. In addition to the polyphenols there are non-phenolic compounds with antioxidant potential, such as proteins, gluconic acid, L-ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF), Maillard reaction products, etc. The antioxidant activity of honey largely depends on the content of micro biogenic elements. Cu acts as antioxidant because it is an integral part of some enzymes involved in the antioxidant activity of the organism. Cu in honey also acts as a pro-oxidant through Haber-weis reaction with L-ascorbic acid also present in honey. In addition to being an essential micro-nutrient Cu is potentially very hazardous because of the capacity change in oxidation state leading to the initiation of the reaction in which free radicals are formed. Therefore, the balanced intake of copper and other trace elements in the human body is very important. Therefore, changes in the antioxidant activity of food are the result of chemical changes in antioxidant active compounds present in the food product.
The antioxidants present in natural food products show a higher antioxidant activity than synthetic one [1]. Polyphenolic compounds are the most important antioxidants in bee honey. In addition to the polyphenols there are non-phenolic compounds with antioxidant potential, such as proteins, gluconic acid, L-ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF), Maillard reaction products, etc. The antioxidant activity of honey largely depends on the content of micro biogenic elements. Cu acts as antioxidant because it is an integral part of some enzymes involved in the antioxidant activity of the organism. Cu in honey also acts as a pro-oxidant through Haber-weis reaction with L-ascorbic acid also present in honey. In addition to being an essential micro-nutrient Cu is potentially very hazardous because of the capacity change in oxidation state leading to the initiation of the reaction in which free radicals are formed. Therefore, the balanced intake of copper and other trace elements in the human body is very important. Therefore, changes in the antioxidant activity of food are the result of chemical changes in antioxidant active compounds present in the food product.
Changes of Antioxidant Activity in Honey as a Result of Haber-Wais Reaction
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.13
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-12-19
© Science Publishing Group
Aldina Kesić
Aida Crnkić
Nadira Ibrišimović-Mehmedinović
Almir Šestan, Benjamin Ćatović
Changes of Antioxidant Activity in Honey as a Result of Haber-Wais Reaction
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2014-12-19
2014-12-19
10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.13
© Science Publishing Group
Interaction of Nickel-Dipeptide Complex with Ninhydrin in Aqueous and Micellar Media
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.14
Ninhydrin reactions using manual and automated techniques as well as ninhydrin spray reagents are widely used to analyze and characterize amino acids, peptides, and proteins as well as numerous other ninhydrin positive compounds in biomedical, clinical, food, forensic, histochemical, microbiological, and nutritional and plant studies. Ninhydrin in aqueous solution reacts with α-amino acids to give a compound known as Ruhemann’s purple (diketohydrindylidenediketohydrindamine, DYDA). In order to elucidate the mechanism of the reactions of ninhydrin with [Ni(II)-Gly-Leu]+ complexes, systematic kinetic studies were performed by following appearance of the respective colored condensation products at different [surfactant], [reactant], [salt] and temperature. The rates of the reaction were determined in both water and surfactant micelles in the absence and presence of various organic and inorganic salts at 70 °C and pH 5.0. The result shows that the reaction follows the same first-order and fractional-order kinetics with respect to [Ni(II)-Gly-Leu]+ and [ninhydrin], respectively, in both aqueous and micellar medium. Quantitative kinetic analysis of kψ−[CTAB] data was performed on the basis of the pseudo-phase model of the micelles.
Ninhydrin reactions using manual and automated techniques as well as ninhydrin spray reagents are widely used to analyze and characterize amino acids, peptides, and proteins as well as numerous other ninhydrin positive compounds in biomedical, clinical, food, forensic, histochemical, microbiological, and nutritional and plant studies. Ninhydrin in aqueous solution reacts with α-amino acids to give a compound known as Ruhemann’s purple (diketohydrindylidenediketohydrindamine, DYDA). In order to elucidate the mechanism of the reactions of ninhydrin with [Ni(II)-Gly-Leu]+ complexes, systematic kinetic studies were performed by following appearance of the respective colored condensation products at different [surfactant], [reactant], [salt] and temperature. The rates of the reaction were determined in both water and surfactant micelles in the absence and presence of various organic and inorganic salts at 70 °C and pH 5.0. The result shows that the reaction follows the same first-order and fractional-order kinetics with respect to [Ni(II)-Gly-Leu]+ and [ninhydrin], respectively, in both aqueous and micellar medium. Quantitative kinetic analysis of kψ−[CTAB] data was performed on the basis of the pseudo-phase model of the micelles.
Interaction of Nickel-Dipeptide Complex with Ninhydrin in Aqueous and Micellar Media
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.14
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-12-23
© Science Publishing Group
Neelam Hazoor Zaidi
Mohammad Akram
Interaction of Nickel-Dipeptide Complex with Ninhydrin in Aqueous and Micellar Media
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2014-12-23
2014-12-23
10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.14
© Science Publishing Group
Rice Husk ash as Flatting Extender in Cellulose Matt Paint
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.15
The high silica content of rice husk ash (RHA) promotes its attractiveness as an abundant, cheap and renewable resource for various industrial applications such as surface coatings formulation. This study investigated the applicability of rice husk ash (RHA) as a flatting extender in cellulose matt paint and compared its flatting effect with those of two commercial extenders; fumed silica (the standard flatting agent) and silica flour. RHA was obtained by controlled incineration of rice husks at a temperature of 6500C and duration of 4hrs. The granular ash was then ground and sieved to obtain RHA flour with a particle size of ~32microns used in the formulation of the cellulose paints. Cellulose paint produced with fumed silica of 20μm-particle size was the reference standard while a sample produced with 0% extender served as the Control. The gloss values of the dry films of the paints were measured with a gloss meter at 200 angle of reflectance and their matt values calculated from their gloss values. The results showed that all three extenders substantially reduced the gloss levels of the cellulose paint samples with a resultant corresponding increase in their matt values. Although the flatting agents displayed varied degrees of flatting effect, their matt values were all over 100% higher than that of the Control. Fumed silica was highest in flatting performance, followed closely by RHA while silica flour ranked third. This trend was evident in the matt values (%) of 98.2±0.00, 94.7±0.06 and 86.9±0.11 obtained for cellulose matt paints produced with fumed silica, RHA and silica flour respectively. The Control had the lowest matt value of 42.9% showing its glossy nature due to the absence of a flatting agent.
The high silica content of rice husk ash (RHA) promotes its attractiveness as an abundant, cheap and renewable resource for various industrial applications such as surface coatings formulation. This study investigated the applicability of rice husk ash (RHA) as a flatting extender in cellulose matt paint and compared its flatting effect with those of two commercial extenders; fumed silica (the standard flatting agent) and silica flour. RHA was obtained by controlled incineration of rice husks at a temperature of 6500C and duration of 4hrs. The granular ash was then ground and sieved to obtain RHA flour with a particle size of ~32microns used in the formulation of the cellulose paints. Cellulose paint produced with fumed silica of 20μm-particle size was the reference standard while a sample produced with 0% extender served as the Control. The gloss values of the dry films of the paints were measured with a gloss meter at 200 angle of reflectance and their matt values calculated from their gloss values. The results showed that all three extenders substantially reduced the gloss levels of the cellulose paint samples with a resultant corresponding increase in their matt values. Although the flatting agents displayed varied degrees of flatting effect, their matt values were all over 100% higher than that of the Control. Fumed silica was highest in flatting performance, followed closely by RHA while silica flour ranked third. This trend was evident in the matt values (%) of 98.2±0.00, 94.7±0.06 and 86.9±0.11 obtained for cellulose matt paints produced with fumed silica, RHA and silica flour respectively. The Control had the lowest matt value of 42.9% showing its glossy nature due to the absence of a flatting agent.
Rice Husk ash as Flatting Extender in Cellulose Matt Paint
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.15
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-12-31
© Science Publishing Group
Igwebike-Ossi
Clementina Dilim
Rice Husk ash as Flatting Extender in Cellulose Matt Paint
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2014-12-31
2014-12-31
10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.15
© Science Publishing Group
Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Tannery Wastewater Using Activated Carbon Primed from Sugarcane Bagasse: Adsorption/Desorption Studies
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.16
Chromium is commonly found in large quantities in tannery wastewaters. The removal and recovery of chromium from tannery wastewaters is crucial for environmental protection and economic reasons. Thus, this work focuses on investigating low cost activated sugar cane bagasse for effective removal of hexavalent chrome from aqueous solutions. The bagasse was collected from different sites of Gondar town, Ethiopia by plastic bags. To increase surface porosity, sugar cane bagasse was pretreated with sulfuric acid. The adsorbent was characterized by FT-IR spectrometry and Sear method for its surface chemistry and BET surface area respectively. The effect of initial concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, contact time and temperature on the batch adsorption/desorption process were examined. The result obtained indicates that pH 1 is found to be the optimal pH for effective removal of Cr (VI) over activated carbon derived from bagasse. Over 99.0 % removal efficiency was achieved with the acid treated activated carbon. It was found also that the Cr (VI) removal was increased with the increment of the adsorbent dosage and contact time. A result of 78.8% Cr (VI) recovered was achieved at basic media. The possibility of the adsorbent regeneration were based on the general assumptions that desorption promotes economic adsorption treatment. Generally, this study demonstrates that acid treated bagasse is an effective and cheap adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions of leather industrial wastes.
Chromium is commonly found in large quantities in tannery wastewaters. The removal and recovery of chromium from tannery wastewaters is crucial for environmental protection and economic reasons. Thus, this work focuses on investigating low cost activated sugar cane bagasse for effective removal of hexavalent chrome from aqueous solutions. The bagasse was collected from different sites of Gondar town, Ethiopia by plastic bags. To increase surface porosity, sugar cane bagasse was pretreated with sulfuric acid. The adsorbent was characterized by FT-IR spectrometry and Sear method for its surface chemistry and BET surface area respectively. The effect of initial concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, contact time and temperature on the batch adsorption/desorption process were examined. The result obtained indicates that pH 1 is found to be the optimal pH for effective removal of Cr (VI) over activated carbon derived from bagasse. Over 99.0 % removal efficiency was achieved with the acid treated activated carbon. It was found also that the Cr (VI) removal was increased with the increment of the adsorbent dosage and contact time. A result of 78.8% Cr (VI) recovered was achieved at basic media. The possibility of the adsorbent regeneration were based on the general assumptions that desorption promotes economic adsorption treatment. Generally, this study demonstrates that acid treated bagasse is an effective and cheap adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions of leather industrial wastes.
Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Tannery Wastewater Using Activated Carbon Primed from Sugarcane Bagasse: Adsorption/Desorption Studies
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.16
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-01-04
© Science Publishing Group
Adhena Ayaliew Werkneh
Nigus Gabbiye Habtu
Hayelom Dargo Beyene
Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Tannery Wastewater Using Activated Carbon Primed from Sugarcane Bagasse: Adsorption/Desorption Studies
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135
135
2015-01-04
2015-01-04
10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20140206.16
© Science Publishing Group
Isolation, Structural Elucidation, and Bioactivity Studies of Leaf Extract of Vernonia Amygdalina
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.13
Vernonia Amygdalina (VA) is a tropical African plant of the Asteraceae family and is occasionally cultivated for its medicinal uses, which include as a treatment for diarrhea, skin wounds, fever mastitis and worms infection. The aim of this study is to isolate and elucidate the structure of some of the chemical constituents from the leaf of Vernonia Amygdalina and its bioactivities. The methanol extract of Vernonia Amygdalina, after repeated chromatography led to the isolation of a different compound, one of this compound (MM-4) is partially characterized based on the spectral data (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and DEPT) and extracts from Vernonia Amygdalina has been shown to have antimicrobial activity.
Vernonia Amygdalina (VA) is a tropical African plant of the Asteraceae family and is occasionally cultivated for its medicinal uses, which include as a treatment for diarrhea, skin wounds, fever mastitis and worms infection. The aim of this study is to isolate and elucidate the structure of some of the chemical constituents from the leaf of Vernonia Amygdalina and its bioactivities. The methanol extract of Vernonia Amygdalina, after repeated chromatography led to the isolation of a different compound, one of this compound (MM-4) is partially characterized based on the spectral data (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and DEPT) and extracts from Vernonia Amygdalina has been shown to have antimicrobial activity.
Isolation, Structural Elucidation, and Bioactivity Studies of Leaf Extract of Vernonia Amygdalina
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.13
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-01-21
© Science Publishing Group
Muluye Melak Zenebe
Bitew Kassaw Dessie
Getachew G/Mariam W/Hana
Adhena Ayaliew Werkneh
Isolation, Structural Elucidation, and Bioactivity Studies of Leaf Extract of Vernonia Amygdalina
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2015-01-21
2015-01-21
10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.13
© Science Publishing Group
Synthesis and Investigation of Polyester and Poly Amide Azo Dyes (I)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.12
The preparation of monomer dyes was carried out by formation of diazinium salt of amine compound to coupled with Ρ- toluidine, aniline to form azo dyes with function (hydroxy and amino) groups. the polymerized was carried out with different diacid chloride or modified with acroyl chloride to polymerize with methylmethacrylate (MMA) by two method solution and interfacial poly condensation methods, the prepared mono azodye, poly(ester) and poly(amide) azopolymers were characterized, by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, 1H NMR, thermodynamic (TGA), thermo gravimetric (DSC) analysis and TGA. The molecular weights were measured by GPC. The synthesized polymers showed a good film forming properties.
The preparation of monomer dyes was carried out by formation of diazinium salt of amine compound to coupled with Ρ- toluidine, aniline to form azo dyes with function (hydroxy and amino) groups. the polymerized was carried out with different diacid chloride or modified with acroyl chloride to polymerize with methylmethacrylate (MMA) by two method solution and interfacial poly condensation methods, the prepared mono azodye, poly(ester) and poly(amide) azopolymers were characterized, by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, 1H NMR, thermodynamic (TGA), thermo gravimetric (DSC) analysis and TGA. The molecular weights were measured by GPC. The synthesized polymers showed a good film forming properties.
Synthesis and Investigation of Polyester and Poly Amide Azo Dyes (I)
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-01-20
© Science Publishing Group
Rehab Abdeen
H. O. BadrEldin
Synthesis and Investigation of Polyester and Poly Amide Azo Dyes (I)
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2015-01-20
2015-01-20
10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.12
© Science Publishing Group
Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals by Vetivera zizanioides, Cymbopogon citrates and Helianthus annuls
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.11
The research work under field conditions is to investigate the connection between the heavy metals concentration in soil and their bioaccumulation in Vetivera zizanioides, Cymbopogon citrates (Lemon grass) and Helianthus annuls (sunflower) collected from experimental site and a control area in Zaria-Nigeria. The collection was done by dividing the experimental and control sites each into four quadrants, five plants samples of each species and soil samples were collected from each quadrant in a diagonal basis. The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in different parts of each of the plant species collected from the experimental and control soils were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The experimental levels of the metals were higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those at the control site and the limits recommended by Food and Agricultural Organisation/World Health Organisation (FAO/WHO). The heavy metal concentrations were higher in leaves (P ≤ 0.05) than in roots of the plants tested. Vetivera zizanioides showed the bioaccumulation factor (BF) and translocation factor (TF) values for the studied metals greater than 1 (except Co and Pb that had their BF less than 1). Cymbopogon citratus showed BF values of Cd, Ni and Pb were greater than 1, but TF of all the metals studied were greater than 1. Helianthus annus plant had BF values for Cd, Cu and Zn greater than 1, but TF values for all the metals studied were greater than 1. This indicated that Vetivera zizanioides, Cymbopogon citrates and Helianthus annuls have good phytoextraction potentials for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.
The research work under field conditions is to investigate the connection between the heavy metals concentration in soil and their bioaccumulation in Vetivera zizanioides, Cymbopogon citrates (Lemon grass) and Helianthus annuls (sunflower) collected from experimental site and a control area in Zaria-Nigeria. The collection was done by dividing the experimental and control sites each into four quadrants, five plants samples of each species and soil samples were collected from each quadrant in a diagonal basis. The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in different parts of each of the plant species collected from the experimental and control soils were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The experimental levels of the metals were higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those at the control site and the limits recommended by Food and Agricultural Organisation/World Health Organisation (FAO/WHO). The heavy metal concentrations were higher in leaves (P ≤ 0.05) than in roots of the plants tested. Vetivera zizanioides showed the bioaccumulation factor (BF) and translocation factor (TF) values for the studied metals greater than 1 (except Co and Pb that had their BF less than 1). Cymbopogon citratus showed BF values of Cd, Ni and Pb were greater than 1, but TF of all the metals studied were greater than 1. Helianthus annus plant had BF values for Cd, Cu and Zn greater than 1, but TF values for all the metals studied were greater than 1. This indicated that Vetivera zizanioides, Cymbopogon citrates and Helianthus annuls have good phytoextraction potentials for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.
Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals by Vetivera zizanioides, Cymbopogon citrates and Helianthus annuls
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-01-20
© Science Publishing Group
Yashim Zakka Israila
Agbaji Edith Bola
Gimba Casimir Emmanuel
Idris Suleiman Ola
Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals by Vetivera zizanioides, Cymbopogon citrates and Helianthus annuls
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5
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2015-01-20
2015-01-20
10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.11
© Science Publishing Group
Investigation of Photosensitivity of Copolymer with (P-Vinyl Phenyl) Cyclopropyl Methyl Cinnamate
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.14
The radical copolymerization of (p-vinyl phenyl) cyclopropyl methyl cinnamate with methyl methacrylate has been studied. New cyclopropane-containing photosensitive copolymers have been prepared. The constant values of relative activity of monomers have been determined and the parameters of Q-e on Alfrey and Price have been calculated. The copolymerization constants of this compound (r1) with methyl methacrylate (r2) calculated on Fineman-Ross method are r1 =1.05, r2 = 0.4, respectively; parameter values Q and e: Q1 =2.5, e1 = -0.9, respectively. The composition and structure of these copolymers have been established. The photochemical investigations of the synthesized copolymer have been carried out. It has been established that a structuring proceeds due to opening of cyclopropane ring and carbonyl groups and also double bond in cinnamate fragment.
The radical copolymerization of (p-vinyl phenyl) cyclopropyl methyl cinnamate with methyl methacrylate has been studied. New cyclopropane-containing photosensitive copolymers have been prepared. The constant values of relative activity of monomers have been determined and the parameters of Q-e on Alfrey and Price have been calculated. The copolymerization constants of this compound (r1) with methyl methacrylate (r2) calculated on Fineman-Ross method are r1 =1.05, r2 = 0.4, respectively; parameter values Q and e: Q1 =2.5, e1 = -0.9, respectively. The composition and structure of these copolymers have been established. The photochemical investigations of the synthesized copolymer have been carried out. It has been established that a structuring proceeds due to opening of cyclopropane ring and carbonyl groups and also double bond in cinnamate fragment.
Investigation of Photosensitivity of Copolymer with (P-Vinyl Phenyl) Cyclopropyl Methyl Cinnamate
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.14
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-02-02
© Science Publishing Group
Kazim Guliyev
Afat Aliyeva
Gulnara Ponomaryova
Abasgulu Guliyev
Dilbar Nurullayeva
Investigation of Photosensitivity of Copolymer with (P-Vinyl Phenyl) Cyclopropyl Methyl Cinnamate
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2015-02-02
2015-02-02
10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.14
© Science Publishing Group
A Review on “4, 5-Imidazoledicarboxylic Acid”: Their Chemistry and Coordination Potentials
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.15
As part of heterocyclic imidazole interest to explore new receptors for anion, 4, 5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid considered under this review, to review the synthesis, derivatives and behaviour of 4, 5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid (H3Imdc) as a potential motif for coordination compound supramolecular structure activity. H3Imdc contains one imidazole NH and two COOH protons which could be donated for hydrogen bonding to the anions. Due to the electronic properties of carboxyl group oxygens, coordination to metal ions can occur in different modes. In situ ligand synthesis is of growing interest as a new approach for the synthesis of coordination polymers. The main reason for interesting of 4,5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid (H3Imdc) and its derivatives in coordination polymers of metal-organic framework is because it has six potential donor atoms: two imidazole nitrogens and four carboxylate oxygen atoms, and can remove one to three hydrogen atoms forming H3-nImdcn- (n = 1, 2 or 3) species. The six donors may show various coordination modes and construct beautiful structures. In present article we review the chemistry of 4,5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid and its coordination potential in coordination and supramolecular chemistry, which were used as input for medicinal and drug synthesis, pharmacological actions of Imidazoledicarboxylic acid as biological activity by studying its various synthesized derivatives covered.
As part of heterocyclic imidazole interest to explore new receptors for anion, 4, 5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid considered under this review, to review the synthesis, derivatives and behaviour of 4, 5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid (H3Imdc) as a potential motif for coordination compound supramolecular structure activity. H3Imdc contains one imidazole NH and two COOH protons which could be donated for hydrogen bonding to the anions. Due to the electronic properties of carboxyl group oxygens, coordination to metal ions can occur in different modes. In situ ligand synthesis is of growing interest as a new approach for the synthesis of coordination polymers. The main reason for interesting of 4,5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid (H3Imdc) and its derivatives in coordination polymers of metal-organic framework is because it has six potential donor atoms: two imidazole nitrogens and four carboxylate oxygen atoms, and can remove one to three hydrogen atoms forming H3-nImdcn- (n = 1, 2 or 3) species. The six donors may show various coordination modes and construct beautiful structures. In present article we review the chemistry of 4,5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid and its coordination potential in coordination and supramolecular chemistry, which were used as input for medicinal and drug synthesis, pharmacological actions of Imidazoledicarboxylic acid as biological activity by studying its various synthesized derivatives covered.
A Review on “4, 5-Imidazoledicarboxylic Acid”: Their Chemistry and Coordination Potentials
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.15
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-02-09
© Science Publishing Group
Worku Batu Dirersa
A Review on “4, 5-Imidazoledicarboxylic Acid”: Their Chemistry and Coordination Potentials
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32
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2015-02-09
2015-02-09
10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150301.15
© Science Publishing Group
Formulation and Performance Evaluation of Wood Adhesives Produced with Rice Husk Ash as New Filler
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.11
This study investigated the applicability of rice husk ash (RHA) as filler in wood adhesives containing a blend of ethylene acrylic resin, poly vinyl acetate resin and natural rubber solution. Rice husk, obtained from Rice Mill Industries in Abakaliki, Nigeria, was washed, dried and heated to char (carbonized) on a gas stove until there was no emission of fumes. The rice husk char obtained was incinerated under controlled conditions in a muffle furnace at 650oC for four (4) hours. The RHA obtained was ground with ceramic mortar and pestle to reduce the particle size, sieved with a standard 63μm sieve and then used as filler in acrylics/PVA/NR wood adhesive. Filler levels in the adhesives were varied from 0 to 16%. The bond strength and thermal resistance of the prepared adhesives were determined and compared with that produced with CaCO3 as well as a popular brand in the Nigerian market, Top Bond, used as reference standard. The result showed that after application, there was a general increase in bond strength with time for both CaCO3 and RHA adhesives. The highest bond strength was obtained at a filler level of 12% for both fillers. At this level, RHA adhesive had higher bond strength of 170.3 KPa than CaCO3 adhesive which had 167.8 KPa. RHA-filled adhesives were found to be more thermally stable than those of CaCO3 and comparable to the reference standard.
This study investigated the applicability of rice husk ash (RHA) as filler in wood adhesives containing a blend of ethylene acrylic resin, poly vinyl acetate resin and natural rubber solution. Rice husk, obtained from Rice Mill Industries in Abakaliki, Nigeria, was washed, dried and heated to char (carbonized) on a gas stove until there was no emission of fumes. The rice husk char obtained was incinerated under controlled conditions in a muffle furnace at 650oC for four (4) hours. The RHA obtained was ground with ceramic mortar and pestle to reduce the particle size, sieved with a standard 63μm sieve and then used as filler in acrylics/PVA/NR wood adhesive. Filler levels in the adhesives were varied from 0 to 16%. The bond strength and thermal resistance of the prepared adhesives were determined and compared with that produced with CaCO3 as well as a popular brand in the Nigerian market, Top Bond, used as reference standard. The result showed that after application, there was a general increase in bond strength with time for both CaCO3 and RHA adhesives. The highest bond strength was obtained at a filler level of 12% for both fillers. At this level, RHA adhesive had higher bond strength of 170.3 KPa than CaCO3 adhesive which had 167.8 KPa. RHA-filled adhesives were found to be more thermally stable than those of CaCO3 and comparable to the reference standard.
Formulation and Performance Evaluation of Wood Adhesives Produced with Rice Husk Ash as New Filler
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-02-15
© Science Publishing Group
Ohoke Francis Okemini
Igwebike-Ossi Clementina Dilim
Formulation and Performance Evaluation of Wood Adhesives Produced with Rice Husk Ash as New Filler
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39
2015-02-15
2015-02-15
10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.11
© Science Publishing Group
Synthesis and Structural Elucidation of Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) Metal Complexes of Oxazoline Based Ligands
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.12
Synthesis of 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxazoline(2-Phox) and 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxazoline(4-Phox) and their complexes with Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) have been done. They have been characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, NMR (HH-COSY, HSQC, HMBC), UV-vis, IR spectroscopy and conductance measurement. The complexes were formed in 1:2 (M:L) ratio. Their molar conductance of one millimolar solution measured in DMF indicated them to be non electrolyte. On the basis of these studies a tetrahedral geometry has been assigned for all the complexes.
Synthesis of 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxazoline(2-Phox) and 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxazoline(4-Phox) and their complexes with Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) have been done. They have been characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, NMR (HH-COSY, HSQC, HMBC), UV-vis, IR spectroscopy and conductance measurement. The complexes were formed in 1:2 (M:L) ratio. Their molar conductance of one millimolar solution measured in DMF indicated them to be non electrolyte. On the basis of these studies a tetrahedral geometry has been assigned for all the complexes.
Synthesis and Structural Elucidation of Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) Metal Complexes of Oxazoline Based Ligands
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-02-16
© Science Publishing Group
Bitew Kassaw Dessie
Muluye Melak Zenebe
Atnafu Guadie Assefa
Synthesis and Structural Elucidation of Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) Metal Complexes of Oxazoline Based Ligands
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47
47
2015-02-16
2015-02-16
10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Evaluation and Light, Abrasion Fastness Values of Colours Obtained from Some Dyeing Plants in Silk Yarn
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.13
The silk yarn produced in Turkey finds also an area of usage in the textile handicraft carpet with some areas of textile. As the textile handicraft silk carpets painted with vegetable dyes are very valuable, they are prefered by consumers in the inner and outer markets. In this research; the silk yarn was painted with sage (Salvia sp.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), walnut (Juglans regia L.), madder (Rubia tinctorium L.) and camomile (Anthemis tinctoria L.) plants. During the painting, the mordant and non-mordant method has been used. 100 % plant, and 3% mordant (sodium chloride, ferrosulphate, coppersulphate, alum of aluminium and potassium bichromate) was used during the painting. The mordant process was made with the pre-mordant method by using 3% mordant with a single mordant and adding two mordants in an equal ratio (1.5%+1.5%). 80 painting was made totally and different colours and tones depending on the plants feature was acquired. The acquired colours were examined light and abrasion fastnesses. The acquired colours were evaluated objectively and subjectively.
The silk yarn produced in Turkey finds also an area of usage in the textile handicraft carpet with some areas of textile. As the textile handicraft silk carpets painted with vegetable dyes are very valuable, they are prefered by consumers in the inner and outer markets. In this research; the silk yarn was painted with sage (Salvia sp.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), walnut (Juglans regia L.), madder (Rubia tinctorium L.) and camomile (Anthemis tinctoria L.) plants. During the painting, the mordant and non-mordant method has been used. 100 % plant, and 3% mordant (sodium chloride, ferrosulphate, coppersulphate, alum of aluminium and potassium bichromate) was used during the painting. The mordant process was made with the pre-mordant method by using 3% mordant with a single mordant and adding two mordants in an equal ratio (1.5%+1.5%). 80 painting was made totally and different colours and tones depending on the plants feature was acquired. The acquired colours were examined light and abrasion fastnesses. The acquired colours were evaluated objectively and subjectively.
The Evaluation and Light, Abrasion Fastness Values of Colours Obtained from Some Dyeing Plants in Silk Yarn
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.13
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-02-28
© Science Publishing Group
Kayabaşı Nuran
Şanlı H. Sinem
Söylemezoğlu Feryal
The Evaluation and Light, Abrasion Fastness Values of Colours Obtained from Some Dyeing Plants in Silk Yarn
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56
56
2015-02-28
2015-02-28
10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.13
© Science Publishing Group
Corrosion Inhibition Study of Zinc Oxide-Polyaniline Nanocomposite for Aluminum and Steel
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.14
The nanocomposites of inorganic oxide with conducting polymer display novel properties resulting from the molecular level interaction of the two dissimilar chemical components. Recently, Farah et al have synthesized ZnO–polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite, and have studied the electronic properties of ZnO-PANI films [1]. Although to date, chromium has proved the best candidate in corrosion inhibition in acidic medium, but still it is hoped that the combination of different techniques and various compounds will provide the required protection against corrosion. Our present study has shown that the ZnO-PANI nanocomposite coatings on steel and aluminum prevents corrosion due to the internal sacrificial electrode formation and as well as the barrier effect at the ZnO-PANI and metal interface.
The nanocomposites of inorganic oxide with conducting polymer display novel properties resulting from the molecular level interaction of the two dissimilar chemical components. Recently, Farah et al have synthesized ZnO–polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite, and have studied the electronic properties of ZnO-PANI films [1]. Although to date, chromium has proved the best candidate in corrosion inhibition in acidic medium, but still it is hoped that the combination of different techniques and various compounds will provide the required protection against corrosion. Our present study has shown that the ZnO-PANI nanocomposite coatings on steel and aluminum prevents corrosion due to the internal sacrificial electrode formation and as well as the barrier effect at the ZnO-PANI and metal interface.
Corrosion Inhibition Study of Zinc Oxide-Polyaniline Nanocomposite for Aluminum and Steel
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.14
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-03-03
© Science Publishing Group
Farah Alvi
Naveed Aslam
Saleem Farooq Shaukat
Corrosion Inhibition Study of Zinc Oxide-Polyaniline Nanocomposite for Aluminum and Steel
3
2
64
64
2015-03-03
2015-03-03
10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.14
© Science Publishing Group
Investigation on Physico-Chemical Properties of 100% Cotton Woven Fabric Treated with Titanium Dioxide
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.15
This paper represents an approach to observe the physico-chemical effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) applied on 100% cotton woven fabric. Cotton fabric was treated with TiO2 by exhaustion method and followed by necessary curing and washing processes. The treated fabrics were then analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the tensile strength, pH and absorbency of the treated and untreated fabrics were examined. It was found that titanium dioxide impairs the hand feel and absorbency of 100% cotton woven fabrics, wetting time of all treated fabrics increased gradually than untreated fabrics. The treatment increases the tensile strength of 100% cotton woven fabrics. The treatment with titanium dioxide also kept the pH of the fabric in acidic medium.
This paper represents an approach to observe the physico-chemical effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) applied on 100% cotton woven fabric. Cotton fabric was treated with TiO2 by exhaustion method and followed by necessary curing and washing processes. The treated fabrics were then analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the tensile strength, pH and absorbency of the treated and untreated fabrics were examined. It was found that titanium dioxide impairs the hand feel and absorbency of 100% cotton woven fabrics, wetting time of all treated fabrics increased gradually than untreated fabrics. The treatment increases the tensile strength of 100% cotton woven fabrics. The treatment with titanium dioxide also kept the pH of the fabric in acidic medium.
Investigation on Physico-Chemical Properties of 100% Cotton Woven Fabric Treated with Titanium Dioxide
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.15
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-03-04
© Science Publishing Group
Md. Mostafizur Rahman
Elias Khalil
Md. Solaiman
Mubarak Ahmad Khan
Joy Sarkar
Faisal Abedin
A. H. M. Asif Kamal
Rajib Al Mamun
Investigation on Physico-Chemical Properties of 100% Cotton Woven Fabric Treated with Titanium Dioxide
3
2
68
68
2015-03-04
2015-03-04
10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.15
© Science Publishing Group
Determination of Caffeine Content and Antioxidant Activity of Coffee
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.16
Attempt has been made to look into caffeine contents and antioxidant activity of coffee grown at Wembera, Goncha, Zegie, and Burie localities of North-West Ethiopia. The caffeine content of the extracts in % w/w has been found to be 1.53 ± 0.003 for Wembera coffee, 1.41 ± 0.040 for Goncha coffee, 1.29 ± 0.033 for Zegie coffee and 0.97 ± 0.049 for Burie coffee. The antioxidant activities of the coffee extracts were measured by using ferric reducing power assay and Rancimat assay. Ferric reducing power assay was used to measure the total antioxidant power of water soluble components of coffee and is expressed as ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity in milligram per gram of the dried coffee samples. The ferric reducing power values of the extracts were 9.532 ± 0.201, 9.159 ± 0.441, 8.955 ± 0.180, 6.751 ± 0.284 for Wembera, Burie, Goncha and Zegie coffees, respectively. The Rancimat assay was also used to measure antioxidant activity of lipid soluble portions of coffee extracts using sunflower oil as the oxidizable substrate. It was found that all the coffee extracts improved the oxidative stability of sunflower oil. The protection factors were 1.36 ± 0.027, 1.31 ± 0.027, 1.26 ± 0.069 and 1.17 ± 0.015 for Wembera, Burie, Goncha and Zegie coffees respectively. Based on these results, it is suggested that Wembera coffee has the higher caffeine content and antioxidant activities than Burie, Goncha and Zegie coffee varieties.
Attempt has been made to look into caffeine contents and antioxidant activity of coffee grown at Wembera, Goncha, Zegie, and Burie localities of North-West Ethiopia. The caffeine content of the extracts in % w/w has been found to be 1.53 ± 0.003 for Wembera coffee, 1.41 ± 0.040 for Goncha coffee, 1.29 ± 0.033 for Zegie coffee and 0.97 ± 0.049 for Burie coffee. The antioxidant activities of the coffee extracts were measured by using ferric reducing power assay and Rancimat assay. Ferric reducing power assay was used to measure the total antioxidant power of water soluble components of coffee and is expressed as ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity in milligram per gram of the dried coffee samples. The ferric reducing power values of the extracts were 9.532 ± 0.201, 9.159 ± 0.441, 8.955 ± 0.180, 6.751 ± 0.284 for Wembera, Burie, Goncha and Zegie coffees, respectively. The Rancimat assay was also used to measure antioxidant activity of lipid soluble portions of coffee extracts using sunflower oil as the oxidizable substrate. It was found that all the coffee extracts improved the oxidative stability of sunflower oil. The protection factors were 1.36 ± 0.027, 1.31 ± 0.027, 1.26 ± 0.069 and 1.17 ± 0.015 for Wembera, Burie, Goncha and Zegie coffees respectively. Based on these results, it is suggested that Wembera coffee has the higher caffeine content and antioxidant activities than Burie, Goncha and Zegie coffee varieties.
Determination of Caffeine Content and Antioxidant Activity of Coffee
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.16
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-03-31
© Science Publishing Group
Belete Tewabe Gebeyehu
Solomon Libsu Bikila
Determination of Caffeine Content and Antioxidant Activity of Coffee
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2015-03-31
2015-03-31
10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.16
© Science Publishing Group
The Coordination Chemistry in the Antifungal Effect of Tin(IV)-Bis(Pyrimidin-2-Ylthio)Alkane Derivatives
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.17
High productivity of agriculture goods is closely associated with the use of fungicides to reduce losses caused by the fungal plant diseases. However, appearance of resistant population of pathogens to several commercial fungicides is a common phenomenon that requires control. There is, therefore, need for developing novel fungicide compounds that are environmentally safe with low toxicity to wild life and humans. In this study novel organotin(IV) derivatives of bis(pyrimidin-2-ylthio)methane (ptm), bis(pyrimidin-2-ylthio)ethane (pte) and bis(pyrimidin-2-ylthio)hexane (pth) were tested against phytopathogens to evaluate their activity as potential fungicides. The bis(pyrimidin-2-ylthio)alkanes were not active in contrast with the organotin(IV) derivatives. The 5-coordinate triphenyltin(IV) derivatives were the most active compounds in a wide range of concentration. This study shows that the microorganisms were susceptible to the acid character of the organotin(IV) precursors.
High productivity of agriculture goods is closely associated with the use of fungicides to reduce losses caused by the fungal plant diseases. However, appearance of resistant population of pathogens to several commercial fungicides is a common phenomenon that requires control. There is, therefore, need for developing novel fungicide compounds that are environmentally safe with low toxicity to wild life and humans. In this study novel organotin(IV) derivatives of bis(pyrimidin-2-ylthio)methane (ptm), bis(pyrimidin-2-ylthio)ethane (pte) and bis(pyrimidin-2-ylthio)hexane (pth) were tested against phytopathogens to evaluate their activity as potential fungicides. The bis(pyrimidin-2-ylthio)alkanes were not active in contrast with the organotin(IV) derivatives. The 5-coordinate triphenyltin(IV) derivatives were the most active compounds in a wide range of concentration. This study shows that the microorganisms were susceptible to the acid character of the organotin(IV) precursors.
The Coordination Chemistry in the Antifungal Effect of Tin(IV)-Bis(Pyrimidin-2-Ylthio)Alkane Derivatives
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.17
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-04-09
© Science Publishing Group
Fernanda Andrade Mendonça
Geraldo José da Silva Junior
José Roberto da Silveira Maia
Onkar Dev Dhingra
Rosimeire Coura Barcelos
The Coordination Chemistry in the Antifungal Effect of Tin(IV)-Bis(Pyrimidin-2-Ylthio)Alkane Derivatives
3
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82
82
2015-04-09
2015-04-09
10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150302.17
© Science Publishing Group
Determination of Heavy Metals and Trace Element Levels in Honey Samples From Different Regions of Iraq and Compared with Other Kind
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.11
The aim of study quantitative analysis of toxic heavy metals Cd, Pb, Ni , AS, V and trace element Fe, Mg, Se ,Cu, Mn, K, Na, Cain different kinds of Iraqi honey of bee and compare with other types. elements were determined by FAAS and GFAAS method. Because of the nutritional value and high medical honey for humans so it was necessary to appoint metals of great importance. High concentration of essential metals and Heavy metals can be toxic both to man and animals. The results indicated that the Seand K elements recorded at high concentrations (0.0384-712.8)mg/kg respectively while the Cu element recorded the low concentration(0.1) mg/kg in all kind of honey samples. The contents of heavy and trace metals in honey samples were found to be between (0.100-0.730)mg/kg for Pd,( 0.108-0. 8200)mg/kg for Cd, (0.210-0.894)mg/kg for Ni,(0.117-0.440) mg/kg for Fe,(0.0024-0.0348) mg/kg for Se, (0.260-0.721)mg/kg for Mg ,Cu<0.1, (140.8-240.8) mg/kg for Ca,(51.0-120.8) mg/kg for Na,(93.80-712.8) mg/kg for K,(0.0116-0.0708) mg/kg for Mn,(0.0091-0.086) mg/kg for V, for As (0.0104-0.035) mg/kg.
The aim of study quantitative analysis of toxic heavy metals Cd, Pb, Ni , AS, V and trace element Fe, Mg, Se ,Cu, Mn, K, Na, Cain different kinds of Iraqi honey of bee and compare with other types. elements were determined by FAAS and GFAAS method. Because of the nutritional value and high medical honey for humans so it was necessary to appoint metals of great importance. High concentration of essential metals and Heavy metals can be toxic both to man and animals. The results indicated that the Seand K elements recorded at high concentrations (0.0384-712.8)mg/kg respectively while the Cu element recorded the low concentration(0.1) mg/kg in all kind of honey samples. The contents of heavy and trace metals in honey samples were found to be between (0.100-0.730)mg/kg for Pd,( 0.108-0. 8200)mg/kg for Cd, (0.210-0.894)mg/kg for Ni,(0.117-0.440) mg/kg for Fe,(0.0024-0.0348) mg/kg for Se, (0.260-0.721)mg/kg for Mg ,Cu<0.1, (140.8-240.8) mg/kg for Ca,(51.0-120.8) mg/kg for Na,(93.80-712.8) mg/kg for K,(0.0116-0.0708) mg/kg for Mn,(0.0091-0.086) mg/kg for V, for As (0.0104-0.035) mg/kg.
Determination of Heavy Metals and Trace Element Levels in Honey Samples From Different Regions of Iraq and Compared with Other Kind
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-04-28
© Science Publishing Group
Saadiyah Ahmed Dhahir
Ameera Hassan Hemed
Determination of Heavy Metals and Trace Element Levels in Honey Samples From Different Regions of Iraq and Compared with Other Kind
3
3
92
92
2015-04-28
2015-04-28
10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.11
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation of Phytochemical, Anti-nutritional and Antioxidant Potentials of Flower and Seed Methanol Extracts of Senna alata L. Grown in Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.12
Senna alata L., commonly known as Candlestick senna or Wild senna belongs to the family Caesalpiniaceae is widely distributed in Northern Nigeria. It has been used frequently in herbal medicine to treat different kinds of pathogenic conditions, particularly as laxative or purgative and in the treatment of skin infections as such as ring worm, impetigo, syphilis, sores, psoriasis, herpes, scabies, rashes, and itching. The rate at which this plant parts (flowers and seeds) have been frequently used in Nupe ethnomedicine led to the increase interest to determine the phytochemical, anti-nutritive and antioxidant activities of the flower and seed of Senna alata L. grown in Bida Niger State, Nigeria using standard analytical methods. Phytochemical screening of the flower and seed of the plant revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, alkaloid and anthraquinone, steroid and cardiac glycosides, were slightly present, while resins was absent. The metabolites present were quantitatively determined with alkaloid contents of 10.23±0.35 and 8.41±0.76 saponins 25.72±0.83 and 28.84±0.44, flavonoids 28.52±0.47 and 32.25±0.52, tannins 32.98±0.74 and 39.99±0.37, phenols 4.24±0.76 and 6.31±0.68 mg/100 g for flower and seed respectively. These results confirm that these metabolites obtained from the two parts of this plant were within the range of toxicity levels according to World Health Organization safe limits. The results of anti-nutritional factors revealed the oxalate contents with 4.24±0.12 and 6.31±0.41, cyanide content 8.59±0.71 and 4.89±0.69 and phytate content 17.54±0.63 and 13.72±0.81 mg/100g for flower and seed respectively. The values of anti-nutritional factors obtained from this work show that they may not pose any effects based on their toxicity levels and as recommended by World Health Organization. The major components of the chemical compounds deduced from GC/MS for the two parts of this plant investigated revealed the presence of β-d-mannofuranoside (24.23%), n-hexadecanoic acid (19.20%), oleic acid (28.27%), nonadecanoic acid (5.36%), 3, 11-tetradecadien-1-ol (3.79%) and octadecanal (17.22%), oleic acid (50.21%), octadecanoic acid (7.14), n-hexadecanoic acid (34.16%), pentanoic acid (3.39%) and 2-ethyl-1-decanol (2.21%). Some of these phytoconstituents like n-hexadecanoic and oleic are responsible for the said pharmacological activities. Thus, properly domesticated and utilization of this plant will serve as source of bioactive agents for pharmaceutical industries.
Senna alata L., commonly known as Candlestick senna or Wild senna belongs to the family Caesalpiniaceae is widely distributed in Northern Nigeria. It has been used frequently in herbal medicine to treat different kinds of pathogenic conditions, particularly as laxative or purgative and in the treatment of skin infections as such as ring worm, impetigo, syphilis, sores, psoriasis, herpes, scabies, rashes, and itching. The rate at which this plant parts (flowers and seeds) have been frequently used in Nupe ethnomedicine led to the increase interest to determine the phytochemical, anti-nutritive and antioxidant activities of the flower and seed of Senna alata L. grown in Bida Niger State, Nigeria using standard analytical methods. Phytochemical screening of the flower and seed of the plant revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, alkaloid and anthraquinone, steroid and cardiac glycosides, were slightly present, while resins was absent. The metabolites present were quantitatively determined with alkaloid contents of 10.23±0.35 and 8.41±0.76 saponins 25.72±0.83 and 28.84±0.44, flavonoids 28.52±0.47 and 32.25±0.52, tannins 32.98±0.74 and 39.99±0.37, phenols 4.24±0.76 and 6.31±0.68 mg/100 g for flower and seed respectively. These results confirm that these metabolites obtained from the two parts of this plant were within the range of toxicity levels according to World Health Organization safe limits. The results of anti-nutritional factors revealed the oxalate contents with 4.24±0.12 and 6.31±0.41, cyanide content 8.59±0.71 and 4.89±0.69 and phytate content 17.54±0.63 and 13.72±0.81 mg/100g for flower and seed respectively. The values of anti-nutritional factors obtained from this work show that they may not pose any effects based on their toxicity levels and as recommended by World Health Organization. The major components of the chemical compounds deduced from GC/MS for the two parts of this plant investigated revealed the presence of β-d-mannofuranoside (24.23%), n-hexadecanoic acid (19.20%), oleic acid (28.27%), nonadecanoic acid (5.36%), 3, 11-tetradecadien-1-ol (3.79%) and octadecanal (17.22%), oleic acid (50.21%), octadecanoic acid (7.14), n-hexadecanoic acid (34.16%), pentanoic acid (3.39%) and 2-ethyl-1-decanol (2.21%). Some of these phytoconstituents like n-hexadecanoic and oleic are responsible for the said pharmacological activities. Thus, properly domesticated and utilization of this plant will serve as source of bioactive agents for pharmaceutical industries.
Evaluation of Phytochemical, Anti-nutritional and Antioxidant Potentials of Flower and Seed Methanol Extracts of Senna alata L. Grown in Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-05-01
© Science Publishing Group
Abubakar Isah
Mann Abdullahi
Mathew John Tsado
Evaluation of Phytochemical, Anti-nutritional and Antioxidant Potentials of Flower and Seed Methanol Extracts of Senna alata L. Grown in Nigeria
3
3
100
100
2015-05-01
2015-05-01
10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.12
© Science Publishing Group
Thermodynamics of glycine in mixed solvents at 30O – 40O C
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.13
The ion solvent interaction of glycine in ethanol + water, methanol + water, isopropanol + water, glycol + water, glycerol + water obtained from conductance measurement have been compared at 10, 20 and 30% (w/w) solvent composition with temperature range of 30-40oC have been studied. The physical parameters like K, DGo, DGo (el), and DG0t (Ch) have been calculated and ion-solvent interactions are inferred.
The ion solvent interaction of glycine in ethanol + water, methanol + water, isopropanol + water, glycol + water, glycerol + water obtained from conductance measurement have been compared at 10, 20 and 30% (w/w) solvent composition with temperature range of 30-40oC have been studied. The physical parameters like K, DGo, DGo (el), and DG0t (Ch) have been calculated and ion-solvent interactions are inferred.
Thermodynamics of glycine in mixed solvents at 30O – 40O C
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.13
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Gobardhan Nayak
Guru Charan Pradhan
Manas Ranjan Senapati
Thermodynamics of glycine in mixed solvents at 30O – 40O C
3
3
104
104
2015-05-06
2015-05-06
10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.13
© Science Publishing Group
Preparation, Characterization and Measurement of CMC of SDS, CTAB and Tween 80 Based Self-Assembled Aggregates in W/O and O/W Microemulsions as Systems for Preparing Nanomaterials
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.14
Series of water in oil (w/o) composition of microemulsions were prepared from systems with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), 1-butanol, cyclohexane, water; tween 80, 1-butanol, cyclohexane, water and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 1-butanol, cyclohexane, water; at varying water to surfactant mole ratio, w0 and oil in water (o/w) composition of SDS and CTAB based microemulsions were made at reconcile with composition of w/o microemulsions. Micelles and reverse micelles are dominant form of self-assembled aggregates in o/w microemulsions and w/o microemulsions respectively. The ability of these aggregates to solubilize water had been employed for the detection of the critical micellization concentration, cmc for micelles and reverse cmc for reverse micelles. The reverse cmc values are smaller (0.204-0.293M) than the micellar cmc (0.4605-0.607M) was observed.1-butanol as a stabilizer provided information of the systems to give thermodynamically stable transparent w/o and o/w microemulsion due to its low linear thickness. Specific conductance, density and aggregation number had been used to characterize SDS and CTAB based microemulsions and the microemulsions prepared by non-ionic surfactant, tween 80 were characterized by only density measurement. Lower conductance and density are characteristics for w/o microemulsions having high 1-butanol content while in o/w microemulsions leads higher conductance and density. Steady-State Fluorescence Quenching method had been employed to determine the aggregation number, N of the organized self-assembled aggregates. The aggregation number of the aggregates in the microemulsions varied with composition of the microemulsions and depends only on the concentration of surfactant present in the systems. Aggregation number had been found to increase as the number of micellar aggregates increases. However, an increase in the number of reverse micellar aggregates in the system brought about gradual decrease of the aggregation number. As the quenching process of SDS based aggregates was very effective, however that of CTAB was less pronounced, the aggregation number of SDS based aggregates had been found to be comparatively lower than that of CTAB under similar experimental conditions. The results obtained show that N values which range 78–101 for SDS based aggregates and range 99-160 for CTAB based aggregates show a linear relationship with the concentration of surfactant. Detailed analysis of the conductivity, density and aggregation number, it can be tuned by changing composition of microemulsions and suitable compositions of microemulsions must be employed for the preparation of nanomaterials.
Series of water in oil (w/o) composition of microemulsions were prepared from systems with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), 1-butanol, cyclohexane, water; tween 80, 1-butanol, cyclohexane, water and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 1-butanol, cyclohexane, water; at varying water to surfactant mole ratio, w0 and oil in water (o/w) composition of SDS and CTAB based microemulsions were made at reconcile with composition of w/o microemulsions. Micelles and reverse micelles are dominant form of self-assembled aggregates in o/w microemulsions and w/o microemulsions respectively. The ability of these aggregates to solubilize water had been employed for the detection of the critical micellization concentration, cmc for micelles and reverse cmc for reverse micelles. The reverse cmc values are smaller (0.204-0.293M) than the micellar cmc (0.4605-0.607M) was observed.1-butanol as a stabilizer provided information of the systems to give thermodynamically stable transparent w/o and o/w microemulsion due to its low linear thickness. Specific conductance, density and aggregation number had been used to characterize SDS and CTAB based microemulsions and the microemulsions prepared by non-ionic surfactant, tween 80 were characterized by only density measurement. Lower conductance and density are characteristics for w/o microemulsions having high 1-butanol content while in o/w microemulsions leads higher conductance and density. Steady-State Fluorescence Quenching method had been employed to determine the aggregation number, N of the organized self-assembled aggregates. The aggregation number of the aggregates in the microemulsions varied with composition of the microemulsions and depends only on the concentration of surfactant present in the systems. Aggregation number had been found to increase as the number of micellar aggregates increases. However, an increase in the number of reverse micellar aggregates in the system brought about gradual decrease of the aggregation number. As the quenching process of SDS based aggregates was very effective, however that of CTAB was less pronounced, the aggregation number of SDS based aggregates had been found to be comparatively lower than that of CTAB under similar experimental conditions. The results obtained show that N values which range 78–101 for SDS based aggregates and range 99-160 for CTAB based aggregates show a linear relationship with the concentration of surfactant. Detailed analysis of the conductivity, density and aggregation number, it can be tuned by changing composition of microemulsions and suitable compositions of microemulsions must be employed for the preparation of nanomaterials.
Preparation, Characterization and Measurement of CMC of SDS, CTAB and Tween 80 Based Self-Assembled Aggregates in W/O and O/W Microemulsions as Systems for Preparing Nanomaterials
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.14
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-05-08
© Science Publishing Group
Rexona Khanom
Abu Bin Hasan Susan
Md Yousuf Ali Mollah
Abu Noim Munshi Shahidur Rahman
Preparation, Characterization and Measurement of CMC of SDS, CTAB and Tween 80 Based Self-Assembled Aggregates in W/O and O/W Microemulsions as Systems for Preparing Nanomaterials
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2015-05-08
2015-05-08
10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.14
© Science Publishing Group
Synthesis and Sorption Studies of Lead (II) on Zn/Fe Layered Double Hydroxide
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.15
Zn/Fe-CO3 layered double hydroxide was synthesis by co-precipitation method for the adsorption of lead ions in aqueous solution. The synthesized layered double hydroxide (Zn/Fe-CO3) was then characterized by Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and SEM/EDX analysis. The experimental data fitted both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms with regression correlation coefficient values of 0.9999 and 0.999 respectively. The essential thermodynamic parameters of Ho, So, Hx and Eawere calculated to be -4.8327KJ/mol, 12.8J/molK, 13.3KJ/mol and -1.948KJ/mol, thus showing the exothermic nature of the process and the randomness of the system. The low activation energy (Ea) value is consistent with physical adsorption. The results also fitted zero-order kinetic, first-order kinetic and pseudo-second order models.
Zn/Fe-CO3 layered double hydroxide was synthesis by co-precipitation method for the adsorption of lead ions in aqueous solution. The synthesized layered double hydroxide (Zn/Fe-CO3) was then characterized by Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and SEM/EDX analysis. The experimental data fitted both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms with regression correlation coefficient values of 0.9999 and 0.999 respectively. The essential thermodynamic parameters of Ho, So, Hx and Eawere calculated to be -4.8327KJ/mol, 12.8J/molK, 13.3KJ/mol and -1.948KJ/mol, thus showing the exothermic nature of the process and the randomness of the system. The low activation energy (Ea) value is consistent with physical adsorption. The results also fitted zero-order kinetic, first-order kinetic and pseudo-second order models.
Synthesis and Sorption Studies of Lead (II) on Zn/Fe Layered Double Hydroxide
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.15
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-05-12
© Science Publishing Group
Ayawei N.
Inengite A. K.
Wankasi D.
Dikio E. D.
Synthesis and Sorption Studies of Lead (II) on Zn/Fe Layered Double Hydroxide
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133
133
2015-05-12
2015-05-12
10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.15
© Science Publishing Group
Screening Nigerian Kaolin for Use as Potential Sources of Geopolymer Materials
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.16
The search for alternative low cost and environment friendly binder has led to the screening of Nigerian kaolinite clay for the production of geopolymer binders. Three batches of geopolymer binders were synthesised using five Nigerian kaolinite clays, locally synthesised sodium silicate and NaOH. The clays were Ikere Ekiti (Ekiti State) kaolin, Ikare (Ondo State) kaolin, fired clay (Ozubulu, Imo state), Enugu (Enugu state) kaolin, and laterite (Lagos State).The first batch was activated with sodium silicate and water in ratio one to one. The second batch was activated with sodium silicate and water in ratio one to half and the last batch was activated with sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide in ratio one to one. Six mixes for each sample were prepared for the first and second batches of geopolymer binder. They were cured at room temperature for seven days, 75oC, 150oC and 500oC. The last batch of the geopolymer binder was cured at 150oC. The result of the research confirmed that compressive strength of kaolinite clay based geopolymer binder increased with increase in curing time from 7 days room temperature to 500oC. All geopolymers activated with both sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide demonstrated sharp increase in their compressive strength values when compare with geopolymer activated with sodium silicate and water. Comparing the geopolymers activated with both sodium silicate and NaOH in ratio one to one with ASTM Specification Standard, Ikare sample satisfied ASTM Specification Standard C62 and C90. Similarly, Ikere Ekiti geopolymer satisfied ASTM Specification Standard C62, C90, C216, and C902. Water absorption test performed showed that all the samples have good water absorption capacity at different conditions when compared with ASTM Specification Standard for water absorption, except Enugu kaolin and Ozubulu clay which did not satisfied the ASTM requirements at room temperature and at 75oC. Nigerian kaolinite clays have potentials to be used as geopolymer binders which may be applied in construction.
The search for alternative low cost and environment friendly binder has led to the screening of Nigerian kaolinite clay for the production of geopolymer binders. Three batches of geopolymer binders were synthesised using five Nigerian kaolinite clays, locally synthesised sodium silicate and NaOH. The clays were Ikere Ekiti (Ekiti State) kaolin, Ikare (Ondo State) kaolin, fired clay (Ozubulu, Imo state), Enugu (Enugu state) kaolin, and laterite (Lagos State).The first batch was activated with sodium silicate and water in ratio one to one. The second batch was activated with sodium silicate and water in ratio one to half and the last batch was activated with sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide in ratio one to one. Six mixes for each sample were prepared for the first and second batches of geopolymer binder. They were cured at room temperature for seven days, 75oC, 150oC and 500oC. The last batch of the geopolymer binder was cured at 150oC. The result of the research confirmed that compressive strength of kaolinite clay based geopolymer binder increased with increase in curing time from 7 days room temperature to 500oC. All geopolymers activated with both sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide demonstrated sharp increase in their compressive strength values when compare with geopolymer activated with sodium silicate and water. Comparing the geopolymers activated with both sodium silicate and NaOH in ratio one to one with ASTM Specification Standard, Ikare sample satisfied ASTM Specification Standard C62 and C90. Similarly, Ikere Ekiti geopolymer satisfied ASTM Specification Standard C62, C90, C216, and C902. Water absorption test performed showed that all the samples have good water absorption capacity at different conditions when compared with ASTM Specification Standard for water absorption, except Enugu kaolin and Ozubulu clay which did not satisfied the ASTM requirements at room temperature and at 75oC. Nigerian kaolinite clays have potentials to be used as geopolymer binders which may be applied in construction.
Screening Nigerian Kaolin for Use as Potential Sources of Geopolymer Materials
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.16
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-06-05
© Science Publishing Group
Olawale, Margaret Damilola
Ogundiran, Mary B.
Screening Nigerian Kaolin for Use as Potential Sources of Geopolymer Materials
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2014-06-05
2014-06-05
10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.16
© Science Publishing Group
Interaction of a Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM-1) with Penetrants
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.17
The characterisation, solubility testing, and alcohol adsorption studies of PIM-1 are reported. Techniques used for characterisation are N2 sorption and ATR-FTIR analysis. A number of solvents were tested for their ability to dissolve low molecular weight (~30 000 gmol-1), medium molecular weight (~60 000 gmol-1), and high molecular weight (~120 000 gmol-1) PIM-1.Results showed solubility of PIM-1 in these solvents to be dependent on molar mass. CHCl3, tetrahydrofuran (THF), CH2Cl2, dicholobenzene (DCB), 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene (TCB), and acetophenone were found to be good solvents at all molecular weights. Treatment of PIM-1 with nonsolvents, namely: small alcohols and water, followed by solvent removal, caused swelling, resulting in an increase in BET surface area of about 11 %, except for water, which reduced BET surface area by the same amount (11 %). Methanol (MeOH) treatment resulted in a new population of micropores around 0.6 nm. The change after ethanol (EtOH) and propanol (PrOH) treatment was not as significant. Hydrogen bonding between alcohols and PIM-1 was also investigated using shifts in the frequencies of FTIR peaks for the ether and the nitrile functional groups. Nitrile group frequencies for the alcohols were consistently blue-shifted, whereas the ether frequencies were red shifted. Both red- and blue-shifts were used as a measure of hydrogen bond strength.
The characterisation, solubility testing, and alcohol adsorption studies of PIM-1 are reported. Techniques used for characterisation are N2 sorption and ATR-FTIR analysis. A number of solvents were tested for their ability to dissolve low molecular weight (~30 000 gmol-1), medium molecular weight (~60 000 gmol-1), and high molecular weight (~120 000 gmol-1) PIM-1.Results showed solubility of PIM-1 in these solvents to be dependent on molar mass. CHCl3, tetrahydrofuran (THF), CH2Cl2, dicholobenzene (DCB), 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene (TCB), and acetophenone were found to be good solvents at all molecular weights. Treatment of PIM-1 with nonsolvents, namely: small alcohols and water, followed by solvent removal, caused swelling, resulting in an increase in BET surface area of about 11 %, except for water, which reduced BET surface area by the same amount (11 %). Methanol (MeOH) treatment resulted in a new population of micropores around 0.6 nm. The change after ethanol (EtOH) and propanol (PrOH) treatment was not as significant. Hydrogen bonding between alcohols and PIM-1 was also investigated using shifts in the frequencies of FTIR peaks for the ether and the nitrile functional groups. Nitrile group frequencies for the alcohols were consistently blue-shifted, whereas the ether frequencies were red shifted. Both red- and blue-shifts were used as a measure of hydrogen bond strength.
Interaction of a Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM-1) with Penetrants
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.17
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-06-16
© Science Publishing Group
Nhamo Chaukura
Louise Maynard-Atem
Interaction of a Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM-1) with Penetrants
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146
2015-06-16
2015-06-16
10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150303.17
© Science Publishing Group
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Activated Carbon from El Maghara Coal, Sinai, Egypt to be Utilized for Wastewater Purification
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.11
This study targeted to evaluate the availability of extraction the nano-activated carbon from el maghara coal that represents as Jurassic coal deposits in the Maghara area, Sinai, Egypt to be utilized as adsorbent material for methyl orange dye decontamination from polluted wastewater. Nano-activated carbon was prepared through the alkaline and acidic activation of el maghara coal with potassium hydroxide and phosphoric acid respectively at different conditions such as activation temperature, activation time and activating agent/ carbon ratio. The maximum removal for methyl orange with the extracted nano-activated carbon was recorded to be 90%. This efficient nano-activated carbon was synthesized through the reaction of el maghara coal with potassium hydroxide with 1:2 weight ratios for 90 minutes. Then the yielded powder material was carbonized at 600ºC for 90 minutes. The physical and chemical characteristics of raw coal and the most efficient extracted nano-activated carbon material were examined using different techniques such as scanning electron microscopic and infrared spectroscopy analysis. The different factors affecting the methyl orange treatment process onto the most efficient prepared material will be optimized using the batch technique. The equilibrium time for dye sorption process onto the prepared nano-activated carbon was established at 120min. the improvement at both the agitation speed and the material dosage has positive effect on the dye sorption process. The maghara coal was establish to be suitable resource for Nano-ctivated carbon extraction as an adsorbent after alkaline and thermal activation of the raw el maghara coal for the removal of methyl orange dye from polluted industrial wastewater.
This study targeted to evaluate the availability of extraction the nano-activated carbon from el maghara coal that represents as Jurassic coal deposits in the Maghara area, Sinai, Egypt to be utilized as adsorbent material for methyl orange dye decontamination from polluted wastewater. Nano-activated carbon was prepared through the alkaline and acidic activation of el maghara coal with potassium hydroxide and phosphoric acid respectively at different conditions such as activation temperature, activation time and activating agent/ carbon ratio. The maximum removal for methyl orange with the extracted nano-activated carbon was recorded to be 90%. This efficient nano-activated carbon was synthesized through the reaction of el maghara coal with potassium hydroxide with 1:2 weight ratios for 90 minutes. Then the yielded powder material was carbonized at 600ºC for 90 minutes. The physical and chemical characteristics of raw coal and the most efficient extracted nano-activated carbon material were examined using different techniques such as scanning electron microscopic and infrared spectroscopy analysis. The different factors affecting the methyl orange treatment process onto the most efficient prepared material will be optimized using the batch technique. The equilibrium time for dye sorption process onto the prepared nano-activated carbon was established at 120min. the improvement at both the agitation speed and the material dosage has positive effect on the dye sorption process. The maghara coal was establish to be suitable resource for Nano-ctivated carbon extraction as an adsorbent after alkaline and thermal activation of the raw el maghara coal for the removal of methyl orange dye from polluted industrial wastewater.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Activated Carbon from El Maghara Coal, Sinai, Egypt to be Utilized for Wastewater Purification
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-11-14
© Science Publishing Group
M. F. Elkady
M. M. Hussein
M. M. Salama
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Activated Carbon from El Maghara Coal, Sinai, Egypt to be Utilized for Wastewater Purification
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3
7
7
2014-11-14
2014-11-14
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.11
© Science Publishing Group
Production of Pure Nano-Iron by Using Ball Milling Machine, Chemical Batch Reactor and K-M Micro Reactor
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.12
In this study, pure nano iron was produced by the top to down and bottom up techniques. top to down including production of nano iron by using ball mill machine and bottom up including two methods batch and K-M micro reactor. Different techniques were used for investigation and characterization of the produced nano iron particles such as UV-Vis, PSD, SEM, TEM and XRD. The produced Nano particle using micro mixer showed better characteristics than those produced using batch reactor and ball mill in many aspects such as homogeneity of the produced particles, particle size distribution and size. The results showed that 10 nm core diameter were obtained using Micro mixer as compared to 80 nm and 40 nm core diameter using batch reactor and ball mill respectively.
In this study, pure nano iron was produced by the top to down and bottom up techniques. top to down including production of nano iron by using ball mill machine and bottom up including two methods batch and K-M micro reactor. Different techniques were used for investigation and characterization of the produced nano iron particles such as UV-Vis, PSD, SEM, TEM and XRD. The produced Nano particle using micro mixer showed better characteristics than those produced using batch reactor and ball mill in many aspects such as homogeneity of the produced particles, particle size distribution and size. The results showed that 10 nm core diameter were obtained using Micro mixer as compared to 80 nm and 40 nm core diameter using batch reactor and ball mill respectively.
Production of Pure Nano-Iron by Using Ball Milling Machine, Chemical Batch Reactor and K-M Micro Reactor
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-12-30
© Science Publishing Group
Mohamed Ahmed AbdelKawy
Ahmed H. El-Shazly
Yehia El Shazly
Production of Pure Nano-Iron by Using Ball Milling Machine, Chemical Batch Reactor and K-M Micro Reactor
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3
12
12
2014-12-30
2014-12-30
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.12
© Science Publishing Group
Novelpolyvinyl Chloride-Grafted-Poly (Ethylene Imine) Membranes for Water Treatment Applications: Synthesis and Membrane Characterizations
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.13
Novel polyvinyl chloride grafted poly (ethylene imine), PVC-g-PEI membranes have been successfully synthesized by solvent evaporation technique using THF/ethanol as a solvent mixture. PEI was incorporated into PVC in different portions to increase the weak hydrophilicity of PVC membranes and to enhance physicochemical membranes surface properties. Membranes preparation conditions of PVC-g-PEI and their applications for water desalination process were optimized and discussed in details. PVC-g-PEI membranes were characterized by FTIR, morphologically using SEM, thermally using TGA&DSC, and mechanically using universal testing machine. Poly (ethylene glycol), PEG was then added to PVC-g-PEI membranes as a pore forming additive to increase pores density area and improve efficiency of the permeation flux of membranes. Addition of PEG portions increased permeation flux of PVC-g-PEI membranes (452 L/D/M2513 L/D/M2and605 L/D/M2) and salt rejection performance for mono membrane (33.5%, 30.8%and 27.4 %) for 3%, 2% and 1% NaCl solutions, respectively. Ion Exchange Capacity (IEC) for (PVC-g-PEI) membrane was 2.3 meq/gm and water uptake was 23%.All filtration experiments results were carried out at a trans-membrane pressure of 0.3 MPa at room temperature. The results showed that the permeate quality and quantity almost stable upon long run, thus PVC-g-PEI membranes can be used effectively for water treatment applications e.g. Nano-filtration and desalination.
Novel polyvinyl chloride grafted poly (ethylene imine), PVC-g-PEI membranes have been successfully synthesized by solvent evaporation technique using THF/ethanol as a solvent mixture. PEI was incorporated into PVC in different portions to increase the weak hydrophilicity of PVC membranes and to enhance physicochemical membranes surface properties. Membranes preparation conditions of PVC-g-PEI and their applications for water desalination process were optimized and discussed in details. PVC-g-PEI membranes were characterized by FTIR, morphologically using SEM, thermally using TGA&DSC, and mechanically using universal testing machine. Poly (ethylene glycol), PEG was then added to PVC-g-PEI membranes as a pore forming additive to increase pores density area and improve efficiency of the permeation flux of membranes. Addition of PEG portions increased permeation flux of PVC-g-PEI membranes (452 L/D/M2513 L/D/M2and605 L/D/M2) and salt rejection performance for mono membrane (33.5%, 30.8%and 27.4 %) for 3%, 2% and 1% NaCl solutions, respectively. Ion Exchange Capacity (IEC) for (PVC-g-PEI) membrane was 2.3 meq/gm and water uptake was 23%.All filtration experiments results were carried out at a trans-membrane pressure of 0.3 MPa at room temperature. The results showed that the permeate quality and quantity almost stable upon long run, thus PVC-g-PEI membranes can be used effectively for water treatment applications e.g. Nano-filtration and desalination.
Novelpolyvinyl Chloride-Grafted-Poly (Ethylene Imine) Membranes for Water Treatment Applications: Synthesis and Membrane Characterizations
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.13
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-01-21
© Science Publishing Group
Mohamed S. Mohy El-din
Mahmoud Abdel Ghafar
Abd El GawadRabiea
Hossam A. Tieama
Novelpolyvinyl Chloride-Grafted-Poly (Ethylene Imine) Membranes for Water Treatment Applications: Synthesis and Membrane Characterizations
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21
21
2015-01-21
2015-01-21
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.13
© Science Publishing Group
Equilibrium and Kinetics Behavior of Oil Spill Process onto Synthesized Nano-Activated Carbon
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.14
Oil spills were removed from polluted wastewater using synthetic nano-activated carbon that prepared through the alkaline activation of water hyacinth roots followed by zinc chloride treatment prior to its carbonization. The prepared nano-activated carbon attains high oil sorption capacity of 28.31 g oil/ g sorbent and no water pickup. The SEM examination of the prepared activated carbon investigates its spherical morphological structure with average diameter of 60nm. The different processing parameters affecting on the oil sorption onto the prepared nano-activated carbon were optimized. The maximum oil sorption capacity of 30.2 g oil/g activated carbon has been recorded after 60 min sorption time using 10 g from the prepared nano-activated carbon at initial oil film thickness of 1 mm. The oil sorption data recorded at equilibrium conditions have been analyzed using the linear forms of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models and the applicability of these isotherm equations to the sorption system was compared by judging the correlation coefficients, R2. It was established that the equilibrium isotherm models applicability follows the order of: Freundlich< Langmuir< Dubinin-Radushkevich for the oil sorption onto activated carbon. Accordingly, the oil sorption process at equilibrium may be described mainly using both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. These results give prediction that the oil sorption process takes place onto nano-activated carbon as mono-layer coverage with some degree of heterogeneity. The kinetics of the oil sorption process was modeled using four kinetic models namely pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models. The pseudo second-order model yielded the highest R2 value of 0.9933. So, the kinetics of the oil sorption process onto the prepared nano-activated carbon may be described as second-order, which reveals that the main oil adsorption mechanism is probably chemisorption reaction.
Oil spills were removed from polluted wastewater using synthetic nano-activated carbon that prepared through the alkaline activation of water hyacinth roots followed by zinc chloride treatment prior to its carbonization. The prepared nano-activated carbon attains high oil sorption capacity of 28.31 g oil/ g sorbent and no water pickup. The SEM examination of the prepared activated carbon investigates its spherical morphological structure with average diameter of 60nm. The different processing parameters affecting on the oil sorption onto the prepared nano-activated carbon were optimized. The maximum oil sorption capacity of 30.2 g oil/g activated carbon has been recorded after 60 min sorption time using 10 g from the prepared nano-activated carbon at initial oil film thickness of 1 mm. The oil sorption data recorded at equilibrium conditions have been analyzed using the linear forms of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models and the applicability of these isotherm equations to the sorption system was compared by judging the correlation coefficients, R2. It was established that the equilibrium isotherm models applicability follows the order of: Freundlich< Langmuir< Dubinin-Radushkevich for the oil sorption onto activated carbon. Accordingly, the oil sorption process at equilibrium may be described mainly using both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. These results give prediction that the oil sorption process takes place onto nano-activated carbon as mono-layer coverage with some degree of heterogeneity. The kinetics of the oil sorption process was modeled using four kinetic models namely pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models. The pseudo second-order model yielded the highest R2 value of 0.9933. So, the kinetics of the oil sorption process onto the prepared nano-activated carbon may be described as second-order, which reveals that the main oil adsorption mechanism is probably chemisorption reaction.
Equilibrium and Kinetics Behavior of Oil Spill Process onto Synthesized Nano-Activated Carbon
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.14
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-01-23
© Science Publishing Group
M. F. Elkady
Mohamed Hussien
Reham Abou-rady
Equilibrium and Kinetics Behavior of Oil Spill Process onto Synthesized Nano-Activated Carbon
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30
30
2015-01-23
2015-01-23
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.14
© Science Publishing Group
Preparation of Nano-Activated Carbon from carbon Based Material for Copper Decontamination from Wastewater
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.15
This investigation deals with preparation of an activated carbon in nano-scale from natural waste bio-materials of water hyacinth segments through chemical modification of water hyacinth followed by chemical and thermal activation of the material. The different parameters affecting in the chemical and thermal activation processes such as chemical types used for activation process, activation time and temperature and carbonization time and temperature for the thermal activation process were optimized to produce nano-size activated carbon. All prepared materials were evaluated as adsorbent materials for copper decontamination from industrial wastewater. The produced nano-activated carbon was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Morphological characterization (SEM), Thermal Analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The performance of the prepared nano-activated carbon was evaluated for copper ion sorption from aqueous solution using batch technique. The influence of the different parameters affecting the copper sorption process was examined. The results indicated that the prepared nano-activated carbon recorded high copper removal of 86.12% within 4hours.
This investigation deals with preparation of an activated carbon in nano-scale from natural waste bio-materials of water hyacinth segments through chemical modification of water hyacinth followed by chemical and thermal activation of the material. The different parameters affecting in the chemical and thermal activation processes such as chemical types used for activation process, activation time and temperature and carbonization time and temperature for the thermal activation process were optimized to produce nano-size activated carbon. All prepared materials were evaluated as adsorbent materials for copper decontamination from industrial wastewater. The produced nano-activated carbon was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Morphological characterization (SEM), Thermal Analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The performance of the prepared nano-activated carbon was evaluated for copper ion sorption from aqueous solution using batch technique. The influence of the different parameters affecting the copper sorption process was examined. The results indicated that the prepared nano-activated carbon recorded high copper removal of 86.12% within 4hours.
Preparation of Nano-Activated Carbon from carbon Based Material for Copper Decontamination from Wastewater
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.15
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-01-27
© Science Publishing Group
M. F. Elkady
M. M. Hussein
H. M. Atiaa
Preparation of Nano-Activated Carbon from carbon Based Material for Copper Decontamination from Wastewater
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37
37
2015-01-27
2015-01-27
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.15
© Science Publishing Group
Preparation and Characterization of CaSO4–SiO2–CaO/SO42- Composite for Biodiesel Production
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.16
Biodiesel synthesis from waste frying oil (WFO), gained a huge industrial concern compared to the high priced virgin vegetable oils. The major catalysts used in biodiesel production are homogeneous catalysts, which are cheap. However, they have many drawbacks such as, serious separation problems, low biodiesel production yield and production of impure glycerol. This will lead to increase the produced biodiesel price. The latest trend in biodiesel production today is using heterogeneous catalysts that can address the homogeneous catalysts drawbacks. CaSO4–SiO2–CaO/SO42- composites with various SiO2 to CaO weight ratios were synthesized, characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, and FTIR. In addition, the prepared composites were used for biodiesel production and for determining the optimum operating conditions using gas chromatograph (GC). The obtained results clearly indicate that CaSO4–SiO2–CaO/SO42- can be used as stable and active catalyst for biodiesel production from WFO.
Biodiesel synthesis from waste frying oil (WFO), gained a huge industrial concern compared to the high priced virgin vegetable oils. The major catalysts used in biodiesel production are homogeneous catalysts, which are cheap. However, they have many drawbacks such as, serious separation problems, low biodiesel production yield and production of impure glycerol. This will lead to increase the produced biodiesel price. The latest trend in biodiesel production today is using heterogeneous catalysts that can address the homogeneous catalysts drawbacks. CaSO4–SiO2–CaO/SO42- composites with various SiO2 to CaO weight ratios were synthesized, characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, and FTIR. In addition, the prepared composites were used for biodiesel production and for determining the optimum operating conditions using gas chromatograph (GC). The obtained results clearly indicate that CaSO4–SiO2–CaO/SO42- can be used as stable and active catalyst for biodiesel production from WFO.
Preparation and Characterization of CaSO4–SiO2–CaO/SO42- Composite for Biodiesel Production
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.16
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-02-09
© Science Publishing Group
Rehab M. Ali
Mona M. Abd El Latif
Hassan A. Farag
Preparation and Characterization of CaSO4–SiO2–CaO/SO42- Composite for Biodiesel Production
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45
45
2015-02-09
2015-02-09
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.16
© Science Publishing Group
Novel Nano-Zirconium Antimonate as Cation Exchange Material for Organic Dye Pollutants Purification
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.17
Nano-zirconium antimonate was successfully prepared using two different techniques of sol-gel and homogeneous precipitation. The different preparation parameters affecting onto the two preparation techniques such as HCl concentration, reactants molar ratio and effect reaction temperature were optimized to attain cation exchange material with high ion exchange capacity and produced in nano-size structure. The different prepared samples were screened based on their ion exchange capacities. The most proper prepared sample produced from the sol-gel technique poses higher ion exchange capacity value of 3.5meq/g compared with that produced from the homogeneous precipitation that recorded ion exchange capacity of 2.8meq/g. The physico-chemical properties of the two nano-zirconium antimonate samples produced from each technique were compared using various analytical techniques such as XRD, SEM and TEM. XRD results indicated that the sample produced from the homogeneous precipitation attains high crystallinity degree compared with the amorphous sol-gel prepared sample. The morphological structure investigation evident the nano-spherical morphology for the two prepared samples. The average nano-size of the homogeneous precipitation sample of 22nm is smaller than that of the sol-gel sample that recorded 34nm. The dye decontamination behavior of the two prepared nano-zirconium antimonate samples was compared for C.I basic blue 3dye. The sol-gel prepared sample recorded higher dye decolorization of 81.5% compared with 54% for the homogeneous precipitation sample.
Nano-zirconium antimonate was successfully prepared using two different techniques of sol-gel and homogeneous precipitation. The different preparation parameters affecting onto the two preparation techniques such as HCl concentration, reactants molar ratio and effect reaction temperature were optimized to attain cation exchange material with high ion exchange capacity and produced in nano-size structure. The different prepared samples were screened based on their ion exchange capacities. The most proper prepared sample produced from the sol-gel technique poses higher ion exchange capacity value of 3.5meq/g compared with that produced from the homogeneous precipitation that recorded ion exchange capacity of 2.8meq/g. The physico-chemical properties of the two nano-zirconium antimonate samples produced from each technique were compared using various analytical techniques such as XRD, SEM and TEM. XRD results indicated that the sample produced from the homogeneous precipitation attains high crystallinity degree compared with the amorphous sol-gel prepared sample. The morphological structure investigation evident the nano-spherical morphology for the two prepared samples. The average nano-size of the homogeneous precipitation sample of 22nm is smaller than that of the sol-gel sample that recorded 34nm. The dye decontamination behavior of the two prepared nano-zirconium antimonate samples was compared for C.I basic blue 3dye. The sol-gel prepared sample recorded higher dye decolorization of 81.5% compared with 54% for the homogeneous precipitation sample.
Novel Nano-Zirconium Antimonate as Cation Exchange Material for Organic Dye Pollutants Purification
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.17
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-03-28
© Science Publishing Group
M. F. Elkady
M. A. khodary
A. A. Zaatout
Novel Nano-Zirconium Antimonate as Cation Exchange Material for Organic Dye Pollutants Purification
3
3
53
53
2015-03-28
2015-03-28
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.17
© Science Publishing Group
Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline Nanotube
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.18
The present work reports slightly modification of the conventional chemical synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) to be nanotube structure without the need for any template or structural directing materials. PANI preparation was optimized by the oxidation of two different precursors: aniline and aniline hydrochloride with ammonium persulfate (APS) as oxidizing agent in various aqueous media of strong, weak acid and in alkaline medium at different pH values. Structural and morphological properties of the products are characterized by SEM, XRD and FTIR. Results showed the strong dependence of PANI nanotube on the acidity at certain pH value during the oxidation of aniline by APS. It is founded that, the optimum condition for preparation of PANI nanotube was obtained under oxidation of aniline monomer by APS in aqueous media of weak acid medium at pH five degree.
The present work reports slightly modification of the conventional chemical synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) to be nanotube structure without the need for any template or structural directing materials. PANI preparation was optimized by the oxidation of two different precursors: aniline and aniline hydrochloride with ammonium persulfate (APS) as oxidizing agent in various aqueous media of strong, weak acid and in alkaline medium at different pH values. Structural and morphological properties of the products are characterized by SEM, XRD and FTIR. Results showed the strong dependence of PANI nanotube on the acidity at certain pH value during the oxidation of aniline by APS. It is founded that, the optimum condition for preparation of PANI nanotube was obtained under oxidation of aniline monomer by APS in aqueous media of weak acid medium at pH five degree.
Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline Nanotube
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.18
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-05-13
© Science Publishing Group
H. Shokry Hassan
M. F. Elkady
M. A. Abd El kawi
M. F. Alian
Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline Nanotube
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3
59
59
2015-05-13
2015-05-13
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030301.18
© Science Publishing Group
Physico-Chemical and Heavy Metal Analyses of Some Ground Water in Bunza, North Western, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150304.12
Water contaminants such as chemicals, household waste or microorganism are known to be dangerous to human health and other living organism, thus the basis for this study. The physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal contents of four different well water in Bunza, North Western Nigeria were analyzed. The pH of the well waters ranged from 4.31 - 5.9, Magnesium and Calcium content of the well water ranged from 4.54 - 5.40 and 53.58 - 66.42 mg/L, Cadmium content of the well waters ranged from 0.017 - 0.021 mg/l, the pH values and Calcium content obtained falls below the permissible limit of 6.50 - 9.00 and 150 - 200 mg/l respectively as given by WHO, while the Cadmium content was observed to be higher than the permissible limit (0.003 mg/L). This study infers that well water in the studied area may not be safe for human and animal consumption
Water contaminants such as chemicals, household waste or microorganism are known to be dangerous to human health and other living organism, thus the basis for this study. The physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal contents of four different well water in Bunza, North Western Nigeria were analyzed. The pH of the well waters ranged from 4.31 - 5.9, Magnesium and Calcium content of the well water ranged from 4.54 - 5.40 and 53.58 - 66.42 mg/L, Cadmium content of the well waters ranged from 0.017 - 0.021 mg/l, the pH values and Calcium content obtained falls below the permissible limit of 6.50 - 9.00 and 150 - 200 mg/l respectively as given by WHO, while the Cadmium content was observed to be higher than the permissible limit (0.003 mg/L). This study infers that well water in the studied area may not be safe for human and animal consumption
Physico-Chemical and Heavy Metal Analyses of Some Ground Water in Bunza, North Western, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150304.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-08-14
© Science Publishing Group
Cosmas Elinge
Hassan Abdulaziz Muhammed
Israel Obaroh
Physico-Chemical and Heavy Metal Analyses of Some Ground Water in Bunza, North Western, Nigeria
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157
2015-08-14
2015-08-14
10.11648/j.ajac.20150304.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150304.12
© Science Publishing Group
Adsorption Isotherms and Thermodynamic Data for Removal Pesticides from Aqueous Solution on Pomegranate Peel Surface
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150304.11
This work includes the study of the ability of pomegranate peel as adsorbent for two kinds of pesticides (Lambda cyhalothrin and Diazinon) from their aqueous solutions. The equilibrium contact time for the samples was determined. The effect of some factors on the adsorption process which was represented by the effect of acidity function was also studied. It was found that the best adsorption is at pH=2. The effects of the different temperatures within the range (313, 323, and 333K) were studied. The amount of adsorption for the pesticides is decreased with the increase of temperature; this indicates that the adsorption process is exothermic. Finally the study of the adsorption isotherms takes the (S-shape) according to Gile's classification for all the cases from (S2, S4) type which is following the freundlich equation for the adsorption.
This work includes the study of the ability of pomegranate peel as adsorbent for two kinds of pesticides (Lambda cyhalothrin and Diazinon) from their aqueous solutions. The equilibrium contact time for the samples was determined. The effect of some factors on the adsorption process which was represented by the effect of acidity function was also studied. It was found that the best adsorption is at pH=2. The effects of the different temperatures within the range (313, 323, and 333K) were studied. The amount of adsorption for the pesticides is decreased with the increase of temperature; this indicates that the adsorption process is exothermic. Finally the study of the adsorption isotherms takes the (S-shape) according to Gile's classification for all the cases from (S2, S4) type which is following the freundlich equation for the adsorption.
Adsorption Isotherms and Thermodynamic Data for Removal Pesticides from Aqueous Solution on Pomegranate Peel Surface
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150304.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-07-07
© Science Publishing Group
Nada Ehya Fairooz
Zainab Abbas Jwad
Mohammed Alaa Abdul Zahra
Adsorption Isotherms and Thermodynamic Data for Removal Pesticides from Aqueous Solution on Pomegranate Peel Surface
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152
152
2015-07-07
2015-07-07
10.11648/j.ajac.20150304.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150304.11
© Science Publishing Group
Antioxidant Potentials of Tomato Paste Extracts Found on Major Markets in Accra Metropolis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150305.11
The harmful effects of the free radicals on humans could be inhibited by antioxidants in fruits and vegetables. Tomato contains several antioxidants such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Consumption of tomatoes has been related epidemiologically to a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases, prostate, gastrointestinal and epithelial cell cancers. In this study ten different brands of canned tomato pastes on the Ghanaian market were evaluated for their antioxidant potentials based on their polyphenolic and flavonoid contents as well as DPPH free radical scavenging activities. The amount of total phenolic compounds extracted were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Total flavonoid content was determined using aluminum chloride colorimetric assay method. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using the DPPH scavenging activity. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents ranged from 6.26 mg GAE/gdw to 22.82 mg GAE/gdw and between 1.83 μg QE/gdw to 45.26μg QE/gdw respectively. DPPH scavenging activity ranged from 8.03% to 29.69%. High and significant correlations existed between antioxidant activities, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of tomato paste samples analysed indicating these pastes are potentially rich sources of dietary polyphenolic compounds and antioxidants, and might contribute important health benefits to consumers.
The harmful effects of the free radicals on humans could be inhibited by antioxidants in fruits and vegetables. Tomato contains several antioxidants such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Consumption of tomatoes has been related epidemiologically to a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases, prostate, gastrointestinal and epithelial cell cancers. In this study ten different brands of canned tomato pastes on the Ghanaian market were evaluated for their antioxidant potentials based on their polyphenolic and flavonoid contents as well as DPPH free radical scavenging activities. The amount of total phenolic compounds extracted were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Total flavonoid content was determined using aluminum chloride colorimetric assay method. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using the DPPH scavenging activity. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents ranged from 6.26 mg GAE/gdw to 22.82 mg GAE/gdw and between 1.83 μg QE/gdw to 45.26μg QE/gdw respectively. DPPH scavenging activity ranged from 8.03% to 29.69%. High and significant correlations existed between antioxidant activities, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of tomato paste samples analysed indicating these pastes are potentially rich sources of dietary polyphenolic compounds and antioxidants, and might contribute important health benefits to consumers.
Antioxidant Potentials of Tomato Paste Extracts Found on Major Markets in Accra Metropolis
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150305.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-08-27
© Science Publishing Group
Shadrack Donkor
Akwasi Akomeah Agyekum
Felicia Akuamoa
Nana Afua Kobi Adu-Bobi
Daniel Gyingiri Achel
Isaac Kwabena Asare
Josephine Kyei
Antioxidant Potentials of Tomato Paste Extracts Found on Major Markets in Accra Metropolis
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2015-08-27
2015-08-27
10.11648/j.ajac.20150305.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150305.11
© Science Publishing Group
Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of the Most Widely Used Mushrooms Cultivated in Mekelle Tigray Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150305.12
The basic composition (The total protein, total carbohydrate, total lipid, crude fiber and ash content of each mushroom were studied on dry weight contents were determined in the cultivated mushrooms Agaricus bisporus/white, Agaricus bisporus/brown, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus and they ranged from 28.38-49.2, 1.54-4.96, 13.2-29.02 and 7.01-17.92, respectively and this shows it has high content of protein and fat fiber and low fat and this good for as alternatives food stuff andtheseresults asserve as the basis of further scientific study into various ways of enhancing the livelihood of particular areas of northern Mekelle through increased mushroom domestication as well as assessing the possible bioactivity of mushrooms against foodcertain human diseases.
The basic composition (The total protein, total carbohydrate, total lipid, crude fiber and ash content of each mushroom were studied on dry weight contents were determined in the cultivated mushrooms Agaricus bisporus/white, Agaricus bisporus/brown, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus and they ranged from 28.38-49.2, 1.54-4.96, 13.2-29.02 and 7.01-17.92, respectively and this shows it has high content of protein and fat fiber and low fat and this good for as alternatives food stuff andtheseresults asserve as the basis of further scientific study into various ways of enhancing the livelihood of particular areas of northern Mekelle through increased mushroom domestication as well as assessing the possible bioactivity of mushrooms against foodcertain human diseases.
Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of the Most Widely Used Mushrooms Cultivated in Mekelle Tigray Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20150305.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-08-31
© Science Publishing Group
Teklit Gebregiorgis Amabye
Afework Mulugeta Bezabh
Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of the Most Widely Used Mushrooms Cultivated in Mekelle Tigray Ethiopia
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167
167
2015-08-31
2015-08-31
10.11648/j.ajac.20150305.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.20150305.12
© Science Publishing Group
Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Powder XRD Study of 4-(5-(Ethylthio)-1,3,4-Oxadiazole-2-yl) Aniline
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030501.11
In order to investigate the separation mechanism of liquid crystals stationary phases based on an oxadiazole moiety, new 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative as side mesogenic arm in liquid crystals was prepared, and its structural spectroscopic data were studied in this paper. A powerful indication about the relationship between molecular structure and alignment properties is described. Such information is indispensable for the design and synthesis new liquid crystals stationary phases of high separation efficiency.
In order to investigate the separation mechanism of liquid crystals stationary phases based on an oxadiazole moiety, new 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative as side mesogenic arm in liquid crystals was prepared, and its structural spectroscopic data were studied in this paper. A powerful indication about the relationship between molecular structure and alignment properties is described. Such information is indispensable for the design and synthesis new liquid crystals stationary phases of high separation efficiency.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Powder XRD Study of 4-(5-(Ethylthio)-1,3,4-Oxadiazole-2-yl) Aniline
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030501.11
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
Emad Ghanem
Sahar Al-Hariri
Abeer Ghanem
Lama Aouda
Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Powder XRD Study of 4-(5-(Ethylthio)-1,3,4-Oxadiazole-2-yl) Aniline
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6
6
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030501.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030501.11
© Science Publishing Group
Historical Development of Liquid Crystalline Stationary Phases: An Overview
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030501.12
Nematic liquid crystals have shown particular selectivity and sensitivity as stationary phases for the separation of isomers having similar volatilities. Because of their unique selectivity towards rigid solute isomers, liquid crystal stationary phases were considered at one time to be a very promising class of materials that give the gas chromatographic separations a great deal of attention. In this overview, we present a brief historical view of the liquid crystal stationary phases development, which were successfully used in gas chromatography for separation of isomers.
Nematic liquid crystals have shown particular selectivity and sensitivity as stationary phases for the separation of isomers having similar volatilities. Because of their unique selectivity towards rigid solute isomers, liquid crystal stationary phases were considered at one time to be a very promising class of materials that give the gas chromatographic separations a great deal of attention. In this overview, we present a brief historical view of the liquid crystal stationary phases development, which were successfully used in gas chromatography for separation of isomers.
Historical Development of Liquid Crystalline Stationary Phases: An Overview
doi:10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030501.12
American Journal of Applied Chemistry
2015-05-09
© Science Publishing Group
Emad Ghanem
Historical Development of Liquid Crystalline Stationary Phases: An Overview
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10
10
2015-05-09
2015-05-09
10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030501.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=227&doi=10.11648/j.ajac.s.2015030501.12
© Science Publishing Group