Science Publishing Group: International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences: Table of Contents
<i>International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences (IJAAS)</i> is a peer reviewed scientific journal dedicated to publish high quality of applied research in the field of agricultural sciences. It welcomes original and new findings on various aspects of applied agricultural researches related to the plant and animal topics. Recent review articles in subjects of general interest are welcomed. Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published elsewhere.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijaas Science Publishing Group: International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences: Table of Contents
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International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
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Root Architecture and Genetic Variations Associated with Phosphorus Uptake in Rice
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Phosphorus (P) is a finite resource and is a major limiting factor for rice yield on a large area of World’s arable land. The main objective of this study was to investigate plant and soil P interaction in P limiting conditions. A P deficient 25/75% subsoil/sand mix was determined using pots in a preliminary experiment as to be used for screening 30 rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L.).The experiment was designed using a randomized complete block design to test if shallow and deep-rooted genotypes differ in extracting P present in soil by using rock phosphate in three treatments: when rock P was absent or embedded either in a shallow 10 cm layer or distributed homogenously in soil mix. All treatments were fed with Yoshida’s nutrient solution lacking of P (YNS-P). Results indicated that P treatment x genotype interaction was significant on shoot dry weight (SDW). The addition of rock phosphate especially in shallow 10 cm layer greatly stimulated plant growth where SDW of plants grown in homogenous P and shallow P significantly outgrew those in zero P treatment. Both P treatment and genotype affected root dry weight (RDW) and root/shoot ratio significantly. Rice from the aus subgroup grown in zero P treatment accumulated significantly more SDW than indica and japonica genotypes. In zero P treatment, the genotypes Black Gora, Rayada, Kasalath, Azucena, IAC25, Dom Sufid, Aux1Wild type, FR13A and especially Sadu Cho accumulated higher SDW relative to the others.
Phosphorus (P) is a finite resource and is a major limiting factor for rice yield on a large area of World’s arable land. The main objective of this study was to investigate plant and soil P interaction in P limiting conditions. A P deficient 25/75% subsoil/sand mix was determined using pots in a preliminary experiment as to be used for screening 30 rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L.).The experiment was designed using a randomized complete block design to test if shallow and deep-rooted genotypes differ in extracting P present in soil by using rock phosphate in three treatments: when rock P was absent or embedded either in a shallow 10 cm layer or distributed homogenously in soil mix. All treatments were fed with Yoshida’s nutrient solution lacking of P (YNS-P). Results indicated that P treatment x genotype interaction was significant on shoot dry weight (SDW). The addition of rock phosphate especially in shallow 10 cm layer greatly stimulated plant growth where SDW of plants grown in homogenous P and shallow P significantly outgrew those in zero P treatment. Both P treatment and genotype affected root dry weight (RDW) and root/shoot ratio significantly. Rice from the aus subgroup grown in zero P treatment accumulated significantly more SDW than indica and japonica genotypes. In zero P treatment, the genotypes Black Gora, Rayada, Kasalath, Azucena, IAC25, Dom Sufid, Aux1Wild type, FR13A and especially Sadu Cho accumulated higher SDW relative to the others.
Root Architecture and Genetic Variations Associated with Phosphorus Uptake in Rice
doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20150101.11
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
2015-05-26
© Science Publishing Group
Alogaidi Faez
Price Adam
Johnson David
Root Architecture and Genetic Variations Associated with Phosphorus Uptake in Rice
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Genome Wide Association Mapping for Drought Recovery Trait in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)
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Rice is the one of the oldest crop cereals in Asia and has been grown since ancient times. In the present study, a rice diversity panel was exposed to drought and drought recovery was scored to identify QTLs and candidate genes related to drought resistance. There are no reports of QTL mapping using Genome wide association mapping for drought recovery has been published. Only one significant association on chromosome 2 for drought recovery with physical position at 24559374 bp was found. positional candidate genes underneath QTL was examined bioinformatically and through the literature revealing several interesting genes which may offer potential for developing drought resistant rice cultivars.
Rice is the one of the oldest crop cereals in Asia and has been grown since ancient times. In the present study, a rice diversity panel was exposed to drought and drought recovery was scored to identify QTLs and candidate genes related to drought resistance. There are no reports of QTL mapping using Genome wide association mapping for drought recovery has been published. Only one significant association on chromosome 2 for drought recovery with physical position at 24559374 bp was found. positional candidate genes underneath QTL was examined bioinformatically and through the literature revealing several interesting genes which may offer potential for developing drought resistant rice cultivars.
Genome Wide Association Mapping for Drought Recovery Trait in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)
doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20150101.12
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
2015-06-01
© Science Publishing Group
Zaniab Al-Shugeairy
Adam H. Price
David Robinson
Genome Wide Association Mapping for Drought Recovery Trait in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)
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Influence of Adding Manganese to Tris Extender on some Post-Cryopreservation Semen Attributes of Holstein Bulls
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This study was conducted to explore the adding effect of manganese (Mn+2) to Tris extender on post cooling and cryopreservation semen attributes of Holstein bulls for different periods. Seven Holstein bulls of 3.5-4.5 years old were used in this study. Pooled semen was divided into three groups. The first group was diluted with Tris only (control group, G1). While the 2nd (G2) and 3rd (G3) groups were added 0.7 and 0.9 mM Mn+2respectively. The effect of these additions on Holstein bulls semen quality was studied during different periods (cooling at 5 Celsius, 72 hrs.,1st , 2nd and 3rd post cryopreservation, PC). Addition of Mn+2 led to significant increases of total (×106) plasma membrane integrity of sperms and total function sperm fraction as compared with control groups during cooling and PC periods. It can be concluded that the addition two levels of acid Mn+2 led to enhanced PC semen quality of bulls. This will in turn improved fertility rate of cows and owner's economic income.
This study was conducted to explore the adding effect of manganese (Mn+2) to Tris extender on post cooling and cryopreservation semen attributes of Holstein bulls for different periods. Seven Holstein bulls of 3.5-4.5 years old were used in this study. Pooled semen was divided into three groups. The first group was diluted with Tris only (control group, G1). While the 2nd (G2) and 3rd (G3) groups were added 0.7 and 0.9 mM Mn+2respectively. The effect of these additions on Holstein bulls semen quality was studied during different periods (cooling at 5 Celsius, 72 hrs.,1st , 2nd and 3rd post cryopreservation, PC). Addition of Mn+2 led to significant increases of total (×106) plasma membrane integrity of sperms and total function sperm fraction as compared with control groups during cooling and PC periods. It can be concluded that the addition two levels of acid Mn+2 led to enhanced PC semen quality of bulls. This will in turn improved fertility rate of cows and owner's economic income.
Influence of Adding Manganese to Tris Extender on some Post-Cryopreservation Semen Attributes of Holstein Bulls
doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20150102.12
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
2015-06-01
© Science Publishing Group
Sajeda Mahdi Eidan
Talal Anwer Abdulkareem
Omer Amer Abd Sultan
Influence of Adding Manganese to Tris Extender on some Post-Cryopreservation Semen Attributes of Holstein Bulls
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© Science Publishing Group
Gravity Model in Foreign Trade(Iraqi Dates as a Case Study)
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The Gravity Model is considered as one of the important models in foreign trade, because it is used to explain the most important determinants of country exports of it’s exported goods and to determine the competitive state for exports of the country in world market, besides it gives an idea about the most important countries in exporting their goods. The study aims to determine the most important factors affecting the flow of Iraqi dates to world market, and to measure the influence of these factors and to determine suitable model to understand most important determinants of foreign trade of Iraqi dates with most important trading partners. The study proved that per capita of GDP, quantity of commodity produced by country ,quantity of commodity exports from Iraq to global market , export price (FOB) of commodity and equilibrium exchange rate of local currencyversus US\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$, were the most important factors because these factors formed about (%99) of determinants of flow of Iraqi dates to global market. By analyzing this model with most important trading partners (UAE and Syria), the study found that per capita of GDP representing economic size of the two partners, population in the two partners and the distance between trading capitals with inverse sign were the most important factors.Most of these factors compatible with gravity trade model between states, and these factors determine (%98) and (%58) of changes in flow of Iraqi dates to UAE and Syria respectively.
The Gravity Model is considered as one of the important models in foreign trade, because it is used to explain the most important determinants of country exports of it’s exported goods and to determine the competitive state for exports of the country in world market, besides it gives an idea about the most important countries in exporting their goods. The study aims to determine the most important factors affecting the flow of Iraqi dates to world market, and to measure the influence of these factors and to determine suitable model to understand most important determinants of foreign trade of Iraqi dates with most important trading partners. The study proved that per capita of GDP, quantity of commodity produced by country ,quantity of commodity exports from Iraq to global market , export price (FOB) of commodity and equilibrium exchange rate of local currencyversus US\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$, were the most important factors because these factors formed about (%99) of determinants of flow of Iraqi dates to global market. By analyzing this model with most important trading partners (UAE and Syria), the study found that per capita of GDP representing economic size of the two partners, population in the two partners and the distance between trading capitals with inverse sign were the most important factors.Most of these factors compatible with gravity trade model between states, and these factors determine (%98) and (%58) of changes in flow of Iraqi dates to UAE and Syria respectively.
Gravity Model in Foreign Trade(Iraqi Dates as a Case Study)
doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20150102.11
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
2015-06-01
© Science Publishing Group
Basim Hazim Al-Badri
Gravity Model in Foreign Trade(Iraqi Dates as a Case Study)
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2015-06-01
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Estimation of Salt Tolerance Degree in some Selected Wheat Genotypes by Using Detection of Salt Tolerant Gene (TaSTK) and its Expression Under Salinity Conditions
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150102.13
Molecular studies were carried out to detect salt tolerance gene (TaSTK) and estimate their expression in two selected cultivars (Dijilla and Furat) and one genotype (N3) of wheat under salinity condition (0, 15, 25 ds/m) as compared with salt sensitive cultivar (Tamooze-2). These cultivars and genotype were selected through plant breeding programs. The cDNA and gene amplification method used for this detection. Real-time PCR sybergreen method used to estimate the CT values and gene expression. The gene band length is 150 bp which appeared only in the selected materials (salt tolerance), while this gene absent in the salt sensitive culture (Tamooze-2). Amount and expression of TaSTK gene to be enhanced under salt conditions, and the degree of salt related enhancement was greatly only in salt-tolerant materials. Excess expression and amount of the TaSTK gene were at high salinity levels. At all salinity levels also the results showed that the amount and expression of this gene were proximately similar in all selected materials by contrast, there were no amount and expression of this gene in sensitive culture (local cultivar).
Molecular studies were carried out to detect salt tolerance gene (TaSTK) and estimate their expression in two selected cultivars (Dijilla and Furat) and one genotype (N3) of wheat under salinity condition (0, 15, 25 ds/m) as compared with salt sensitive cultivar (Tamooze-2). These cultivars and genotype were selected through plant breeding programs. The cDNA and gene amplification method used for this detection. Real-time PCR sybergreen method used to estimate the CT values and gene expression. The gene band length is 150 bp which appeared only in the selected materials (salt tolerance), while this gene absent in the salt sensitive culture (Tamooze-2). Amount and expression of TaSTK gene to be enhanced under salt conditions, and the degree of salt related enhancement was greatly only in salt-tolerant materials. Excess expression and amount of the TaSTK gene were at high salinity levels. At all salinity levels also the results showed that the amount and expression of this gene were proximately similar in all selected materials by contrast, there were no amount and expression of this gene in sensitive culture (local cultivar).
Estimation of Salt Tolerance Degree in some Selected Wheat Genotypes by Using Detection of Salt Tolerant Gene (TaSTK) and its Expression Under Salinity Conditions
doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20150102.13
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
2015-06-12
© Science Publishing Group
I. H. Al-Mashhadani Ibrahim
Estimation of Salt Tolerance Degree in some Selected Wheat Genotypes by Using Detection of Salt Tolerant Gene (TaSTK) and its Expression Under Salinity Conditions
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2015-06-12
10.11648/j.ijaas.20150102.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150102.13
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Response of Three Rice Cultivars to the Intermittent Irrigation in Southern Iraq
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150102.14
A field trial was conducted at Al-Mishkhab Rice Research Station during 2011 season, to assess the effects of irrigation intervals on water productivity and yield components of three local rice varieties (Anber 33, Yasamin, and Furat 1). Two irrigation methods were practiced: continuous ponding and intermittent water application where irrigation water was scheduled at three different intervals (3, 5 and 7 days).The trial was performed as split plot based on a complete randomized blocks design (RCBD) having three replications. Seedlings were transplanted 20 days following germination into rows. 30 cm a part with 20 cm distance between plants within rows. The results showed that the 3-days, 5-days and 7-days intervals of irrigation consumed 50%, 45% and 36% as much water, as continuous flood. The 3-days irrigation interval increased yield by 2% compared with continuous flood while the 7-days irrigation interval decreased yield by 15% compared with continuous flood. Furat1 and Yasamin varieties manifested higher water compared with Anber33. Water productivity of Furat 1 and Yasamin were 0.6108kg.m-3 and 0.5667kg.m-3 respectively. It is concluded that replacing current continuous submergence of rice crops with 3-days interval irrigation will lead to a substantial saving of water, about 50%, while raising yields; and having 7-days interval irrigation could indeed give much-improved productivity of water (grain produced per unit of water).This latter option should be considered even if it does not maximize grain produced per unit of land area in as much as water is becoming a resource more limiting than land for Iraqi agriculture. This water management strategy could help to deal with the shortage in water that is facing Iraqi farmers now and in the foreseeable future.
A field trial was conducted at Al-Mishkhab Rice Research Station during 2011 season, to assess the effects of irrigation intervals on water productivity and yield components of three local rice varieties (Anber 33, Yasamin, and Furat 1). Two irrigation methods were practiced: continuous ponding and intermittent water application where irrigation water was scheduled at three different intervals (3, 5 and 7 days).The trial was performed as split plot based on a complete randomized blocks design (RCBD) having three replications. Seedlings were transplanted 20 days following germination into rows. 30 cm a part with 20 cm distance between plants within rows. The results showed that the 3-days, 5-days and 7-days intervals of irrigation consumed 50%, 45% and 36% as much water, as continuous flood. The 3-days irrigation interval increased yield by 2% compared with continuous flood while the 7-days irrigation interval decreased yield by 15% compared with continuous flood. Furat1 and Yasamin varieties manifested higher water compared with Anber33. Water productivity of Furat 1 and Yasamin were 0.6108kg.m-3 and 0.5667kg.m-3 respectively. It is concluded that replacing current continuous submergence of rice crops with 3-days interval irrigation will lead to a substantial saving of water, about 50%, while raising yields; and having 7-days interval irrigation could indeed give much-improved productivity of water (grain produced per unit of water).This latter option should be considered even if it does not maximize grain produced per unit of land area in as much as water is becoming a resource more limiting than land for Iraqi agriculture. This water management strategy could help to deal with the shortage in water that is facing Iraqi farmers now and in the foreseeable future.
Response of Three Rice Cultivars to the Intermittent Irrigation in Southern Iraq
doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20150102.14
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
2015-06-19
© Science Publishing Group
Saad Flaih Hassan
Khidhir Abbas Hameed
Abdul Karim H. Ethafa
Ali NadhimKadim
Abdul Hassan Y. Abbod
Abdul Rudha H. Ali
Foad I. Khalil
Response of Three Rice Cultivars to the Intermittent Irrigation in Southern Iraq
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10.11648/j.ijaas.20150102.14
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Response of Yield, Yield Components and Oil Quality of some Safflower Genotypes to Harvesting Date
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150102.15
This study was conducted at experimental field, College of Agriculture, Baghdad University, Abu-Ghraib-Iraq, during winter seasons 2010-2011 and 2011-2012. Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates arranged in a spilt-plot was used. Five genotypes (G2018, Gila, Al-mais, Aurduny and Rabee 500) represents main plots, whereas four harvesting dates at [ physiological maturity (PM), 10, 20 and 30 days after (PM) ] were assigned as sub-plots. In both seasons at physiological maturity stage, the plants attained the highest plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of heads per plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield, oil content and oil yield. Also, Rabee 500 genotype’s plants were characterized by recording the highest number of primary branches per plant, number of heads per plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield and oil content. Aurduny genotype when was harvested at first date obtained the highest seed yield (3.5 and 3.6 t ha-1) for both seasons, oil content (36.2%) in 2011-2012 season and the highest oil yield (1.3 t ha-1) in 2010-2011 season. In contrast, G2018 genotype obtained the highest oil content (35.4%) when harvested at the first date in 2010-2011 and oil yield (2.4 t ha-1) in 2011-2012 when harvested after 20 days from PM. Plants of first season produced the highest seed yield (2.4 t ha-1), while the same plants in the second season were recognized by recording the highest oil content (31.4%). There was a high significant positive correlation between seed yield with plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of heads per plant and 100-seed weight. Also, a positive and highly significant correlation between oil yield and seed yield and oil content for both seasons was found.
This study was conducted at experimental field, College of Agriculture, Baghdad University, Abu-Ghraib-Iraq, during winter seasons 2010-2011 and 2011-2012. Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates arranged in a spilt-plot was used. Five genotypes (G2018, Gila, Al-mais, Aurduny and Rabee 500) represents main plots, whereas four harvesting dates at [ physiological maturity (PM), 10, 20 and 30 days after (PM) ] were assigned as sub-plots. In both seasons at physiological maturity stage, the plants attained the highest plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of heads per plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield, oil content and oil yield. Also, Rabee 500 genotype’s plants were characterized by recording the highest number of primary branches per plant, number of heads per plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield and oil content. Aurduny genotype when was harvested at first date obtained the highest seed yield (3.5 and 3.6 t ha-1) for both seasons, oil content (36.2%) in 2011-2012 season and the highest oil yield (1.3 t ha-1) in 2010-2011 season. In contrast, G2018 genotype obtained the highest oil content (35.4%) when harvested at the first date in 2010-2011 and oil yield (2.4 t ha-1) in 2011-2012 when harvested after 20 days from PM. Plants of first season produced the highest seed yield (2.4 t ha-1), while the same plants in the second season were recognized by recording the highest oil content (31.4%). There was a high significant positive correlation between seed yield with plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of heads per plant and 100-seed weight. Also, a positive and highly significant correlation between oil yield and seed yield and oil content for both seasons was found.
Response of Yield, Yield Components and Oil Quality of some Safflower Genotypes to Harvesting Date
doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20150102.15
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
2015-07-01
© Science Publishing Group
Makkiyah Kadhum Alag
Saddam Hakeem Cheyed
Nazy Awishalem Sarkees
Response of Yield, Yield Components and Oil Quality of some Safflower Genotypes to Harvesting Date
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© Science Publishing Group
Scheduling Irrigation as a Water Saving Practice for Corn (Zea mays L.) production in Iraq
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.12
A field experiment was conducted by using a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replicates with four irrigation intervals (7, 8, 10 and12 days), which equivalent to 14, 12, 10, and 8 irrigations for two seasons of 2012 and 2013. Irrigation water was applied to the spring var. 5018. The results showed that different irrigation intervals applied had statistically significant effect on number of days to male and female flowering, plant height, leaf area, root dry weight, biological weight and yield. The results in both full irrigations (7and 8 days) which was equivalent to 14, 12 irrigation respectively indicated that no significant difference (P<0.05) between these two treatments, although the maximum yield was obtained from full irrigation 7 days, but these treatments have significant difference (P<0.05) with deficit irrigation treatments (10and 12 days) which equivalent to 10and 8 irrigation in above plant traits and yield. The treatment of 8 days irrigation interval gave highest productivity of irrigation water 0.631 and 0.693 kg/m3 than other irrigation intervals of 7,10 and 12 days which were 0.604, 0.622, 0.552 and 0.587, 0.415 , 0.575 kg/m3in the two seasons respectively. The irrigation interval of 8 days saved about 14% of irrigation water per hectare comparing with other intervals. It can be concluded that the deficit irrigation can improve and increase the water productivity of corn associated with increased yield within an acceptable level under Iraq's semi-arid conditions.
A field experiment was conducted by using a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replicates with four irrigation intervals (7, 8, 10 and12 days), which equivalent to 14, 12, 10, and 8 irrigations for two seasons of 2012 and 2013. Irrigation water was applied to the spring var. 5018. The results showed that different irrigation intervals applied had statistically significant effect on number of days to male and female flowering, plant height, leaf area, root dry weight, biological weight and yield. The results in both full irrigations (7and 8 days) which was equivalent to 14, 12 irrigation respectively indicated that no significant difference (P<0.05) between these two treatments, although the maximum yield was obtained from full irrigation 7 days, but these treatments have significant difference (P<0.05) with deficit irrigation treatments (10and 12 days) which equivalent to 10and 8 irrigation in above plant traits and yield. The treatment of 8 days irrigation interval gave highest productivity of irrigation water 0.631 and 0.693 kg/m3 than other irrigation intervals of 7,10 and 12 days which were 0.604, 0.622, 0.552 and 0.587, 0.415 , 0.575 kg/m3in the two seasons respectively. The irrigation interval of 8 days saved about 14% of irrigation water per hectare comparing with other intervals. It can be concluded that the deficit irrigation can improve and increase the water productivity of corn associated with increased yield within an acceptable level under Iraq's semi-arid conditions.
Scheduling Irrigation as a Water Saving Practice for Corn (Zea mays L.) production in Iraq
doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.12
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
2015-07-15
© Science Publishing Group
Ahmed A. Alfalahi
Hadi M. Karem Al-Abodi
Bassam K. Abdul Jabbar
Amer M. Muhdi
Khiadher A. Sulman
Scheduling Irrigation as a Water Saving Practice for Corn (Zea mays L.) production in Iraq
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2015-07-15
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.12
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Weed Control Methods on Growth and Development of Weeds in Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum L. Fields
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.11
A field experiment on sugarcane was carried out during 2012-2013 season at the Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research Farm, Lucknow (UP), India to assess the effect of weed control methods on growth and development of weeds in sugarcane. The experiment was applied according to the Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD with three replications. Application of weed control methods was made at tiller stage of sugarcane crop (Variety CoSe 92423). All 14 treatments comprising various doses and time of application of sufentrazone alone or in combination with other weed control methods including other herbicides. The results have shown that the weed density and dry matter accumulation were significantly reduced due to different treatments at all the growth stages of the crop in comparison to that of control. Weed growth in terms of weed density was recorded to be the lowest with sulfentrazone (pre-em; 900 g ai/ha) at 60, 90 and 120 Day After Planting. However, the dry matter accumulation by weeds was the lowest with three-hoeing as observed at the same growth stages.
A field experiment on sugarcane was carried out during 2012-2013 season at the Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research Farm, Lucknow (UP), India to assess the effect of weed control methods on growth and development of weeds in sugarcane. The experiment was applied according to the Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD with three replications. Application of weed control methods was made at tiller stage of sugarcane crop (Variety CoSe 92423). All 14 treatments comprising various doses and time of application of sufentrazone alone or in combination with other weed control methods including other herbicides. The results have shown that the weed density and dry matter accumulation were significantly reduced due to different treatments at all the growth stages of the crop in comparison to that of control. Weed growth in terms of weed density was recorded to be the lowest with sulfentrazone (pre-em; 900 g ai/ha) at 60, 90 and 120 Day After Planting. However, the dry matter accumulation by weeds was the lowest with three-hoeing as observed at the same growth stages.
Effect of Weed Control Methods on Growth and Development of Weeds in Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum L. Fields
doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.11
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
2015-07-17
© Science Publishing Group
Nadir F. Almubarak
T. K. Srivastava
Effect of Weed Control Methods on Growth and Development of Weeds in Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum L. Fields
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2015-07-17
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.11
© Science Publishing Group
Estimating the Profit Cost Functions, Economic and Technical Efficiencies of Corn Production in Babylon Province in Iraq
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.14
The study aimed to estimate the profit and cost functions as well as the economic, price and cost efficiencies of local and hybrid varieties of corn. A random sample of 80 corn farms in Babylon province were selected during the agricultural season 2013. From efficiency scales of profit functions, it was shown that the production size had the greatest impact on the profit of both local and hybrid seeds compared with the other price variables and average production costs. According to the cost functions, the optimal cost-minimizing production sizes were 40.7 ton and 47.77 ton for local and hybrid seeds respectively; while the technical efficiency, economic efficiency, price efficiency and cost efficiency for these seeds were respectively 20.996% and 49.88% ; 20.996% and 49.88% ; 22.34% and 38.74; and 0.49 and 0.59. From these results it can be concluded that employed economic resources in the production process were not optimally exploited which resulted in a reduction in technical efficiencies for both varieties of seeds. The study recommended to follow production policy aiming to increase the economic efficiency and achieve the optimal usage of available resources
The study aimed to estimate the profit and cost functions as well as the economic, price and cost efficiencies of local and hybrid varieties of corn. A random sample of 80 corn farms in Babylon province were selected during the agricultural season 2013. From efficiency scales of profit functions, it was shown that the production size had the greatest impact on the profit of both local and hybrid seeds compared with the other price variables and average production costs. According to the cost functions, the optimal cost-minimizing production sizes were 40.7 ton and 47.77 ton for local and hybrid seeds respectively; while the technical efficiency, economic efficiency, price efficiency and cost efficiency for these seeds were respectively 20.996% and 49.88% ; 20.996% and 49.88% ; 22.34% and 38.74; and 0.49 and 0.59. From these results it can be concluded that employed economic resources in the production process were not optimally exploited which resulted in a reduction in technical efficiencies for both varieties of seeds. The study recommended to follow production policy aiming to increase the economic efficiency and achieve the optimal usage of available resources
Estimating the Profit Cost Functions, Economic and Technical Efficiencies of Corn Production in Babylon Province in Iraq
doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.14
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
2015-07-29
© Science Publishing Group
Osamah K. Al-Mansi
Zahra H. Mahmood
Nada K. Abbas
Estimating the Profit Cost Functions, Economic and Technical Efficiencies of Corn Production in Babylon Province in Iraq
1
3
73
73
2015-07-29
2015-07-29
10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.14
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Sodium Chloride on Response of Two Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) at Germination and Early Seedling Stages
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.13
An experiment was conducted in pots to study the effect of sodium chloride levels (0,50,100,and 150)meg.L-1 on two wheat cultivars AL-Hussein and AL-Rasheed in terms of germination percentages, seedling vigour index, lengths and dry weights of shoot and root, phytotoxicity of shoot and root, stress intensity, stress tolerance index, electrolyte leakage percent and chlorophyll stability index. Salinity treatments were applied from sowing till the end of the experiment. Factorial experiment with CRD design with three replicates was used. Results revealed that, AL-Hussein cultivar gave the highest response to salinity compared with AL-Rasheed in terms of germination percentage., seedling growth, shoot and root dry weights, seedling vigour index, stress tolerance index and chlorophyll stability index. Meanwhile, AL-Rasheed cultivar gave the highest values of shoot and root phytotoxicity stress intensity and electrolyte leakage percent. Sodium chloride significantly affected all studied characteristics, but the highest (level 150 meg.L-1) gave higher increase or decrease in studied characteristics compared with the control. These results indicated that, tolerance of AL-Hussein cultivar to salinity was correlated with stress tolerance index and chlorophyll stability index under salinity stress.
An experiment was conducted in pots to study the effect of sodium chloride levels (0,50,100,and 150)meg.L-1 on two wheat cultivars AL-Hussein and AL-Rasheed in terms of germination percentages, seedling vigour index, lengths and dry weights of shoot and root, phytotoxicity of shoot and root, stress intensity, stress tolerance index, electrolyte leakage percent and chlorophyll stability index. Salinity treatments were applied from sowing till the end of the experiment. Factorial experiment with CRD design with three replicates was used. Results revealed that, AL-Hussein cultivar gave the highest response to salinity compared with AL-Rasheed in terms of germination percentage., seedling growth, shoot and root dry weights, seedling vigour index, stress tolerance index and chlorophyll stability index. Meanwhile, AL-Rasheed cultivar gave the highest values of shoot and root phytotoxicity stress intensity and electrolyte leakage percent. Sodium chloride significantly affected all studied characteristics, but the highest (level 150 meg.L-1) gave higher increase or decrease in studied characteristics compared with the control. These results indicated that, tolerance of AL-Hussein cultivar to salinity was correlated with stress tolerance index and chlorophyll stability index under salinity stress.
Effect of Sodium Chloride on Response of Two Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) at Germination and Early Seedling Stages
doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.13
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
2015-07-25
© Science Publishing Group
Abdoun H. Alwan
Khalid A. Hussein
Khudhair A. Jaddoa
Effect of Sodium Chloride on Response of Two Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) at Germination and Early Seedling Stages
1
3
65
65
2015-07-25
2015-07-25
10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.13
© Science Publishing Group
Crop Physiology and Productivity: The Iraqi Experience
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.15
Understanding crop physiology provides us with an exciting information and knowledge for better crop management towards increasing productivity. Based on this fact, many physiological aspects of cereal crops (wheat, rice, sorghum and barley) have been studied during the last two decades in Iraq with interesting achievements. These aspects included : physiological aspects of tillering in wheat and its relationship to the crop management and grain yield, seed priming of rice and sorghum for better seed germination and field establishment, accurate timing of agrochemicals application (e.g. nitrogen fertilizer and plant growth regulators) based on certain critical growth stages to increase grain yield of wheat and barley, and proposed strategies for saving water in rice cultivation among them growing rice successfully, under sprinkler irrigation for saving water and increasing water use efficiency (WUE). The objective of these four case studies was to improve the cereals management and, hence, increasing their grain yield via physiological approaches. Considerable increases in the grain yield of these cereals crops have been achieved via the combination of crop physiology and crop management. Full details of the methodologies and achievements will be presented for each case study. In conclusion, this approach, may represents a good and effective strategy to increase crop productivity and saving water
Understanding crop physiology provides us with an exciting information and knowledge for better crop management towards increasing productivity. Based on this fact, many physiological aspects of cereal crops (wheat, rice, sorghum and barley) have been studied during the last two decades in Iraq with interesting achievements. These aspects included : physiological aspects of tillering in wheat and its relationship to the crop management and grain yield, seed priming of rice and sorghum for better seed germination and field establishment, accurate timing of agrochemicals application (e.g. nitrogen fertilizer and plant growth regulators) based on certain critical growth stages to increase grain yield of wheat and barley, and proposed strategies for saving water in rice cultivation among them growing rice successfully, under sprinkler irrigation for saving water and increasing water use efficiency (WUE). The objective of these four case studies was to improve the cereals management and, hence, increasing their grain yield via physiological approaches. Considerable increases in the grain yield of these cereals crops have been achieved via the combination of crop physiology and crop management. Full details of the methodologies and achievements will be presented for each case study. In conclusion, this approach, may represents a good and effective strategy to increase crop productivity and saving water
Crop Physiology and Productivity: The Iraqi Experience
doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.15
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
2015-08-01
© Science Publishing Group
Khudhair Abbas Jaddoa
Crop Physiology and Productivity: The Iraqi Experience
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78
78
2015-08-01
2015-08-01
10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.15
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation of the Variations of Some Traits Among Entries Genotypes of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Their Relationship with Grain Yield
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.16
A field experiment was carried out in Iraq , during the season 2013-2014, in order to evaluate the performance of different ten genotypes of bread wheat in irrigated field conditions, according to the design of randomized complete block in three replications. The results indicated the existence of genetic variability, in a significant manner (at the level 5%), in the response of the studied genotypes to the conditions of the field for all of the traits such as plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per unit area, spike length (cm), weight of spikes per stem and thousand grains weight (g). Both Egyptian and American genotypes gave the highest grain yield which reached to 4.84, 4.66 tons hectare -1 respectively. While both genotypes Apa-99 and Synthetic-10 gave less grain yield 2.62, 2.60 tons hectare -1 respectively. The study showed the importance of the number of grains per spike and the thousand grains weight due to their positive and high significant correlation with the grain yield, so it can be used as indicators of suitable selection for the development of high- yielding genotypes.
A field experiment was carried out in Iraq , during the season 2013-2014, in order to evaluate the performance of different ten genotypes of bread wheat in irrigated field conditions, according to the design of randomized complete block in three replications. The results indicated the existence of genetic variability, in a significant manner (at the level 5%), in the response of the studied genotypes to the conditions of the field for all of the traits such as plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per unit area, spike length (cm), weight of spikes per stem and thousand grains weight (g). Both Egyptian and American genotypes gave the highest grain yield which reached to 4.84, 4.66 tons hectare -1 respectively. While both genotypes Apa-99 and Synthetic-10 gave less grain yield 2.62, 2.60 tons hectare -1 respectively. The study showed the importance of the number of grains per spike and the thousand grains weight due to their positive and high significant correlation with the grain yield, so it can be used as indicators of suitable selection for the development of high- yielding genotypes.
Evaluation of the Variations of Some Traits Among Entries Genotypes of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Their Relationship with Grain Yield
doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.16
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
2015-08-05
© Science Publishing Group
Salih Hadi Farhood Al-salim
Reem Al-edelbi
Hassin kassar
Hayder Najm Abed
Evaluation of the Variations of Some Traits Among Entries Genotypes of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Their Relationship with Grain Yield
1
3
83
83
2015-08-05
2015-08-05
10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.16
© Science Publishing Group
Determination of the Elements of Soil Water Balance for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Under Shallow Water Table
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.17
To determine the elements of soil water balance equation during the growing season detailed description for calculating daily contribution rates to evapotranspiration of wheat <i>(ET)</i> from applied irrigation water <i>(ET<sub>r</sub>)</i> and upward flux capillarity <i>(ET<sub>c</sub>)</i>, depth of applied irrigation water <i>(DAIW)</i>, change in water storage (Λ<sub><i>s</i></sub>) and cumulative evapotranspiration <i>(ET<sub>cum</sub>)</i> were algorithmed in this study. Irrigation water was applied to three different depths 30, 30-60 and 60 cm at three different depletion rates 50, 70 and 90% from plant available water. Wheat ET ranged from 428.49 to 522.12 mm. Contributions to ET from applied irrigation water ranged from 334.20 to 496.50 mm and increased with increasing irrigation depth. Contributions to ET from upward flux capillarity ranged from 25.61 to 96.59 mm and decreased with increasing irrigation depth. Contributions to ET from applied irrigation water decreased with increasing depletion rate whilst contributions to ET from upward flux capillarity increased with increasing depletion rates. Daily rate contribution to evapotranspiration from irrigation water ranged from 2.15 to 3.20 mm.d-1 and from capillary flux ranged from 0.16 to 0.61 mm.d-1.
To determine the elements of soil water balance equation during the growing season detailed description for calculating daily contribution rates to evapotranspiration of wheat <i>(ET)</i> from applied irrigation water <i>(ET<sub>r</sub>)</i> and upward flux capillarity <i>(ET<sub>c</sub>)</i>, depth of applied irrigation water <i>(DAIW)</i>, change in water storage (Λ<sub><i>s</i></sub>) and cumulative evapotranspiration <i>(ET<sub>cum</sub>)</i> were algorithmed in this study. Irrigation water was applied to three different depths 30, 30-60 and 60 cm at three different depletion rates 50, 70 and 90% from plant available water. Wheat ET ranged from 428.49 to 522.12 mm. Contributions to ET from applied irrigation water ranged from 334.20 to 496.50 mm and increased with increasing irrigation depth. Contributions to ET from upward flux capillarity ranged from 25.61 to 96.59 mm and decreased with increasing irrigation depth. Contributions to ET from applied irrigation water decreased with increasing depletion rate whilst contributions to ET from upward flux capillarity increased with increasing depletion rates. Daily rate contribution to evapotranspiration from irrigation water ranged from 2.15 to 3.20 mm.d-1 and from capillary flux ranged from 0.16 to 0.61 mm.d-1.
Determination of the Elements of Soil Water Balance for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Under Shallow Water Table
doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.17
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
2015-09-14
© Science Publishing Group
Salloom B. Salim
Luma S. Khudhair
Determination of the Elements of Soil Water Balance for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Under Shallow Water Table
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90
90
2015-09-14
2015-09-14
10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=343&doi=10.11648/j.ijaas.20150103.17
© Science Publishing Group